Lecture 5; Chapter 2; Foundations of Individual Behavior

Theories of learning

-Classical conditioning -Operant conditioning -Social-Learning Theory

Major types of reinforcement

-Continuous reinforcement -Intermittent reinforcement

Extensions of IQ

-Emotional intelligence -Cultural Intelligence -Complex problem-solving

Older employees are

-Loyal to company -Come to work on time; low (avoidable) absenteeism -Commitment to doing quality work -Someone you can count on in a crisis -Still performing at least as good as younger employees -Have immense knowledge that needs to be transferred to next generations

Learning components

1. Involves change 2. Is relatively permanent 3. Is acquired through experience

Continuous reinforcement

A desired behavior is reinforced each time it is demonstrated

Intermittent reinforcement

A desired behavior is reinforced often enough to make the behavior worth repeating, but not every time it is demonstrated

The babyboomers

A sudden boom in life expectancy A dramatic drop in birth rate Gonna be a lot of oldies around

Classical Conditioning

A type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response dog-food-bell figure. call the bell -> food time after conditioning

Operant Conditioning

A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment -B.F. Skinner's concept of behaviorism Key concepts; -Conditioned behavior: voluntary behavior that is learned, not reflexive -Reinforcement: The consequences of behavior can increase or decrease the likelihood of behavior repetition

Learning

Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience

Punishment

Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate an undesirable behavior (unlearning)

Key concepts of Social-Learning Theory

Attentional processes Retention processes Motor reproduction processes Reinforcement processes

B.F. Skinner's concept of behaviorism

Behavior follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner

The Flynn Effect

Gain of three IQ points per decade -Statistically likely that you have a higher IQ then your parents

The coffee to go example video where andy sucked and jardin was a bitch

Jardin won though, and andy got fire because he's a pussy

Organizational learning - learning loops

Learning framework, mental models and actions (triple loop) -> Mental models and actions (changing the rules)(double loop) -> Actions (following rules)(first loop) -> Consequences

Intellectual ability

Memory Number aptitude Verbal comprehension Perceptual speed Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning Spatial visualization

Retention processes

Model's actions must be remembered to be learned

Attentional processes

Must recognize and pay attention to critical features to learn

Biographical characteristics

Objective and easily obtained personal characteristics

Social-Learning Theory

People can learn through observation and direct experience -Based on the idea that people can learn indirectly Key concepts

IQ

measured with "IQ tests", this general cognitive ability is sometimes called General Mental Ability (GMA) or just "g" -IQ tests correlate very highly with Cito Tests, NIO tests, SAT, GRE and GMAT tests

Positive reinforcement

Providing a reward for a desired behavior (learning)

Negative reinforcement

Removing an unpleasant consequence when the desired behavior occurs (learning)

Reinforcement processes

Positive incentives motivate learners

Methods of shaping behavior

Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Punishment Extinction

New forms of learning

Skype, dropbox, blackboard

Emotional Intelligence

The abilities; -to perceive, appraise, and express emotion -to access and/or generate feelings when they facilitate thought -to understand emotion and emotional knowledge -to regulate emotions to promote emotional and intellectual growth

Variable reinforcement

Very powerful! -Rewards that are unpredictable or that vary relative to the behavior

Motor reproduction processes

Watching the model's behavior must be converted to doing

Extinction

Withholding reinforcement of a behavior to cause its cessation

Which one of the five choices makes the best comparison? Finger is to Hand as Leaf is to: a) Twig b) Tree c) Branch d) Blossom e) Bark

a) Twig

Mary, who is sixteen years old, is four times as old as her brother. How old will Mary be when she is twice as old as her brother? a) 20 b) 24 c) 25 d) 26 e) 28

b) 24

According to the 5-stage model of group development, what characterizes the Forming Stage? a. High levels of intra-group conflict b. High uncertainty about purpose, structure and leadership c. Development of close relationships d. High resistance against the constraints the group imposes on individuals

b. High uncertainty about purpose, structure and leadership

Which one of the following characteristics is NOT necessarily true about groups? a. Group members are interdependent b. Groups have two or more members. c. Groups have assigned goals. d. Groups interact.

c Groups have assigned goals