Lecture 5; Chapter 2; Foundations of Individual Behavior
Theories of learning
-Classical conditioning -Operant conditioning -Social-Learning Theory
Major types of reinforcement
-Continuous reinforcement -Intermittent reinforcement
Extensions of IQ
-Emotional intelligence -Cultural Intelligence -Complex problem-solving
Older employees are
-Loyal to company -Come to work on time; low (avoidable) absenteeism -Commitment to doing quality work -Someone you can count on in a crisis -Still performing at least as good as younger employees -Have immense knowledge that needs to be transferred to next generations
Learning components
1. Involves change 2. Is relatively permanent 3. Is acquired through experience
Continuous reinforcement
A desired behavior is reinforced each time it is demonstrated
Intermittent reinforcement
A desired behavior is reinforced often enough to make the behavior worth repeating, but not every time it is demonstrated
The babyboomers
A sudden boom in life expectancy A dramatic drop in birth rate Gonna be a lot of oldies around
Classical Conditioning
A type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response dog-food-bell figure. call the bell -> food time after conditioning
Operant Conditioning
A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment -B.F. Skinner's concept of behaviorism Key concepts; -Conditioned behavior: voluntary behavior that is learned, not reflexive -Reinforcement: The consequences of behavior can increase or decrease the likelihood of behavior repetition
Learning
Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience
Punishment
Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate an undesirable behavior (unlearning)
Key concepts of Social-Learning Theory
Attentional processes Retention processes Motor reproduction processes Reinforcement processes
B.F. Skinner's concept of behaviorism
Behavior follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner
The Flynn Effect
Gain of three IQ points per decade -Statistically likely that you have a higher IQ then your parents
The coffee to go example video where andy sucked and jardin was a bitch
Jardin won though, and andy got fire because he's a pussy
Organizational learning - learning loops
Learning framework, mental models and actions (triple loop) -> Mental models and actions (changing the rules)(double loop) -> Actions (following rules)(first loop) -> Consequences
Intellectual ability
Memory Number aptitude Verbal comprehension Perceptual speed Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning Spatial visualization
Retention processes
Model's actions must be remembered to be learned
Attentional processes
Must recognize and pay attention to critical features to learn
Biographical characteristics
Objective and easily obtained personal characteristics
Social-Learning Theory
People can learn through observation and direct experience -Based on the idea that people can learn indirectly Key concepts
IQ
measured with "IQ tests", this general cognitive ability is sometimes called General Mental Ability (GMA) or just "g" -IQ tests correlate very highly with Cito Tests, NIO tests, SAT, GRE and GMAT tests
Positive reinforcement
Providing a reward for a desired behavior (learning)
Negative reinforcement
Removing an unpleasant consequence when the desired behavior occurs (learning)
Reinforcement processes
Positive incentives motivate learners
Methods of shaping behavior
Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Punishment Extinction
New forms of learning
Skype, dropbox, blackboard
Emotional Intelligence
The abilities; -to perceive, appraise, and express emotion -to access and/or generate feelings when they facilitate thought -to understand emotion and emotional knowledge -to regulate emotions to promote emotional and intellectual growth
Variable reinforcement
Very powerful! -Rewards that are unpredictable or that vary relative to the behavior
Motor reproduction processes
Watching the model's behavior must be converted to doing
Extinction
Withholding reinforcement of a behavior to cause its cessation
Which one of the five choices makes the best comparison? Finger is to Hand as Leaf is to: a) Twig b) Tree c) Branch d) Blossom e) Bark
a) Twig
Mary, who is sixteen years old, is four times as old as her brother. How old will Mary be when she is twice as old as her brother? a) 20 b) 24 c) 25 d) 26 e) 28
b) 24
According to the 5-stage model of group development, what characterizes the Forming Stage? a. High levels of intra-group conflict b. High uncertainty about purpose, structure and leadership c. Development of close relationships d. High resistance against the constraints the group imposes on individuals
b. High uncertainty about purpose, structure and leadership
Which one of the following characteristics is NOT necessarily true about groups? a. Group members are interdependent b. Groups have two or more members. c. Groups have assigned goals. d. Groups interact.
c Groups have assigned goals