Lecture 8 study Guide

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What are the 3 criteria for natural selection?

- Trait variation in populations (Differences among individuals that can be passed down) - Heritability (Are the traits able to be passed down) - Differential Reproductive success (Do certain traits make your reproductive success more likely)

What was the Modern Evolutionary Synthesis?

Combines Darwinian Selection and Mendelian Genetics in order to explain genetic changes in populations over time

What were the two theories being combined at the heart of the Modern Evolutionary Synthesis?

Darwinian Natural Selection and Mendel's Genetics

Why weren't Mendelian genetics readily accepted following their rediscovery?

Davenport and Bateson discovered that Mendelian traits cannot explain continuous traits (Like quantitative traits)

Regression towards mean

Decrease in variance for traits that makes mean more likely by natural selection

Darwin's Pangenesis

Each body part has little particles (gemmules) that develop each organ

Did the hole in Darwinian theory mean science did not accept evolution had occurred?

Evolution and natural selection was not fully accepted for 40 years

Why do we talk about Mendel's Laws AND Gene Theory?

Gene theory explains Mendel's Laws.

What's the difference between genotype and phenotype? How are they related?

Genotype is the genetic makeup; Phenotype refers to the physical characteristics

Who contributed to the Modern Evolutionary Synthesis? What is so special about this time in the history of science?

Julian Huxley, Dobzhansky, Mayr This time was important because all fields are coming together as the modern evolutionary synthesis

What are Mendel's Laws? Are they Laws?

Law of Segregation: predicts ratios of traits (3:1 ratio from a hybrid cross); each parent is making an equal contribution (Law is a established pattern so yes) Law of Independent Assortment: inheritance of different traits is independence

Does blending result in gain or loss of variance

Loss of variance

Why are mutations important to evolutionary theory?

Mutations may be harmful or beneficial, but they are important because they introduce trait variance

What is it called when phenotypic plasticity result in discontinuous variation occurs?

Polyphenisms

What is recombination and why is it important from an evolutionary perspective?

Recombination is the combination of two alleles (typically seen in meiosis); It is importance because it introduces variance of traits

Who are its founders (population genetics)?

Sewll Wright, J.B.S. Haldane, [Sir R.A. Fisher]

What would happen to variation in populations if no new variants were generated?

Variation would decrease because selection decreases variance

Is phenotypic plasticity adaptive?

Yes

If these three conditions are met, will evolution occur? What kind of reasoning

Yes; because of deductive reasoning.

What is a mutation?

any change in the DNA sequence

What alternative to Mendelian genetics was promoted and held off complete acceptance of natural selection for 40 years?

blended inheritance

discontinuous traits

controlled by variation in one gene (ex. All or nothing traits)

continuous traits

determined by multiple genes (polygenic), such as height or hair color

What was the "hole" in Darwin's theory?

heritability was explained by the theory of blending inheritance. There was no Mendelian genetics to help explain how traits were inherited.

What was the first principal contribution of the field of population genetics?

polygenic model: most traits are influenced by many genes (Mendels only applied to individual loci)

What is phenotypic plasticity?

the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment.

What is population genetics?

the study of how populations change genetically over time


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