Environment Bio Exam #1
What percent of the Earth's water is undrinkable
99%
Environmental ____________ is the theory which suggests that the environment has direct rights and qualifies for moral personhood.
Anthropocentrism
___________ is known as life-centered environmental ethics
Biocentrism
_______________ is a law that allows cities, states, or individuals the right to sue companies for contamination of water supplies.
Clean Water Act
Sustainable development is often defines "meeting the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs." Sustainable development is much like _____________
Conversationalism.
The goal of a _________-___________ program is to encourage product recycling through the refund of a deposit
Deposit-Refund
Define sustainability
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
The ___________ approach requires scientists to recognize and understand natural interactions and to integrate this with human needs for natural resources.
Ecosystem
___________ boundaries are not usually defined by identifiable demarcations.
Ecosystem
____________ science is a broadly defined field of physical and biological sciences
Environmental
___________________________ is the study of how to appreciate beauty in the natural world.
Environmental Aesthetics
_____________________ is the study of laws which are designed to protect the health of human beings and their environment.
Environmental Justice
Evangelical Christians, known for their conservative stand on most issues are becoming
Green
In the United States, _______________ are used to cover the cost of reclaiming and revegetating mined sites
Performance Bonds
_______________ prevention can take on purely economic aspects
Pollution
Industries pollute because they want to cut ________ costs and ________ profits, manufacturing consumes ________ and produces _________, and proper waste disposal is too costly.
Production, increase, energy, waste
_______________, ______________, and ______________ are characteristics of sustainable development
Renewability, institutional commitment, and adaptability
The use of facts and assumptions to estimate the probability of harm to human health or the environment is called
Risk Assessment
The use of facts and assumptions to estimate the probability of harm to human health or the environment is called ___________
Risk Assessment
Deciding which risks should be given the highest priority and how much risk is acceptable are two decisions involved in ___________________
Risk Management
______________________ is an example of pollution prevention technique
Sewage Treatment
The basic premise behind the ______________________________ is a resource is a resource becomes overexploited when its ownership is shared.
The Tragedy of the Commons
The birthplace of environmental justice
Warren County, North Carolina
In 1994, delegates from around the world gathered for the Conference on Population and Development. Representatives from developing countries protested that
a baby born in the United States will consume 20 times the resources in its lifetime as an African or Indian baby.
Energy use has
a central role on environmental problems.
Much of the current environmental crisis is rooted in an exacerbated by
a growing gap between rich and poor nations
The movement for environmental justice has been the strongest when
community-basedorganizaations have partnered with university researchers.
Ecological systems have a much greater degree of ________ than do economic systems.
complexity
Which of the following pairs of approaches to environmental ethics is logically consistent?
conservation and anthropocentrism
Human population growth
contributes to economic problems
In _____________ it is suggested that the environment itself, not just living organisms that inhabit it, has moral worth.
ecocentrism
Biocentrism and ecocentrism differ in that
ecocentrism includes both the living things and their interactions in decision making.
The goal of a deposit-refund program is to
encourage product recycling through the refund of a deposit.
Air pollution, water pollution and loss of scenic quality are all examples of
environmental costs
____________ is a branch of philosophy
ethics
Define Environment
everything that affects an organism during its lifetime
World food production has doubled in the last 40 years because of
fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yielding varieties
Green development is generally differentiated from sustainable development in that
green development prioritizes what its proponents consider to be sustainability over economic and cultural considerations.
Examples of Market Based instruments
informational programs emissions fees/taxes Tradeable emission permits Performance Bonds
Classically there are three kinds of resources, which are
labor, capital, and land
Economic factors should be considered when
making any environmental decisions
Science is an approach to studying the ______________ world that involves formulating hypotheses and then testing them to see if the hypotheses are supported or refuted.
natural
Governance issues
often make it difficult to solve environmental problems.
When the supply of a commodity exceeds the demand
producers lower their prices
Which one of the following is NOT a way to place value on ecosystems services?
providing free access to protected habitats
Risk analysis consists of two primary considerations, ________ and ______
risk, cost
The 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change
sets 2oC as the upper limit for the increase in the temperature of the Earth.
Environmental problems do not necessarily coincide with
social and political decisions
The amount of a good or service available to be purchased is the ____________
supply
When the ____________ of a commodity exceeds the __________ producers lower their prices
supply, demand
Economic growth and resource exploitation have historically been
the dominant orientation toward the natural environment in industriaized societies.
Natural capitalism is
the idea that businesses can both expand their profits and take good care of the environment
To get around the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 many oil carriers
use lightly regulated oil barges pulled by tugboats.