(LECTURE) Exam 2 Continued: BIO201
What are the receiving or input portions of a neuron?
dendrites
What are the receptive regions of the neuron?
dendrites
What is the correct component of a neuronal pathway that is associated with the pathway that produces the end result of rubbing the affected area on the foot?
descending voluntary motor response
What includes the thalamus and hypothalamus?
diencephalon
What includes the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus (pineal gland)?
diencephalon
What is a set of gray matter areas and consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus?
diencephalon
What lies medial to the cerebral hemispheres and superior to the brainstem, and surrounds the 3rd ventricle?
diencephalon
What surrounds the 3rd ventricle?
diencephalon
Most axons branch extensively at their ___ end.
distal
What is dense irregular CT tube around the cord?
dura mater
What is pressed closely against the cranial bone, but is not attached except in limited places?
dura mater
What is the outermost layer of the meninges?
dura mater
What meninges is found in the foramen magnum, sella turcica, crista galli, and sutures?
dura mater
What are the cranial meninges?
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
What meet like an inverted T at the back of the brain and ultimately empty into the internal jugular veins?
dural sinuses
Where is the blood drained into?
dural sinuses and then into jugular veins
Which of the following sequences puts the components of a reflex arc in the correct order of their activation? A. receptor, motor neuron, CNS integration center, sensory neuron, effector B. effector, CNS integration center, sensory neuron, receptor, motor neuron C. sensory neuron, CNS integration center, motor neuron, receptor, effector D. motor neuron, receptor, effector, CNS integration center, sensory neuron E. receptor, sensory neuron, CNS integration center, motor neuron, effector
e
Why, other than the cosmetic appearance, is a hernia of medical concern? A. The herniated organ may be more vulnerable to trauma. B. Circulation to the herniated organ may be compromised. C. The hernia may cause an obstruction of flow through the organ. D. For instance, it may block the flow of digesting food through the small intestine. E. All of the listed responses are correct.
e
Axons of the PNS are surrounded by Schwann cells, which are covered by what?
endoneurium
What is a type of neuroglia that resembles cuboidal epithelium?
ependyma
What lines the ventricles and canals, covers the choroid plexuses, and produces cerebrospinal fluid?
ependyma
What are ciliated cells that align with capillaries in brain to produce cerebrospinal fluid?
ependymal
What glia form epithelial membrane lining cerebral ventricles & central canal of cord?
ependymal
The ventricles of the brain are lined with ___, which form an epithelial layer that is permeable to cerebrospinal fluid.
ependymal cells
What glia have no basement membrane and have rootlike processes that penetrate the underlying tissues?
ependymal cells
What resemble cuboidal epithelium lining internal cavities of the brain and spinal cord?
ependymal cells
What location of a brain bleed causes rapid bleeding?
epidural space
What is a tough connective tissue surrounding the entire nerve?
epineurium
What lies superior and posterior to the thalamus and contains the pineal gland?
epithalamus
What are the 3 fundamental physiological properties that enable neurons to communicate with other cells?
excitability, conductivity, secretion
What cross the wrist region attaching from bone to bone?
extensor and flexor retinacula
True/False: Intramuscular injections in the deltoid should be given about 1 inch superior to the greater tubercle.
f
What partially separates the right and left halves of the cerebellum?
falx cerebelli
What extends into the longitudinal fissure as a wall between the cerebral hemispheres?
falx cerebri
What are the 3 extensions of the dura meter that separate parts of the brain?
falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli
What are not used for energy?
fatty acids
___ generally have larger corpus callosum.
females
What flexes middle phalanges of 2nd and 5th fingers?
flexor digitorum superficialis
withdrawal reflex
flexor reflex
What rinses metabolic wastes away and homeostatically regulates the brain's chemical environment?
flow of CSF
The brainstem ends at the ___, and the CNS continues below this as the ___.
foramen magnum, spinal cord
What a triangular chamber between the pons and cerebellum in brain stem?
fourth ventricle
What narrows caudally to form the central canal that extends through the medulla oblongata into the spinal cord?
fourth ventricle
What is lobe is the primary motor cortex?
frontal
What lobe is involved in voluntary motor functions and higher mental functions?
frontal
What lobe lies inferior and posterior to the frontal bone, superior to the eyes, and extends caudally to the central sulcus?
frontal
What are the 5 lobes of the cerebral hemispheres that are separated by specific sulci?
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula
What are networks of neurons that work together and span large distances in the brain?
functional brain systems
What do clusters of cell bodies include?
ganglia and nuclei
What is a knot-like swelling in a nerve where the cell bodies of neurons are concentrated?
ganglion
What are the 3 plantar flexors that are innervated by the tibial nerve?
gastrocnemius, plantaris, soleus
Most tumors that originate in the brain are ___, because these cells can divide, and thus accumulate mistakes in DNA replication.
gliomas
What cells undergo rapid mitosis in tumor formation?
gliomas
What may produce mental confusion, dizziness, convulsions, and unconsciousness?
glucose deficiency
In the brain a thin outer shell of ___ matter covers the cerebral hemispheres.
gray
Axons within the CNS that do not have myelin sheaths are called what?
gray matter
What forms a surface layer called the cortex over the cerebrum and cerebellum?
gray matter
What has little myelin and a duller white color?
gray matter
The brain, like the spinal cord, is composed of what?
gray matter and white matter
What is the location of integration that aids in the localization of the stimulus and allows for the perception of pain?
gray matter in the cerebral cortex
In the spinal cord, ___ matter forms an H-shaped inner core, surrounded by ___ matter
gray; white
What signals are received by the primary gustatory cortex in the inferior end of the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe and an anterior region of the insula?
gustatory
Each hemisphere has thick folds called ___ separated by shallow grooves called ___.
gyri; sulci
What is a collection of blood that develops within tissue when blood vessels are damaged?
hematoma
What are the right and left halves of the cerebrum?
hemispheres
Muscles acting on the arm consist of 9 muscles that cross the shoulder joint and insert on the ___.
humerus
What has a great number of functions needed for survival?
hypothalamus
What is found inferior to the thalamus, forms part of the walls and floor of the third ventricle and extends anteriorly to the optic chiasm and posteriorly to the mammillary bodies?
hypothalamus
What is the control center of the body?
hypothalamus
What links nervous and endocrine systems, controls many body activities, and is one of the major regulators of homeostasis by regulating visceral activities, temp, water balance (thirst), metabolism, sex & appetite drives, emotions, pain, pleasure, and controls pituitary hormones & the ANS?
hypothalamus
What regulates ANS activity, initiating physical responses to emotions, and regulating body temperature, food intake, water balance, thirst, sleep-wake cycles, and endocrine function?
hypothalamus
Why would tissue damage may be somewhere along a particular conduction pathway?
if a reflex is absent or abnormal
When can the PNS repair damaged dendrites or axons?
if neuron cell body remains intact, Schwann cells remain active and form a tube, scar tissue does not form too rapidly
Most neurotransmitters are synthesized where?
in the cell body
What pushes brain out of position?
increased ICP
What receives signals from the inner ear and relays them to other parts of the brain, especially the thalamus?
inferior collliculi
What is the 5th step of axonal regeneration?
innervation to effector is restored
What lies deep to the temporal, parietal, occipital, and frontal lobes?
insula
What lobe has roles in language, sense of taste, and integrating visceral sensory information?
insula
What lobe lies deep to the parietal, frontal, and temporal lobes and cannot be seen in an external view of the brain?
insula
The ___ function is to analyze the sensory information, store some aspects, and make decisions regarding appropriate behaviors.
integrative
The ___ function is to respond to stimuli by initiating action, where the spinal cord and brain issue commands to muscle and gland cells to carry out the response.
integrative
What is the blood delivered to brain by?
internal carotid arteries and basilar artery
The word ___ refers to the fact that they lie between, and interconnect, the incoming sensory pathways and the outgoing motor pathways of the CNS.
interneuron
About 90% of neurons in the human body are ___.
interneurons
What neurons lie entirely within the CNS?
interneurons
What neurons receive signals from many other neurons and carry out integrative functions and "make decision" about response?
interneurons
What serves the integrative function of the nervous system?
interneurons
association
interneurons
association neurons
interneurons
What may result in paralysis, mental retardation, epilepsy, or death?
interruption of mother's blood supply to a child during childbirth
What can result in weakening, permanent damage, or death of brain cells?
interruption of oxygen supply
All fibers to and from the cerebellum are ___.
ipsilateral
Where do the dural sinuses empty into?
jugular veins
What are used during extreme conditions?
ketones
___ molecules cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier, ___ molecules can.
large; small
What allow CSF to flow into subarachnoid space?
lateral apertures
What are the largest ventricles that form an arc in each cerebral hemisphere?
lateral ventricles
The ___ and deltoid posterior fibers are prime movers of arm extension.
latissimus dorsi
What hemisphere is more important for right-handed control, spoken and written language, and numerical (math) and scientific (logic - analytical) skills?
left
What muscle shrugs the shoulders?
levator scapulae
Portions of frontal and temporal lobes, hypothalamus & thalamus, basal nuclei, and other deep nuclei are included in what?
limbic system
What associates smells with emotions and memories?
limbic system
What consists of a ring of structures on the medial side of the cerebral hemispheres, encircling the corpus callosum and thalamus?
limbic system
What controls emotions, produces feelings, and interprets sensory impulses?
limbic system
What functions in emotional aspects of behavior and memory, and is associated with pleasure and pain and contains structures for both gratification and aversion?
limbic system
What is known as the "emotional brain"?
limbic system
What is a pigment created by lysosomes when they digest worn out organelles, and it accumulates in neurons with age?
lipfuscin
___-soluble molecules easily cross the blood brain barrier.
lipid
What are the right and left halves of the cerebrum separated by?
longitudinal fissure
Fibers in the erector spinae run ___.
longitudinally
Specialization of hemispheres is more pronounced in ___.
males
What contains three to four mammillary nuclei that relay signals from the limbic system to the thalamus?
mammillary body
What begins at the foramen magnum and extends about 3 cm rostrally, ending at a groove between the medulla and pons?
medulla
What is the deeper layer of the 2 cerebral hemispheres of the cerebrum?
medulla
What is attached to the five most inferior pairs of cranial nerves, and a major portion of the reticular formation passes through it?
medulla oblongata
What is is continuous with the upper part of the spinal cord and contains portions of both motor and sensory tracts?
medulla oblongata
What are the major parts of the brainstem that produce rigidly programmed automatic behaviors necessary for survival?
medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
What are three connective tissue membranes that cover and protect the CNS, protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses, contain cerebrospinal fluid, and partition the brain?
meninges
What are three coverings that run continuously around the spinal cord and brain?
meninges
What is the inflammation of the meninges and can be caused by a virus or bacteria?
meningitis
What are not allowed to pass into CSF?
metabolic wastes, proteins, toxins, drugs
The macrophages of the Central Nervous System, which function to remove foreign microorganisms, are called ___.
microglia
What are small macrophages that develop from white blood cells called monocytes?
microglia
What glia are small cells found near blood vessels?
microglia
What glia monitor health and perform defense functions for neurons?
microglia
What glia wander through the CNS, constantly probing for cellular debris or other problems?
microglia
What consists mainly of the two cerebral peduncles that anchor the cerebrum to the brain stem anterior to the cerebral aqueduct?
midbrain
What conveys motor impulses from the cerebrum to the cerebellum and spinal cord, sends sensory impulses from the spinal cord to the thalamus, and regulates auditory and visual reflexes (corpora quadrigemina)?
midbrain
What is the most rostral of the three parts of the brain stem?
midbrain
What are the main components, rostral to caudal, of the brainstem?
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
What division of the PNS carries signals from the CNS to gland and muscle cells that carry out the body's responses and cells and organs that respond are called effectors?
motor
What neuron send signals predominantly to muscle and gland cells?
motor
What serves the motor function of the nervous system?
motor
efferent
motor
What initiates and transmits information from the CNS to effectors?
motor nervous system
They are called ___ because most of them lead to muscle cells, and efferent because they carry signals away from the CNS.
motor neurons
What are the 3 types of functional areas of the cerebral cortex?
motor, sensory, association
What is where the myelin sheath is destroyed and scar tissue is formed?
multiple sclerosis
What neuron has several dendrites & one axon?
multipolar
What neuron is the most common structural cell type in CNS?
multipolar
What is a multilayered lipid and protein covering sheath that electrically insulates the axon and increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction?
myelin sheath
What is a bundle of nerve fibers (axons) wrapped in connective tissue?
nerve
What are are bundles of axons in the PNS?
nerves
What are groups of axons in the PNS and CNS, respectively?
nerves and tracts
What is responsible for all our behaviors, memories, and movements?
nervous system
What helps to keep controlled conditions within limits that maintain health and helps to maintain homeostasis?
nervous system and endocrine system
What is the third step of axonal regeneration?
neurilemma and endoneurium form a a regeneration tube
What is the study of the nervous system?
neurobiology
What are intermediate filaments that form the cytoskeleton?
neurofibrils
What are specialized tissue cells that support neurons, attach neurons to blood vessels, produce the myelin sheath around axons, and carry out phagocytosis?
neuroglia
glia
neuroglia
What aids in regeneration in an injured axon by forming a regeneration tube that guides and stimulates regrowth of the axon?
neurolemma
What is the branch of medical science that deals with the normal functioning and disorders of the nervous system?
neurology
nerve cells
neuron
What depend on aerobic glycolysis?
neurons
What function optimally for a lifetime, are mostly amitotic and have an exceptionally high metabolic rate requiring oxygen and glucose?
neurons
What have three fundamental physiological properties that enable them to communicate with other cells?
neurons
What 2 types of cells does nerve tissue contain?
neurons and glial cells
What send signals to the brainstem and spinal cord, which ultimately results in voluntary muscle contraction?
neurons in the precentral gyrus
Large-molecule drugs could possibly cure patients with neurological disorders. Can they cross the blood-brain barrier?
no
What is the myelin sheath gap of the neuron?
node of Ranvier
Deeper masses of gray matter called ___ are surrounded by white matter
nuclei
What are clusters of cell bodies in the CNS?
nuclei
What are reflex centers for regulation of heart rate, respiratory rate, vasoconstriction, swallowing, coughing, vomiting, sneezing, and hiccupping where the first three are considered vital reflexes?
nuclei in functional regions of the medulla oblongata
What is the structural classification of neurons based on?
number of processes extending from the cell body
What are allowed to pass into cerebrospinal fluid?
nutrients, essential amino acids, some electrolytes
What lobe interprets vision?
occipital
What lobe is at the rear of the head, caudal to the parieto-occipital sulcus and underlying the occipital bone?
occipital
What signals are received by the primary olfactory cortex in the medial surface of the temporal lobe?
olfactory
The myelin sheath of the Central Nervous System is formed by ___.
oligodendrocytes
What are the cells that are damaged in multiple sclerosis?
oligodendrocytes
What glia each forms myelin sheath around more than one axon in CNS?
oligodendrocytes
What glia has little re-growth after damage?
oligodendrocytes
What glia is analogous to Schwann cells of PNS?
oligodendrocytes
What leads to pain or a pulled hamstring?
overwork of a muscle/tendon, inflammation, compartment syndrome
What senses have receptors that are neurons?
pain and smell
What fascicle arrangement does the sartorius have?
parallel
What fascicle arrangement does the tensor fasciae latae have?
parallel
What includes an ascending tract that carries the nerve impulses from a sensory neuron to the brain?
parallel processing
What is responsible for rest and digest?
parasympathetic
What is slowing down the heartbeat and stimulating digestion an example of?
parasympathetic
What is involved in general sense, taste, equilibrium, and some visual processing?
parietal
What lob forms the uppermost part of the brain, underlying the parietal bone, and extends caudally to the parieto-occipital sulcus?
parietal
What lobe has the primary somatosensory cortex and is responsible for taste?
parietal
What operates as a feedback mechanism to control muscle length by causing muscle contraction?
patellar reflex
Which muscles would be involved in hip flexion? Select all that apply. Pectineus Sartorius Rectus femoris Semitendinosus Gastrocnemius Semimembranosus Iliopsoas
pectineus, sartorius, rectus femoris, iliopsoas
The ___ crosses the anterior side of the shoulder joint and is the prime mover of arm flexion.
pectoralis major
The latissimus dorsi is an antagonist of the ___ for arm flexion.
pectoralis major
What fascicle arrangement does the biceps femoris, long head have?
pennate
What fascicle arrangement does the gastrocnemius have?
pennate
What fascicle arrangement does the rectus femoris have?
pennate
What fascicle arrangement does the semimembranosus have?
pennate
What fascicle arrangement does the soleus have?
pennate
What fascicle arrangement does the tibialis posterior have?
pennate
Nerve fascicles are bound into bundles by a wrapping of connective tissue called ___.
perineum
What is connective tissue surrounding nerve fascicles?
perineurium
What nervous system has additional subdivisions?
peripheral
PNS
peripheral nervous system
What is a very thin, delicate membrane that follows all contours of the brain and sulci?
pia mater
What secretes melatonin to influence diurnal cycles in conjunction with the hypothalamus?
pineal gland
What is attached to the hypothalamus by a stalk (infundibulum) between the optic chiasm and mammillary bodies?
pituitary gland
Part complete A "withdrawal" reflex is an example of a ___ reflex.
polysynaptic
What also contains the pneumotaxic and apneustic areas, which help control and regulate rate and depth of breathing along with the respiratory center in the medulla?
pons
What appears as a broad anterior bulge rostral/superior to the medulla, and connects the spinal cord with the brain and links parts of the brain with one another by way of tracts?
pons
What consists of two pairs of thick stalks called cerebellar peduncles that connect the cerebral cortex and cerebellum
pons
What contains nuclei for cranial nerves V through VII and the vestibular branch of VIII?
pons
What relays nerve impulses related to voluntary skeletal movements from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum?
pons
What receive input from multiple sources, integrate the information, and execute appropriate output?
pools of spinal neurons
What lies posterior to the central sulcus?
postcentral gyrus
What lies anterior to the central sulcus
precentral gyrus
What contains the anterior association area?
prefrontal cortex
Because of the decussation, the ___ is like an upside-down sensory map of the contralateral side of the body.
primary somatosensory cortex
What allows spatial discrimination and the ability to detect the location of stimulation?
primary somatosensory cortex
Nearly all areas of cerebral cortex send signals to the basal nuclei, except for what?
primary visual and auditory cortices
What fibers form descending & ascending tracts and connect the cerebral cortex to the lower brain or cord centers, tying together the rest of the nervous system to the body's receptors and effectors?
projection
What is the second step of axonal regeneration?
proximal portion of each severed axon seals off and swells, distal portion of axon and myelin sheath degenerates, neurilemma survives
What are the 5 functional components of a reflex arc?
receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center neuron, effector
What are the steps to the reflex arc?
receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector
All somatic spinal reflexes exhibit ___ innervation.
reciprocal
What is a fast, predictable, automatic response to changes in the environment that helps to maintain homeostasis?
reflex
What is the simplest type of pathway where pathways are specific neuronal circuits and thus include at least one synapse?
reflex arc
What help to maintain homeostasis by permitting the body to make exceedingly rapid adjustments to homeostatic imbalances?
reflexes
What may be spinal and cranial in location, and somatic, or autonomic in function?
reflexes
Even though the nerve axon has plasticity, the nerve axon has limited ability for what?
regeneration
RAS
reticular activating system
Fibers of what extends into the diencephalon and connect to centers of hypothalamus, basal nuclei, cerebellum, and cerebrum?
reticular formation
What helps regulate muscle tone, alerts the cortex to incoming sensory signals (reticular activating system, or RAS) and is responsible for maintaining consciousness and awakening from sleep?
reticular formation
What is a complex network of nerve fibers scattered throughout the brain stem that consists of small areas of gray matter interspersed among fibers of white matter and has both sensory and motor functions?
reticular formation
What is one route for pain signals to the cerebral cortex, and is also the origin of the descending analgesic pathways that block pain signal transmission?
reticular formation
What is tough connective tissue that helps hold tendons in place?
retinaculum
What muscles square the shoulders or create a downward movement like a paddling canoe?
rhomboid minor and rhomboid major
What hemisphere is more important for left-handed control, musical and artistic awareness, space and pattern perception(visual-spatial), insight/intuition, emotion, imagination, and generating mental images of sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell?
right
Cell bodies of unipolar neurons are insulated from adjacent cell bodies by ___.
satellite cells
What are flat cells that surround CBs of neurons in PNS ganglia?
satellite cells
What process is the formation of scar tissue when neurons are damaged?
sclerosis
The ___ function of the nervous system is to sense changes in the internal and external environment through sensory receptors and transmit messages to the spinal cord and brain.
sensory
What division of the PNS carries sensory signals from receptors to the CNS and informs the CNS of stimuli?
sensory
What neurons are specialized to detect stimuli and transmit information about them to the CNS?
sensory
What neurons begin in almost every organ of the body and end in the CNS?
sensory
afferent
sensory
What occur in the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes?
sensory areas of cerebral cortex
What are the 3 basic steps that the nervous system carries out its coordinating task in?
sensory function, integrative function, motor function
What detects stimuli and transmits information from receptors to the CNS
sensory nervous system
What serves the sensory function of the nervous system?
sensory neurons
What are the 3 functional classes of neurons based on the 3 major aspects of nervous system function?
sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons
The PNS is functionally divided into ___ and ___ divisions.
sensory; motor
The paired lateral ventricles lie deep within each cerebral hemisphere and are separated by what?
septum pellucidum
olfactory
smell
What is sensory input that is consciously perceived from receptors (ex. eyes, ears, and skin)?
somatic
What neuron is responsible for the motor innervation of skeletal muscles?
somatic motor
What carries signals to the skeletal muscles, producing muscular contractions that are under voluntary control as well as involuntary contractions called somatic reflexes?
somatic motor divison
What is the correct component of a neuronal pathway that is associated with lifting the leg after stepping on the tack?
somatic motor response initiated by the spinal cord
What neuron is responsible for the proprioception from upper limb muscles, temperature changes on skin surface, and sense of soft touch from skin?
somatic sensory
What carries signals from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones, and joints?
somatic sensory division
What are the stretch reflexes, tendon reflexes, flexor reflexes, and crossed extensor reflexes?
somatic spinal reflexes
What are the general senses are distributed over the entire body?
somesthetic, somatosensory, somatic senses
What integrates neurons?
spinal cord
What is a conduction pathway for sensory, to the brain, and motor impulses to effectors?
spinal cord
What is a cylinder of nervous tissue that arises from the brainstem at the foramen magnum, and then passes through the vertebral canal as far as the inferior margin of the first lumbar vertebra or slightly beyond.
spinal cord
What is protected by two connective tissue coverings, the meninges and vertebra, and a cushion of cerebrospinal fluid?
spinal cord
What processes reflexes?
spinal cord
What serves as an integrating center for spinal reflexes?
spinal cord
What mediate reactions to environmental changes?
spinal cord and spinal nerves
What pathway has a faster response and nerve impulses don't travel to cerebral cortex?
spinal neuronal
What are the the 3 groups of the fibers in the erector spinae?
spinalis, iliocostalis, longissimus
How is the plasticity of the nerve axon maintained throughout life?
sprouting new dendrites, synthesis of new proteins, changes in synaptic contacts with other neurons
What reflex is ipsilateral and is important in maintaining muscle tone and muscle coordination during exercise?
stretch
What is the patellar reflex an example of?
stretch reflex
What is a pulled groin muscle that results from quick spring activity?
stretching or tearing of iliopsoas or adductor muscle
What is an occlusion of cerebral blood vessel or hemorrhage (brain bleed) from cerebral blood vessel?
stroke
What is caused by decreased blood supply?
stroke
What separates the arachnoid mater from the pia mater below?
subarachnoid space
What separates the arachnoid mater from the dura above?
subdural space
What divides each hemisphere into five distinct lobes?
sulci
What controls vision and eye-related functions?
superior colliculi
What are the dural sinuses?
superior sagittal sinus and transverse sinus
What are the 4 scapular muscles that form the rotator cuff?
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
What is accelerating the heartbeat and increasing respiratory airflow and inhibiting digestion an example of?
sympathetic
What is responsible for fight or flight?
sympathetic
What tends to have a calming effect?
sympathetic
What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
sympathetic and parasympathetic
What tends to arouse the body for action?
sympathetic nervous system
What is the site of functional contact between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell?
synapse
What is like a roof over the posterior cranial fossa and separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum?
tantorium cerebelli
gustatory
taste
What senses have receptors that are a separate cell that communicates directly with a sensory neuron?
taste and hearing
What lobe interprets hearing & smell and language?
temporal
What lobe is a lateral, horizontal lobe deep to the temporal bone and separated from the parietal and frontal lobes by a deep lateral sulcus?
temporal
What are the 5 distinct lobes of each hemisphere?
temporal, parietal, occipital, frontal, insula
What is ipsilateral and prevents damage to muscles and tendons as a result of stretching?
tendon reflex
What operates as a feedback mechanism to control muscle tension by causing muscle relaxation when muscle force becomes too extreme?
tendon reflex
The ___ is an antagonist of the ___ for arm abduction.
teres major; deltoid
What an ovoid mass at the superior end of the brainstem beneath the cerebral hemisphere on each side of the brain?
thalamus
What contains nuclei that serve as relay stations for all sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex for interpretation, except smell?
thalamus
What plays a key role in mediating sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory?
thalamus
What plays an essential role in awareness and the acquisition of knowledge, which is termed cognition?
thalamus
What registers conscious recognition of pain and temperature and some awareness of light touch and pressure?
thalamus
The absorption of CSF normally occurs at ___ rate at which CSF is produced in the choroid plexuses.
the same
What ventricles is in the diencephalon?
third ventricle
What do general senses include?
touch, pressure, stretch, movement, heat and cold, pain
The hemispheres are separated from the cerebellum along what?
transverse cerebral fissure
What is the first step of axonal regeneration?
trauma severs axon
What neuron has one process only (axon) extending from the cell body that is associated with receptors at the distal end?
unipolar
What neurons are always sensory neurons?
unipolar
What is found in the dubdural space?
veins
What are 4 internal chambers in the brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid?
ventricles
What are continuous with each other and the central canal of the spinal cord?
ventricles
What are lined with ependymal cells and are filled with CSF?
ventricles
What is a wormlike bridge that connects the cerebellar hemispheres?
vermis
What provides a bony covering of the spinal cord?
vertebral column
What is sensory input that is not consciously perceived from receptors of blood vessels and internal organs (ex. heart)?
visceral
What neuron is responsible for the motor innervation of heart muscle, contraction of smooth muscle of small intestine wall, and autonomic nervous system?
visceral motor
What carries signals to glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle over which we have no voluntary control and the responses are termed visceral reflexes?
visceral motor division
What neuron detects stretch of stomach wall, hunger, taste, and monitors chemical changes in the blood?
visceral sensory
What carries signals from viscera of the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
visceral sensory division
What signals are received by the primary visual cortex in the posterior region of the occipital lobe?
visual
What is a nonreflexive motor response initiated by the gray matter of the cerebral cortex that leads to the activation of multiple somatic motor neurons?
voluntary motor response
Axons within the CNS that have myelin sheaths are called what?
white matter
What has a bright pearly white color due to myelin around its nerve fibers?
white matter
What in the brain is composed of tracts, or bundles of axons?
white matter
What is composed of aggregations of myelinated processes whereas gray matter contains nerve cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals or bundles of unmyelinated axons and neuroglia?
white matter
In most of the brain, the ___ matter lies deep to the cortical ___ matter, opposite from their relation in the spinal cord.
white; gray
What reflex prevents or limits tissue damage?
withdrawal
What is a polysynaptic reflex that is initiated by a painful stimulus and results in the removal of the affected limb?
withdrawal reflex
A ___ -second interruption in blood flow can cause loss of consciousness; ___ minutes, impairment of function; and ___ minutes irreversible brain damage
10; 1-2; 4
What allows CSF to flow into the third ventricle from each lateral ventricle?
2 interventricular foramen
What are known as the first and second ventricles?
2 lateral ventricles
What are the 4 ventricles of the brain?
2 lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle
What contains one sensory neuron and one motor neuron?
2-neuron or monosynaptic reflex arc
Muscles acting on the arm consist of ___ muscle that cross the shoulder joints and insert on the humerus.
9
What protects brain cells from harmful substances and pathogens by serving as a selective barrier to prevent passage of many substances from the blood to the brain?
BBB
In the ___, no repairs are possible.
CNS
What consists of the brain and spinal cord?
CNS
Most neuron cell bodies are located within the ___, however, some clusters of cell bodies lie along the nerves of the ___.
CNS; PNS
What a clear, colorless liquid that protects the brain and spinal cord against chemical and physical injuries and carries oxygen, glucose, and other needed chemicals from the blood to neurons and neuroglia?
CSF
What a. flows through cerebral aqueduct of the third ventricle and into fourth ventricle?
CSF
What circulates through the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord?
CSF
What helps prevent the brain from striking the cranium when the head is jolted, while however, severe jolts may still be damaging, as in shaken baby syndrome and concussions from car accidents, boxing, etc?
CSF
What is circulated through the CNS by its own pressure, by the beating of cilia on the ependymal cells, and by rhythmic pulsations of the brain produced by the heartbeat?
CSF
What are gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon?
Nodes of Ranvier
Neuroglia of the ___ completely surround axons and cell bodies
PNS
What consists of nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors?
PNS
What filters incoming sensory information and arouses cerebral cortex into state of wakefulness and dampening familiar, repetitive, or weak sensory inputs, such as waking up to your alarm clock, but not the sound of the train going by?
RAS
What maintains a relatively constant CSF volume and pressure?
Same rate of absorption and production
Axons of unipolar neurons are insulated by ___ which increase the speed of the electrical impulse.
Schwann cells
What encircle PNS axons?
Schwann cells
What glia of the PNS has the entire cell encircling PNS axons?
Schwann cells
What glia of the PNS speeds neurotransmission?
Schwann cells
What is the outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell, which encloses the myelin sheath, and is found only around axons in the PNS?
Schwann cells
What are the 2 types of neuroglia in the PNS?
Schwann cells and satellite cells
The emotional aspect of language is controlled by regions in the opposite hemisphere that mirror what?
Wernicke and Broca areas
What is responsible for the recognition of spoken and written language?
Wernicke are
What formulates phrases and transmits a plan to the Broca area, located in the inferior prefrontal cortex in the same hemisphere when we intend to speak?
Wernicke area
What is a multimodal association area that lies posterior to the lateral sulcus, only in the left hemisphere, at the crossroad between visual, auditory, and somatosensory areas?
Wernicke area
How might an MRI be useful in detecting MS? A. A damaged myelin sheath would not be able to repel water as well because of the lower lipid concentration, resulting in a tissue with higher water content than healthy, myelinated axons. B. A healthy myelin sheath would absorb lots of water and show up as a tissue with a high water content surrounding each axon. C. Schwann cells making up the myelin sheath in the Central Nervous System would show up as larger, more prominent cells in a healthy individual. D. Astrocytes would be more abundant in the brain of someone with MS to assist in removing damaged cells, and this would show up as areas of lower water content.
a
When Stephanie burns herself on a hotplate, she immediately pulls back her arm, screams in pain, and starts running her hand under cold water. Which of the following events is NOT associated with the cortical pathways activated during Stephanie's response? A. The immediate withdrawal of her hand from the hotplate B. Her screaming in pain C. Running her hand under cold water D. All of the listed responses are associated with the cortical neuronal pathways.
a
Which fascicle arrangement produces the more powerful contraction? A. multipennate B. parallel C. convergent D. fusiform
a
Which of the following is FALSE concerning the masseter? A. It draws the corner of the mouth laterally and compresses the cheek. B. It is a synergist of the medial pterygoid muscle. C. It is a prime mover of jaw closure. D. It is innervated by the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve. E. Its origin is the zygomatic arch and zygomatic bone.
a
Which symptom is LEAST likely to be present with an inflammation of the forearm extensors? A. pain with movement of the biceps brachii B. tenderness of the lateral aspect of the elbow C. pain when opening jars or using tools D. pain when shaking hands or squeezing objects
a
When the rock hit Cesar, the impact was softened by several protective features of the head. Which of the following structures would have helped to protect the brain from the external force? A. Hair B. Cerebrospinal fluid C. Dura mater D. Bone E. Basal ganglia F. Oligodendrocytes G. White matter
a, b, c, d
___ are muscles that oppose or reverse a particular movement.
antagonists
What is where complex learning abilities (cognition) and higher thought functions, perseverance, mood?
anterior association are
What is a transparent membrane over the brain surface?
arachnoid mater
Most of the CSF is absorbed by what?
arachnoid villi and superior sagittal sinus
What is found in the epidural space?
arteries
What is the correct component of a neuronal pathway that is associated with the integration site that will result in Alex screaming, "Ouch!"?
ascending pathways to the cerebral cortex
What fibers are between gyri in same hemisphere?
association
What are the most abundant glia and constitute over 90% of the tissue in some brain areas?
astrocytes
What cells have the most diverse functions of any glia?
astrocytes
What glia are star-shaped?
astrocytes
What glia controls chemical environment around neurons?
astrocytes
What glia convert blood glucose to lactate and supply it to the neurons?
astrocytes
What glia form blood-brain barrier by covering blood capillaries?
astrocytes
What glia form scar tissue when neurons are damaged?
astrocytes
What glia induce synapse formation?
astrocytes
What glia monitor neuronal activity and signal blood vessels to constrict or dilate to regulate blood flow providing oxygen and nutrient supply in accordance to neuronal demand?
astrocytes
What glia mop up excess ions so that they do not reach excessive levels?
astrocytes
What glia provide a supportive framework for nervous tissue?
astrocytes
___ are the neuroglia, which help to regulate the reuptake of neurotransmitters from neural tissue.
astrocytes
What are the 4 types of neuroglia?
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells
What signals are received by the primary auditory cortex in the superior region of the temporal lobe and in the nearby insula?
auditory
What occupies areas of temporal lobe inferior to the primary auditory cortex and deep within the lateral sulcus?
auditory association area
What is motor output that is consciously or voluntarily controlled and effectors are cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands?
autonomic motor
Muscles acting on the pectoral girdle originate on the ___ and insert on the ___.
axial skeleton; clavicle and scapula
Schwann cells, Oligodendrites and a myelin sheath are associated with what?
axon
What conducts nerve impulses from the neuron to the dendrites or cell body of another neuron or to an effector organ of the body (muscle or gland)?
axon
What is the impulse-generating and -conducting region of the neuron?
axon
Each neuron has a single axon that arises from the ___ and generates and conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body to the axon terminals.
axon hillock
What is the 4th step of axonal regeneration?
axon regenerates and remyelination occurs
Neurotransmitters are transported to ___ at a rate of 1-400mm/day.
axon terminal
What is the secretory region of the neuron?
axon terminals
What secrete neurotransmitters that either excite or inhibit other neurons or effector cells?
axon terminals
Muscle shape and fiber arrangement determine how much force a muscle can exert, as well as how much the muscle can shorten. Which of the muscles of the lower limb has the greatest shortening ability? A. Rectus femoris B. Sartorius C. Pectineus D. Gluteus maximus E. Gastrocnemius
b
Which muscle is used to smile? A. masseter B. zygomaticus (major and minor) C. orbicularis oris D. levator labii superioris
b
Which of the following statements is correct regarding muscle position and its related action? A muscle that crosses on the lateral side of the hip joint produces adduction. B. The teres major crosses on the medial side of the shoulder joint to produce adduction. C. The deltoid crosses the shoulder joint medially to produce abduction. D. A muscle that crosses the ankle joint posteriorly produces adduction.
b
Which of the following pathways could be affected by multiple sclerosis? Select all that apply. A. Stimulation of a visceral sensory neuron B. Communication between the brain and somatic motor neurons C. Communication between the spinal cord and visceral motor neurons D. Sensory information being transmitted from a somatic sensory neuron to the cortex of the brain
b, c, d
What is a reflex action of the toes that is normal during infancy but abnormal after 12 to 18 months of age and after locomotion begins?
babinski reflex
What is elicited by a firm stimulus (usually scraping) on the sole of the foot, which results in dorsiflexion of the great toe and fanning of the smaller toes, where normally such a stimulus causes all the toes to bend downward?
babinski reflex
What is indicative of abnormalities in the motor control pathways leading from the cerebral cortex and is widely used as a diagnostic aid in disorders of the central nervous system?
babinski reflex
Parkinson disease, Huntington disease, Tourette Syndrome are ___ disorders.
basa nuclei
Impairment of the ___ results in uncontrollable, abnormal body movements, often accompanied by muscle rigidity and tremors
basal nuclei
What are areas of gray matter deep within the white matter?
basal nuclei
What are masses of cerebral gray matter buried in the white matter, lateral to the thalamus?
basal nuclei
What consist of a group of subcortical nuclei that have overlapping motor control with the cerebellum that regulate cognition and emotion?
basal nuclei
What determine the onset and cessation of intentional movements such as walking and highly practiced learned behaviors like typing or tying shoes?
basal nuclei
What help program habitual or automatic sequences and set an appropriate level of muscle tone?
basal nuclei
What selectively inhibit other motor neuron circuits that are intrinsically active or excitatory?
basal nuclei
What is the only hamstring on the lateral aspect?
biceps femoris
Which muscles would be involved in knee flexion? Select all that apply. Tibialis posterior Biceps femoris, long head Semitendinosus Gastrocnemius Semimembranosus Quadriceps femoris Biceps femoris, short head
biceps femoris long head, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris short head
What neuron has one main dendrite & one axon?
bipolar
What neuron is found in the retina, inner ear & olfactory cells?
bipolar
BBB
blood brain barrier
What does materials entering CSF from the choroid capillaries cannot leak between the surrounding ependymal cells constitute?
blood-cerebrospinal fluid
What permits certain substances to enter the fluid but excludes others and protects the brain and spinal cord from harmful elements?
blood-cerebrospinal fluid
What pathways include sensory neuron and results in activation of somatic motor neuron?
both
What allows the brain to attain considerable size without being impaired by its own weight?
bouyancy
Functions of the ___ range from life-sustaining activities to the most complex neural functions.
brain
The ___ is only 2% of the adult weight, but it receives 15% of the blood and consumes 20% of the oxygen and 50% of glucose consumed by body at rest
brain
What is involved in peripheral innervation through cranial nerves?
brain
What is one of the most metabolically active organs of the body, and the amount of oxygen it uses varies with the degree of mental activity?
brain
What is the center for registering sensations, correlating them with one another and with stored information, making decisions, and taking action?
brain
What maintains internal environment through control of the ANS and endocrine system?
brain
What performs tasks associated with intelligence, memory, emotion, behavior, and socialization?
brain
What requires steady supply of glucose and oxygen?
brain
What compresses and moves neurons and glia?
brain bleeds
What increase Intracranial Pressure (ICP)?
brain bleeds
subdural/subarachnoid hemmorhage
brain bleeds
What are displacement sof hemisphere under falx cerebri to opposite side of brain, downward displacements of hemisphere, diencephalon & midbrain, temporal lobe under dura - cerebral peduncle pinched, and brain tissue compressed against bone examples of?
brain moving out of position
What includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata?
brain stem
What is that which remains of the brain if the cerebrum, diencephalon and cerebellum are removed?
brainstem
What is the most caudal of the four major brain regions?
brainstem
What produce programmed automatic behaviors, provide a passageway for fiber tracts running between the cerebrum and spinal cord, and provide innervation of the face and head through cranial nerves III-XII?
brainstem
What generates a motor program from muscles in the larynx, tongue, cheeks, and lips to produce speech and transmits it to the primary motor cortex?
broca area in the prefrontal cortex of the left hemisphere
The ___ muscle encloses the base of the penis in males and lies deep to the labia in females. Its origin is the central tendon of the perineum and midline raphe of the penis. In males, it empties the urethra and assists in erection of the penis; in females, it assists in erection of the clitoris.
bulbospongiosus
What are the 3 ways CSF contributes to homeostasis?
buoyancy, protection, chemical stability
Which of the following actions are actions of the external oblique muscle? A. rotates trunk; fixes and depresses ribs; stabilizes pelvis during walking B. rotates extended thigh laterally; assists in abduction of the thigh when hip is flexed C. flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal wall with bilateral contraction D. depresses eye and turns it laterally
c
Which statement below describes the nervous tissue damage associated with multiple sclerosis (MS)? A. Microglia over-respond to infectious agents and destroy neurons in the central nervous system. B. Myelin sheaths produced by Schwann cells are destroyed. C. Myelin sheaths produced by oligodendrocytes are destroyed. D. Damage to ependymal cells enable infectious agents in the cerebral spinal fluid to invade the gray matter of the central nervous system and thus disrupt neural processing. E. Astrocytes fail to regulate ion levels in surrounding nervous tissue, thus nerve signals are disrupted.
c
Alcohol, caffein, nicotine, oxygen, and glucose ___ pass through the blood-brain barrier.
can
The blood-brain barrier ___ differentiate between harmful toxins, and life-saving chemicals.
can't
Why must the supply of glucose to the brain must be continuous?
carbohydrate storage in the brain is limited
What is a painful compression of median nerve due to narrowing passageway under flexor retinaculum?
carpal tunnel syndrome
What is the biosynthetic center and receptive region of a neuron?
cell body
What, in a neuron, contains a nucleus, lysosomes, mitochondria, a Golgi complex, cytoplasmic inclusions such as lipofuscin, chromatophilic substances, and neurofibrils?
cell body
soma
cell body
What do most neurons consist of?
cell body, neuron processes that extend from cell bodies, dendrites, axons
CNS
central nervous system
What are the 2 major anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system?
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
What separates the frontal and parietal lobes?
central sulcus
What Integrates sensory input from the eyes, ears, joints, & muscles about the present position of body parts?
cerebellum
What functions in the coordination of skeletal muscle contractions and in the maintenance of normal muscle tone, posture, and balance?
cerebellum
What is is 10% of the brain's mass but has 60% of the surface area of the cerebral cortex and contains more than half of all brain neurons?
cerebellum
What is is attached to the brain stem by three pairs of cerebellar peduncles?
cerebellum
What is is involved in learning new motor skills and motor memory, and it also plays some role in language, problem solving, and task planning?
cerebellum
What is responsible for balance in the brian?
cerebellum
What is responsible for learning new motor skills such as playing the piano or hitting a baseball?
cerebellum
What is responsible for smooth coordinated voluntary movements?
cerebellum
What is the is the second largest region of the brain, constituting 10% of its volume but containing over 50% of the brain's neurons?
cerebellum
What is the largest part of the hindbrain and consists of right and left cerebellar hemispheres connected by a wormlike bridge?
cerebellum
What monitors intent for movement, monitors actual movement, compares intent with actual performance, and sends out corrective signals?
cerebellum
What occupies the inferior and posterior aspects of the cranial cavity and consists of two hemispheres?
cerebellum
What occupies the posterior cranial fossa inferior to the cerebrum?
cerebellum
What receives information from the cerebrum on planned movements, compares planned movements with current body position, and sends instructions to the cerebral cortex?
cerebellum
Blood flows to the brain mainly via blood vessels that branch from the ___ at the base of the brain?
cerebral arterial circle
circle of willis
cerebral arterial circle
What allows us to communicate, remember, and understand, and comprises about 40% of the total brain mass?
cerebral cortex
What contains gyri (convolutions), deep grooves called fissures, and shallower sulci?
cerebral cortex
What is 2-4 mm thick and is composed of gray matter and is the outermost portion of cerebrum?
cerebral cortex
What is the location of the "conscious mind" and is composed primarily of neuronal cell bodies and dendrites?
cerebral cortex
What is the location of the conscious mind?
cerebral cortex
What is the outer layer of the cerebrum?
cerebral cortex
What form the superior part of the brain?
cerebral hemispheres
What is a difference in the 2 cerebral hemispheres?
cerebral lateralization
What is cerebral white matter also referred to as?
cerebral medulla
What is the deep layer of the cerebrum?
cerebral medulla
Beneath the cerebral cortex lies what?
cerebral white matter
What is responsible for communication between cerebral areas and the cerebral cortex and lower CNS centers?
cerebral white matter
What makes up most of the volume of the cerebrum and is composed of glia and myelinated nerve fibers organized into three kinds of tracts?
cerebral white matter
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
The ___ is about 83% of the brain's volume.
cerebrum
What consists of two cerebral hemispheres which have an outer, superficial layer called the cortex and a deeper layer called the medulla?
cerebrum
What contains 75% of all neurons in the nervous system?
cerebrum
What includes the cerebral hemispheres with the various lobes of the brain?
cerebrum
What interprets impulses, initiates voluntary movements, stores information as memory, retrieves stored information, reasons, and is the seat of intelligence and personality?
cerebrum
What is the center of intelligence and personality?
cerebrum
What are the major parts of the brain?
cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brain stem
What is a mass of blood capillaries on the floor or wall in each ventricle?
choroid plexus
What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the neuron?
chromatophilic substance
Nissl bodies
chromatophilic substances
What are an orderly arrangement of rough ER?
chromatophilic substances
ganglia
cluster of cell bodies
What is the awareness and the acquisition of knowledge?
cognition
What fibers are from one hemisphere to other?
commissural
Traumatic head injuries can lead to brain injuries of varying severity, including:
concussion, contusion, subdural/subarachnoid hemmorhage
What is where each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body's sensory and motor functions?
contralateral control
What fascicle arrangement does the gluteus maximus have?
convergent
Internal communication between the hemispheres occurs via what?
corpus callosum
Most commissural fibers pass through what?
corpus callosum
The hemispheres are connected at the bottom of the transverse cerebral fissure by what?
corpus callosum
What forms the floor of the longitudinal fissure?
corpus callosum
What is a bundle of transverse white fibers?
corpus callosum
What is the outer, superficial layer of the 2 cerebral hemispheres of the cerebrum?
cortex
What are the 3 regions of each cerebral hemisphere?
cortex of gray matter, internal white matter, basal nuclei
What pathway has a slower response and nerve impulses travel to cerebral cortex?
cortical neuronal pathway
What is the brain protected by?
cranial bones and cranial meninges
What lie lie between the nervous tissue and bone, are continuous with the spinal meninges?
cranial meninges
Which of the following statements best describes the difference between spinal neuronal pathways and cortical neuronal pathways? A. Cortical neuronal pathways travel outside of the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex and are faster than spinal neuronal pathways. B. Spinal neuronal pathways exit the spinal cord and travel up to the cerebral cortex and are faster than cortical neuronal pathways. C. Spinal neuronal pathways stay within the spinal cord and are slower than cortical neuronal pathways. D. Cortical neuronal pathways travel outside of the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex and are slower than spinal neuronal pathways.
d
Which of the following statements is correct regarding muscle position and its related action? A muscle that crosses the ankle joint anteriorly produces flexion. B. The pectoralis major crosses on the anterior side of the shoulder joint to produce extension. C. The latissimus dorsi crosses the posterior side of the shoulder joint to produce flexion. D. A muscle that crosses on the posterior side of the knee joint produces flexion.
d
What is compartment syndrome?
damage to an extremity due to compression
What is where pyramidal tracts cross over to the opposite side of the body, resulting in the cerebral hemispheres controlling voluntary actions of the opposite side of the body?
decussation of pyramids
What separates the right and left hemispheres in the cerebrum?
deep longitudinal fissure
As the prime mover of arm abduction, the middle fibers of the ___ contract to move the arm laterally away from the body.
deltoid
What are cell processes that are the receptive regions of the cell and provide surface area for receiving signals from other neurons?
dendrites
