(LECTURE) Exam 2 Continued: BIO201

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What are the receiving or input portions of a neuron?

dendrites

What are the receptive regions of the neuron?

dendrites

What is the correct component of a neuronal pathway that is associated with the pathway that produces the end result of rubbing the affected area on the foot?

descending voluntary motor response

What includes the thalamus and hypothalamus?

diencephalon

What includes the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus (pineal gland)?

diencephalon

What is a set of gray matter areas and consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus?

diencephalon

What lies medial to the cerebral hemispheres and superior to the brainstem, and surrounds the 3rd ventricle?

diencephalon

What surrounds the 3rd ventricle?

diencephalon

Most axons branch extensively at their ___ end.

distal

What is dense irregular CT tube around the cord?

dura mater

What is pressed closely against the cranial bone, but is not attached except in limited places?

dura mater

What is the outermost layer of the meninges?

dura mater

What meninges is found in the foramen magnum, sella turcica, crista galli, and sutures?

dura mater

What are the cranial meninges?

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

What meet like an inverted T at the back of the brain and ultimately empty into the internal jugular veins?

dural sinuses

Where is the blood drained into?

dural sinuses and then into jugular veins

Which of the following sequences puts the components of a reflex arc in the correct order of their activation? A. receptor, motor neuron, CNS integration center, sensory neuron, effector B. effector, CNS integration center, sensory neuron, receptor, motor neuron C. sensory neuron, CNS integration center, motor neuron, receptor, effector D. motor neuron, receptor, effector, CNS integration center, sensory neuron E. receptor, sensory neuron, CNS integration center, motor neuron, effector

e

Why, other than the cosmetic appearance, is a hernia of medical concern? A. The herniated organ may be more vulnerable to trauma. B. Circulation to the herniated organ may be compromised. C. The hernia may cause an obstruction of flow through the organ. D. For instance, it may block the flow of digesting food through the small intestine. E. All of the listed responses are correct.

e

Axons of the PNS are surrounded by Schwann cells, which are covered by what?

endoneurium

What is a type of neuroglia that resembles cuboidal epithelium?

ependyma

What lines the ventricles and canals, covers the choroid plexuses, and produces cerebrospinal fluid?

ependyma

What are ciliated cells that align with capillaries in brain to produce cerebrospinal fluid?

ependymal

What glia form epithelial membrane lining cerebral ventricles & central canal of cord?

ependymal

The ventricles of the brain are lined with ___, which form an epithelial layer that is permeable to cerebrospinal fluid.

ependymal cells

What glia have no basement membrane and have rootlike processes that penetrate the underlying tissues?

ependymal cells

What resemble cuboidal epithelium lining internal cavities of the brain and spinal cord?

ependymal cells

What location of a brain bleed causes rapid bleeding?

epidural space

What is a tough connective tissue surrounding the entire nerve?

epineurium

What lies superior and posterior to the thalamus and contains the pineal gland?

epithalamus

What are the 3 fundamental physiological properties that enable neurons to communicate with other cells?

excitability, conductivity, secretion

What cross the wrist region attaching from bone to bone?

extensor and flexor retinacula

True/False: Intramuscular injections in the deltoid should be given about 1 inch superior to the greater tubercle.

f

What partially separates the right and left halves of the cerebellum?

falx cerebelli

What extends into the longitudinal fissure as a wall between the cerebral hemispheres?

falx cerebri

What are the 3 extensions of the dura meter that separate parts of the brain?

falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli

What are not used for energy?

fatty acids

___ generally have larger corpus callosum.

females

What flexes middle phalanges of 2nd and 5th fingers?

flexor digitorum superficialis

withdrawal reflex

flexor reflex

What rinses metabolic wastes away and homeostatically regulates the brain's chemical environment?

flow of CSF

The brainstem ends at the ___, and the CNS continues below this as the ___.

foramen magnum, spinal cord

What a triangular chamber between the pons and cerebellum in brain stem?

fourth ventricle

What narrows caudally to form the central canal that extends through the medulla oblongata into the spinal cord?

fourth ventricle

What is lobe is the primary motor cortex?

frontal

What lobe is involved in voluntary motor functions and higher mental functions?

frontal

What lobe lies inferior and posterior to the frontal bone, superior to the eyes, and extends caudally to the central sulcus?

frontal

What are the 5 lobes of the cerebral hemispheres that are separated by specific sulci?

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula

What are networks of neurons that work together and span large distances in the brain?

functional brain systems

What do clusters of cell bodies include?

ganglia and nuclei

What is a knot-like swelling in a nerve where the cell bodies of neurons are concentrated?

ganglion

What are the 3 plantar flexors that are innervated by the tibial nerve?

gastrocnemius, plantaris, soleus

Most tumors that originate in the brain are ___, because these cells can divide, and thus accumulate mistakes in DNA replication.

gliomas

What cells undergo rapid mitosis in tumor formation?

gliomas

What may produce mental confusion, dizziness, convulsions, and unconsciousness?

glucose deficiency

In the brain a thin outer shell of ___ matter covers the cerebral hemispheres.

gray

Axons within the CNS that do not have myelin sheaths are called what?

gray matter

What forms a surface layer called the cortex over the cerebrum and cerebellum?

gray matter

What has little myelin and a duller white color?

gray matter

The brain, like the spinal cord, is composed of what?

gray matter and white matter

What is the location of integration that aids in the localization of the stimulus and allows for the perception of pain?

gray matter in the cerebral cortex

In the spinal cord, ___ matter forms an H-shaped inner core, surrounded by ___ matter

gray; white

What signals are received by the primary gustatory cortex in the inferior end of the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe and an anterior region of the insula?

gustatory

Each hemisphere has thick folds called ___ separated by shallow grooves called ___.

gyri; sulci

What is a collection of blood that develops within tissue when blood vessels are damaged?

hematoma

What are the right and left halves of the cerebrum?

hemispheres

Muscles acting on the arm consist of 9 muscles that cross the shoulder joint and insert on the ___.

humerus

What has a great number of functions needed for survival?

hypothalamus

What is found inferior to the thalamus, forms part of the walls and floor of the third ventricle and extends anteriorly to the optic chiasm and posteriorly to the mammillary bodies?

hypothalamus

What is the control center of the body?

hypothalamus

What links nervous and endocrine systems, controls many body activities, and is one of the major regulators of homeostasis by regulating visceral activities, temp, water balance (thirst), metabolism, sex & appetite drives, emotions, pain, pleasure, and controls pituitary hormones & the ANS?

hypothalamus

What regulates ANS activity, initiating physical responses to emotions, and regulating body temperature, food intake, water balance, thirst, sleep-wake cycles, and endocrine function?

hypothalamus

Why would tissue damage may be somewhere along a particular conduction pathway?

if a reflex is absent or abnormal

When can the PNS repair damaged dendrites or axons?

if neuron cell body remains intact, Schwann cells remain active and form a tube, scar tissue does not form too rapidly

Most neurotransmitters are synthesized where?

in the cell body

What pushes brain out of position?

increased ICP

What receives signals from the inner ear and relays them to other parts of the brain, especially the thalamus?

inferior collliculi

What is the 5th step of axonal regeneration?

innervation to effector is restored

What lies deep to the temporal, parietal, occipital, and frontal lobes?

insula

What lobe has roles in language, sense of taste, and integrating visceral sensory information?

insula

What lobe lies deep to the parietal, frontal, and temporal lobes and cannot be seen in an external view of the brain?

insula

The ___ function is to analyze the sensory information, store some aspects, and make decisions regarding appropriate behaviors.

integrative

The ___ function is to respond to stimuli by initiating action, where the spinal cord and brain issue commands to muscle and gland cells to carry out the response.

integrative

What is the blood delivered to brain by?

internal carotid arteries and basilar artery

The word ___ refers to the fact that they lie between, and interconnect, the incoming sensory pathways and the outgoing motor pathways of the CNS.

interneuron

About 90% of neurons in the human body are ___.

interneurons

What neurons lie entirely within the CNS?

interneurons

What neurons receive signals from many other neurons and carry out integrative functions and "make decision" about response?

interneurons

What serves the integrative function of the nervous system?

interneurons

association

interneurons

association neurons

interneurons

What may result in paralysis, mental retardation, epilepsy, or death?

interruption of mother's blood supply to a child during childbirth

What can result in weakening, permanent damage, or death of brain cells?

interruption of oxygen supply

All fibers to and from the cerebellum are ___.

ipsilateral

Where do the dural sinuses empty into?

jugular veins

What are used during extreme conditions?

ketones

___ molecules cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier, ___ molecules can.

large; small

What allow CSF to flow into subarachnoid space?

lateral apertures

What are the largest ventricles that form an arc in each cerebral hemisphere?

lateral ventricles

The ___ and deltoid posterior fibers are prime movers of arm extension.

latissimus dorsi

What hemisphere is more important for right-handed control, spoken and written language, and numerical (math) and scientific (logic - analytical) skills?

left

What muscle shrugs the shoulders?

levator scapulae

Portions of frontal and temporal lobes, hypothalamus & thalamus, basal nuclei, and other deep nuclei are included in what?

limbic system

What associates smells with emotions and memories?

limbic system

What consists of a ring of structures on the medial side of the cerebral hemispheres, encircling the corpus callosum and thalamus?

limbic system

What controls emotions, produces feelings, and interprets sensory impulses?

limbic system

What functions in emotional aspects of behavior and memory, and is associated with pleasure and pain and contains structures for both gratification and aversion?

limbic system

What is known as the "emotional brain"?

limbic system

What is a pigment created by lysosomes when they digest worn out organelles, and it accumulates in neurons with age?

lipfuscin

___-soluble molecules easily cross the blood brain barrier.

lipid

What are the right and left halves of the cerebrum separated by?

longitudinal fissure

Fibers in the erector spinae run ___.

longitudinally

Specialization of hemispheres is more pronounced in ___.

males

What contains three to four mammillary nuclei that relay signals from the limbic system to the thalamus?

mammillary body

What begins at the foramen magnum and extends about 3 cm rostrally, ending at a groove between the medulla and pons?

medulla

What is the deeper layer of the 2 cerebral hemispheres of the cerebrum?

medulla

What is attached to the five most inferior pairs of cranial nerves, and a major portion of the reticular formation passes through it?

medulla oblongata

What is is continuous with the upper part of the spinal cord and contains portions of both motor and sensory tracts?

medulla oblongata

What are the major parts of the brainstem that produce rigidly programmed automatic behaviors necessary for survival?

medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

What are three connective tissue membranes that cover and protect the CNS, protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses, contain cerebrospinal fluid, and partition the brain?

meninges

What are three coverings that run continuously around the spinal cord and brain?

meninges

What is the inflammation of the meninges and can be caused by a virus or bacteria?

meningitis

What are not allowed to pass into CSF?

metabolic wastes, proteins, toxins, drugs

The macrophages of the Central Nervous System, which function to remove foreign microorganisms, are called ___.

microglia

What are small macrophages that develop from white blood cells called monocytes?

microglia

What glia are small cells found near blood vessels?

microglia

What glia monitor health and perform defense functions for neurons?

microglia

What glia wander through the CNS, constantly probing for cellular debris or other problems?

microglia

What consists mainly of the two cerebral peduncles that anchor the cerebrum to the brain stem anterior to the cerebral aqueduct?

midbrain

What conveys motor impulses from the cerebrum to the cerebellum and spinal cord, sends sensory impulses from the spinal cord to the thalamus, and regulates auditory and visual reflexes (corpora quadrigemina)?

midbrain

What is the most rostral of the three parts of the brain stem?

midbrain

What are the main components, rostral to caudal, of the brainstem?

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

What division of the PNS carries signals from the CNS to gland and muscle cells that carry out the body's responses and cells and organs that respond are called effectors?

motor

What neuron send signals predominantly to muscle and gland cells?

motor

What serves the motor function of the nervous system?

motor

efferent

motor

What initiates and transmits information from the CNS to effectors?

motor nervous system

They are called ___ because most of them lead to muscle cells, and efferent because they carry signals away from the CNS.

motor neurons

What are the 3 types of functional areas of the cerebral cortex?

motor, sensory, association

What is where the myelin sheath is destroyed and scar tissue is formed?

multiple sclerosis

What neuron has several dendrites & one axon?

multipolar

What neuron is the most common structural cell type in CNS?

multipolar

What is a multilayered lipid and protein covering sheath that electrically insulates the axon and increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction?

myelin sheath

What is a bundle of nerve fibers (axons) wrapped in connective tissue?

nerve

What are are bundles of axons in the PNS?

nerves

What are groups of axons in the PNS and CNS, respectively?

nerves and tracts

What is responsible for all our behaviors, memories, and movements?

nervous system

What helps to keep controlled conditions within limits that maintain health and helps to maintain homeostasis?

nervous system and endocrine system

What is the third step of axonal regeneration?

neurilemma and endoneurium form a a regeneration tube

What is the study of the nervous system?

neurobiology

What are intermediate filaments that form the cytoskeleton?

neurofibrils

What are specialized tissue cells that support neurons, attach neurons to blood vessels, produce the myelin sheath around axons, and carry out phagocytosis?

neuroglia

glia

neuroglia

What aids in regeneration in an injured axon by forming a regeneration tube that guides and stimulates regrowth of the axon?

neurolemma

What is the branch of medical science that deals with the normal functioning and disorders of the nervous system?

neurology

nerve cells

neuron

What depend on aerobic glycolysis?

neurons

What function optimally for a lifetime, are mostly amitotic and have an exceptionally high metabolic rate requiring oxygen and glucose?

neurons

What have three fundamental physiological properties that enable them to communicate with other cells?

neurons

What 2 types of cells does nerve tissue contain?

neurons and glial cells

What send signals to the brainstem and spinal cord, which ultimately results in voluntary muscle contraction?

neurons in the precentral gyrus

Large-molecule drugs could possibly cure patients with neurological disorders. Can they cross the blood-brain barrier?

no

What is the myelin sheath gap of the neuron?

node of Ranvier

Deeper masses of gray matter called ___ are surrounded by white matter

nuclei

What are clusters of cell bodies in the CNS?

nuclei

What are reflex centers for regulation of heart rate, respiratory rate, vasoconstriction, swallowing, coughing, vomiting, sneezing, and hiccupping where the first three are considered vital reflexes?

nuclei in functional regions of the medulla oblongata

What is the structural classification of neurons based on?

number of processes extending from the cell body

What are allowed to pass into cerebrospinal fluid?

nutrients, essential amino acids, some electrolytes

What lobe interprets vision?

occipital

What lobe is at the rear of the head, caudal to the parieto-occipital sulcus and underlying the occipital bone?

occipital

What signals are received by the primary olfactory cortex in the medial surface of the temporal lobe?

olfactory

The myelin sheath of the Central Nervous System is formed by ___.

oligodendrocytes

What are the cells that are damaged in multiple sclerosis?

oligodendrocytes

What glia each forms myelin sheath around more than one axon in CNS?

oligodendrocytes

What glia has little re-growth after damage?

oligodendrocytes

What glia is analogous to Schwann cells of PNS?

oligodendrocytes

What leads to pain or a pulled hamstring?

overwork of a muscle/tendon, inflammation, compartment syndrome

What senses have receptors that are neurons?

pain and smell

What fascicle arrangement does the sartorius have?

parallel

What fascicle arrangement does the tensor fasciae latae have?

parallel

What includes an ascending tract that carries the nerve impulses from a sensory neuron to the brain?

parallel processing

What is responsible for rest and digest?

parasympathetic

What is slowing down the heartbeat and stimulating digestion an example of?

parasympathetic

What is involved in general sense, taste, equilibrium, and some visual processing?

parietal

What lob forms the uppermost part of the brain, underlying the parietal bone, and extends caudally to the parieto-occipital sulcus?

parietal

What lobe has the primary somatosensory cortex and is responsible for taste?

parietal

What operates as a feedback mechanism to control muscle length by causing muscle contraction?

patellar reflex

Which muscles would be involved in hip flexion? Select all that apply. Pectineus Sartorius Rectus femoris Semitendinosus Gastrocnemius Semimembranosus Iliopsoas

pectineus, sartorius, rectus femoris, iliopsoas

The ___ crosses the anterior side of the shoulder joint and is the prime mover of arm flexion.

pectoralis major

The latissimus dorsi is an antagonist of the ___ for arm flexion.

pectoralis major

What fascicle arrangement does the biceps femoris, long head have?

pennate

What fascicle arrangement does the gastrocnemius have?

pennate

What fascicle arrangement does the rectus femoris have?

pennate

What fascicle arrangement does the semimembranosus have?

pennate

What fascicle arrangement does the soleus have?

pennate

What fascicle arrangement does the tibialis posterior have?

pennate

Nerve fascicles are bound into bundles by a wrapping of connective tissue called ___.

perineum

What is connective tissue surrounding nerve fascicles?

perineurium

What nervous system has additional subdivisions?

peripheral

PNS

peripheral nervous system

What is a very thin, delicate membrane that follows all contours of the brain and sulci?

pia mater

What secretes melatonin to influence diurnal cycles in conjunction with the hypothalamus?

pineal gland

What is attached to the hypothalamus by a stalk (infundibulum) between the optic chiasm and mammillary bodies?

pituitary gland

Part complete A "withdrawal" reflex is an example of a ___ reflex.

polysynaptic

What also contains the pneumotaxic and apneustic areas, which help control and regulate rate and depth of breathing along with the respiratory center in the medulla?

pons

What appears as a broad anterior bulge rostral/superior to the medulla, and connects the spinal cord with the brain and links parts of the brain with one another by way of tracts?

pons

What consists of two pairs of thick stalks called cerebellar peduncles that connect the cerebral cortex and cerebellum

pons

What contains nuclei for cranial nerves V through VII and the vestibular branch of VIII?

pons

What relays nerve impulses related to voluntary skeletal movements from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum?

pons

What receive input from multiple sources, integrate the information, and execute appropriate output?

pools of spinal neurons

What lies posterior to the central sulcus?

postcentral gyrus

What lies anterior to the central sulcus

precentral gyrus

What contains the anterior association area?

prefrontal cortex

Because of the decussation, the ___ is like an upside-down sensory map of the contralateral side of the body.

primary somatosensory cortex

What allows spatial discrimination and the ability to detect the location of stimulation?

primary somatosensory cortex

Nearly all areas of cerebral cortex send signals to the basal nuclei, except for what?

primary visual and auditory cortices

What fibers form descending & ascending tracts and connect the cerebral cortex to the lower brain or cord centers, tying together the rest of the nervous system to the body's receptors and effectors?

projection

What is the second step of axonal regeneration?

proximal portion of each severed axon seals off and swells, distal portion of axon and myelin sheath degenerates, neurilemma survives

What are the 5 functional components of a reflex arc?

receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center neuron, effector

What are the steps to the reflex arc?

receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector

All somatic spinal reflexes exhibit ___ innervation.

reciprocal

What is a fast, predictable, automatic response to changes in the environment that helps to maintain homeostasis?

reflex

What is the simplest type of pathway where pathways are specific neuronal circuits and thus include at least one synapse?

reflex arc

What help to maintain homeostasis by permitting the body to make exceedingly rapid adjustments to homeostatic imbalances?

reflexes

What may be spinal and cranial in location, and somatic, or autonomic in function?

reflexes

Even though the nerve axon has plasticity, the nerve axon has limited ability for what?

regeneration

RAS

reticular activating system

Fibers of what extends into the diencephalon and connect to centers of hypothalamus, basal nuclei, cerebellum, and cerebrum?

reticular formation

What helps regulate muscle tone, alerts the cortex to incoming sensory signals (reticular activating system, or RAS) and is responsible for maintaining consciousness and awakening from sleep?

reticular formation

What is a complex network of nerve fibers scattered throughout the brain stem that consists of small areas of gray matter interspersed among fibers of white matter and has both sensory and motor functions?

reticular formation

What is one route for pain signals to the cerebral cortex, and is also the origin of the descending analgesic pathways that block pain signal transmission?

reticular formation

What is tough connective tissue that helps hold tendons in place?

retinaculum

What muscles square the shoulders or create a downward movement like a paddling canoe?

rhomboid minor and rhomboid major

What hemisphere is more important for left-handed control, musical and artistic awareness, space and pattern perception(visual-spatial), insight/intuition, emotion, imagination, and generating mental images of sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell?

right

Cell bodies of unipolar neurons are insulated from adjacent cell bodies by ___.

satellite cells

What are flat cells that surround CBs of neurons in PNS ganglia?

satellite cells

What process is the formation of scar tissue when neurons are damaged?

sclerosis

The ___ function of the nervous system is to sense changes in the internal and external environment through sensory receptors and transmit messages to the spinal cord and brain.

sensory

What division of the PNS carries sensory signals from receptors to the CNS and informs the CNS of stimuli?

sensory

What neurons are specialized to detect stimuli and transmit information about them to the CNS?

sensory

What neurons begin in almost every organ of the body and end in the CNS?

sensory

afferent

sensory

What occur in the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes?

sensory areas of cerebral cortex

What are the 3 basic steps that the nervous system carries out its coordinating task in?

sensory function, integrative function, motor function

What detects stimuli and transmits information from receptors to the CNS

sensory nervous system

What serves the sensory function of the nervous system?

sensory neurons

What are the 3 functional classes of neurons based on the 3 major aspects of nervous system function?

sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons

The PNS is functionally divided into ___ and ___ divisions.

sensory; motor

The paired lateral ventricles lie deep within each cerebral hemisphere and are separated by what?

septum pellucidum

olfactory

smell

What is sensory input that is consciously perceived from receptors (ex. eyes, ears, and skin)?

somatic

What neuron is responsible for the motor innervation of skeletal muscles?

somatic motor

What carries signals to the skeletal muscles, producing muscular contractions that are under voluntary control as well as involuntary contractions called somatic reflexes?

somatic motor divison

What is the correct component of a neuronal pathway that is associated with lifting the leg after stepping on the tack?

somatic motor response initiated by the spinal cord

What neuron is responsible for the proprioception from upper limb muscles, temperature changes on skin surface, and sense of soft touch from skin?

somatic sensory

What carries signals from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones, and joints?

somatic sensory division

What are the stretch reflexes, tendon reflexes, flexor reflexes, and crossed extensor reflexes?

somatic spinal reflexes

What are the general senses are distributed over the entire body?

somesthetic, somatosensory, somatic senses

What integrates neurons?

spinal cord

What is a conduction pathway for sensory, to the brain, and motor impulses to effectors?

spinal cord

What is a cylinder of nervous tissue that arises from the brainstem at the foramen magnum, and then passes through the vertebral canal as far as the inferior margin of the first lumbar vertebra or slightly beyond.

spinal cord

What is protected by two connective tissue coverings, the meninges and vertebra, and a cushion of cerebrospinal fluid?

spinal cord

What processes reflexes?

spinal cord

What serves as an integrating center for spinal reflexes?

spinal cord

What mediate reactions to environmental changes?

spinal cord and spinal nerves

What pathway has a faster response and nerve impulses don't travel to cerebral cortex?

spinal neuronal

What are the the 3 groups of the fibers in the erector spinae?

spinalis, iliocostalis, longissimus

How is the plasticity of the nerve axon maintained throughout life?

sprouting new dendrites, synthesis of new proteins, changes in synaptic contacts with other neurons

What reflex is ipsilateral and is important in maintaining muscle tone and muscle coordination during exercise?

stretch

What is the patellar reflex an example of?

stretch reflex

What is a pulled groin muscle that results from quick spring activity?

stretching or tearing of iliopsoas or adductor muscle

What is an occlusion of cerebral blood vessel or hemorrhage (brain bleed) from cerebral blood vessel?

stroke

What is caused by decreased blood supply?

stroke

What separates the arachnoid mater from the pia mater below?

subarachnoid space

What separates the arachnoid mater from the dura above?

subdural space

What divides each hemisphere into five distinct lobes?

sulci

What controls vision and eye-related functions?

superior colliculi

What are the dural sinuses?

superior sagittal sinus and transverse sinus

What are the 4 scapular muscles that form the rotator cuff?

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

What is accelerating the heartbeat and increasing respiratory airflow and inhibiting digestion an example of?

sympathetic

What is responsible for fight or flight?

sympathetic

What tends to have a calming effect?

sympathetic

What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

sympathetic and parasympathetic

What tends to arouse the body for action?

sympathetic nervous system

What is the site of functional contact between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell?

synapse

What is like a roof over the posterior cranial fossa and separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum?

tantorium cerebelli

gustatory

taste

What senses have receptors that are a separate cell that communicates directly with a sensory neuron?

taste and hearing

What lobe interprets hearing & smell and language?

temporal

What lobe is a lateral, horizontal lobe deep to the temporal bone and separated from the parietal and frontal lobes by a deep lateral sulcus?

temporal

What are the 5 distinct lobes of each hemisphere?

temporal, parietal, occipital, frontal, insula

What is ipsilateral and prevents damage to muscles and tendons as a result of stretching?

tendon reflex

What operates as a feedback mechanism to control muscle tension by causing muscle relaxation when muscle force becomes too extreme?

tendon reflex

The ___ is an antagonist of the ___ for arm abduction.

teres major; deltoid

What an ovoid mass at the superior end of the brainstem beneath the cerebral hemisphere on each side of the brain?

thalamus

What contains nuclei that serve as relay stations for all sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex for interpretation, except smell?

thalamus

What plays a key role in mediating sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory?

thalamus

What plays an essential role in awareness and the acquisition of knowledge, which is termed cognition?

thalamus

What registers conscious recognition of pain and temperature and some awareness of light touch and pressure?

thalamus

The absorption of CSF normally occurs at ___ rate at which CSF is produced in the choroid plexuses.

the same

What ventricles is in the diencephalon?

third ventricle

What do general senses include?

touch, pressure, stretch, movement, heat and cold, pain

The hemispheres are separated from the cerebellum along what?

transverse cerebral fissure

What is the first step of axonal regeneration?

trauma severs axon

What neuron has one process only (axon) extending from the cell body that is associated with receptors at the distal end?

unipolar

What neurons are always sensory neurons?

unipolar

What is found in the dubdural space?

veins

What are 4 internal chambers in the brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid?

ventricles

What are continuous with each other and the central canal of the spinal cord?

ventricles

What are lined with ependymal cells and are filled with CSF?

ventricles

What is a wormlike bridge that connects the cerebellar hemispheres?

vermis

What provides a bony covering of the spinal cord?

vertebral column

What is sensory input that is not consciously perceived from receptors of blood vessels and internal organs (ex. heart)?

visceral

What neuron is responsible for the motor innervation of heart muscle, contraction of smooth muscle of small intestine wall, and autonomic nervous system?

visceral motor

What carries signals to glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle over which we have no voluntary control and the responses are termed visceral reflexes?

visceral motor division

What neuron detects stretch of stomach wall, hunger, taste, and monitors chemical changes in the blood?

visceral sensory

What carries signals from viscera of the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

visceral sensory division

What signals are received by the primary visual cortex in the posterior region of the occipital lobe?

visual

What is a nonreflexive motor response initiated by the gray matter of the cerebral cortex that leads to the activation of multiple somatic motor neurons?

voluntary motor response

Axons within the CNS that have myelin sheaths are called what?

white matter

What has a bright pearly white color due to myelin around its nerve fibers?

white matter

What in the brain is composed of tracts, or bundles of axons?

white matter

What is composed of aggregations of myelinated processes whereas gray matter contains nerve cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals or bundles of unmyelinated axons and neuroglia?

white matter

In most of the brain, the ___ matter lies deep to the cortical ___ matter, opposite from their relation in the spinal cord.

white; gray

What reflex prevents or limits tissue damage?

withdrawal

What is a polysynaptic reflex that is initiated by a painful stimulus and results in the removal of the affected limb?

withdrawal reflex

A ___ -second interruption in blood flow can cause loss of consciousness; ___ minutes, impairment of function; and ___ minutes irreversible brain damage

10; 1-2; 4

What allows CSF to flow into the third ventricle from each lateral ventricle?

2 interventricular foramen

What are known as the first and second ventricles?

2 lateral ventricles

What are the 4 ventricles of the brain?

2 lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle

What contains one sensory neuron and one motor neuron?

2-neuron or monosynaptic reflex arc

Muscles acting on the arm consist of ___ muscle that cross the shoulder joints and insert on the humerus.

9

What protects brain cells from harmful substances and pathogens by serving as a selective barrier to prevent passage of many substances from the blood to the brain?

BBB

In the ___, no repairs are possible.

CNS

What consists of the brain and spinal cord?

CNS

Most neuron cell bodies are located within the ___, however, some clusters of cell bodies lie along the nerves of the ___.

CNS; PNS

What a clear, colorless liquid that protects the brain and spinal cord against chemical and physical injuries and carries oxygen, glucose, and other needed chemicals from the blood to neurons and neuroglia?

CSF

What a. flows through cerebral aqueduct of the third ventricle and into fourth ventricle?

CSF

What circulates through the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord?

CSF

What helps prevent the brain from striking the cranium when the head is jolted, while however, severe jolts may still be damaging, as in shaken baby syndrome and concussions from car accidents, boxing, etc?

CSF

What is circulated through the CNS by its own pressure, by the beating of cilia on the ependymal cells, and by rhythmic pulsations of the brain produced by the heartbeat?

CSF

What are gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon?

Nodes of Ranvier

Neuroglia of the ___ completely surround axons and cell bodies

PNS

What consists of nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors?

PNS

What filters incoming sensory information and arouses cerebral cortex into state of wakefulness and dampening familiar, repetitive, or weak sensory inputs, such as waking up to your alarm clock, but not the sound of the train going by?

RAS

What maintains a relatively constant CSF volume and pressure?

Same rate of absorption and production

Axons of unipolar neurons are insulated by ___ which increase the speed of the electrical impulse.

Schwann cells

What encircle PNS axons?

Schwann cells

What glia of the PNS has the entire cell encircling PNS axons?

Schwann cells

What glia of the PNS speeds neurotransmission?

Schwann cells

What is the outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell, which encloses the myelin sheath, and is found only around axons in the PNS?

Schwann cells

What are the 2 types of neuroglia in the PNS?

Schwann cells and satellite cells

The emotional aspect of language is controlled by regions in the opposite hemisphere that mirror what?

Wernicke and Broca areas

What is responsible for the recognition of spoken and written language?

Wernicke are

What formulates phrases and transmits a plan to the Broca area, located in the inferior prefrontal cortex in the same hemisphere when we intend to speak?

Wernicke area

What is a multimodal association area that lies posterior to the lateral sulcus, only in the left hemisphere, at the crossroad between visual, auditory, and somatosensory areas?

Wernicke area

How might an MRI be useful in detecting MS? A. A damaged myelin sheath would not be able to repel water as well because of the lower lipid concentration, resulting in a tissue with higher water content than healthy, myelinated axons. B. A healthy myelin sheath would absorb lots of water and show up as a tissue with a high water content surrounding each axon. C. Schwann cells making up the myelin sheath in the Central Nervous System would show up as larger, more prominent cells in a healthy individual. D. Astrocytes would be more abundant in the brain of someone with MS to assist in removing damaged cells, and this would show up as areas of lower water content.

a

When Stephanie burns herself on a hotplate, she immediately pulls back her arm, screams in pain, and starts running her hand under cold water. Which of the following events is NOT associated with the cortical pathways activated during Stephanie's response? A. The immediate withdrawal of her hand from the hotplate B. Her screaming in pain C. Running her hand under cold water D. All of the listed responses are associated with the cortical neuronal pathways.

a

Which fascicle arrangement produces the more powerful contraction? A. multipennate B. parallel C. convergent D. fusiform

a

Which of the following is FALSE concerning the masseter? A. It draws the corner of the mouth laterally and compresses the cheek. B. It is a synergist of the medial pterygoid muscle. C. It is a prime mover of jaw closure. D. It is innervated by the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve. E. Its origin is the zygomatic arch and zygomatic bone.

a

Which symptom is LEAST likely to be present with an inflammation of the forearm extensors? A. pain with movement of the biceps brachii B. tenderness of the lateral aspect of the elbow C. pain when opening jars or using tools D. pain when shaking hands or squeezing objects

a

When the rock hit Cesar, the impact was softened by several protective features of the head. Which of the following structures would have helped to protect the brain from the external force? A. Hair B. Cerebrospinal fluid C. Dura mater D. Bone E. Basal ganglia F. Oligodendrocytes G. White matter

a, b, c, d

___ are muscles that oppose or reverse a particular movement.

antagonists

What is where complex learning abilities (cognition) and higher thought functions, perseverance, mood?

anterior association are

What is a transparent membrane over the brain surface?

arachnoid mater

Most of the CSF is absorbed by what?

arachnoid villi and superior sagittal sinus

What is found in the epidural space?

arteries

What is the correct component of a neuronal pathway that is associated with the integration site that will result in Alex screaming, "Ouch!"?

ascending pathways to the cerebral cortex

What fibers are between gyri in same hemisphere?

association

What are the most abundant glia and constitute over 90% of the tissue in some brain areas?

astrocytes

What cells have the most diverse functions of any glia?

astrocytes

What glia are star-shaped?

astrocytes

What glia controls chemical environment around neurons?

astrocytes

What glia convert blood glucose to lactate and supply it to the neurons?

astrocytes

What glia form blood-brain barrier by covering blood capillaries?

astrocytes

What glia form scar tissue when neurons are damaged?

astrocytes

What glia induce synapse formation?

astrocytes

What glia monitor neuronal activity and signal blood vessels to constrict or dilate to regulate blood flow providing oxygen and nutrient supply in accordance to neuronal demand?

astrocytes

What glia mop up excess ions so that they do not reach excessive levels?

astrocytes

What glia provide a supportive framework for nervous tissue?

astrocytes

___ are the neuroglia, which help to regulate the reuptake of neurotransmitters from neural tissue.

astrocytes

What are the 4 types of neuroglia?

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

What signals are received by the primary auditory cortex in the superior region of the temporal lobe and in the nearby insula?

auditory

What occupies areas of temporal lobe inferior to the primary auditory cortex and deep within the lateral sulcus?

auditory association area

What is motor output that is consciously or voluntarily controlled and effectors are cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands?

autonomic motor

Muscles acting on the pectoral girdle originate on the ___ and insert on the ___.

axial skeleton; clavicle and scapula

Schwann cells, Oligodendrites and a myelin sheath are associated with what?

axon

What conducts nerve impulses from the neuron to the dendrites or cell body of another neuron or to an effector organ of the body (muscle or gland)?

axon

What is the impulse-generating and -conducting region of the neuron?

axon

Each neuron has a single axon that arises from the ___ and generates and conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body to the axon terminals.

axon hillock

What is the 4th step of axonal regeneration?

axon regenerates and remyelination occurs

Neurotransmitters are transported to ___ at a rate of 1-400mm/day.

axon terminal

What is the secretory region of the neuron?

axon terminals

What secrete neurotransmitters that either excite or inhibit other neurons or effector cells?

axon terminals

Muscle shape and fiber arrangement determine how much force a muscle can exert, as well as how much the muscle can shorten. Which of the muscles of the lower limb has the greatest shortening ability? A. Rectus femoris B. Sartorius C. Pectineus D. Gluteus maximus E. Gastrocnemius

b

Which muscle is used to smile? A. masseter B. zygomaticus (major and minor) C. orbicularis oris D. levator labii superioris

b

Which of the following statements is correct regarding muscle position and its related action? A muscle that crosses on the lateral side of the hip joint produces adduction. B. The teres major crosses on the medial side of the shoulder joint to produce adduction. C. The deltoid crosses the shoulder joint medially to produce abduction. D. A muscle that crosses the ankle joint posteriorly produces adduction.

b

Which of the following pathways could be affected by multiple sclerosis? Select all that apply. A. Stimulation of a visceral sensory neuron B. Communication between the brain and somatic motor neurons C. Communication between the spinal cord and visceral motor neurons D. Sensory information being transmitted from a somatic sensory neuron to the cortex of the brain

b, c, d

What is a reflex action of the toes that is normal during infancy but abnormal after 12 to 18 months of age and after locomotion begins?

babinski reflex

What is elicited by a firm stimulus (usually scraping) on the sole of the foot, which results in dorsiflexion of the great toe and fanning of the smaller toes, where normally such a stimulus causes all the toes to bend downward?

babinski reflex

What is indicative of abnormalities in the motor control pathways leading from the cerebral cortex and is widely used as a diagnostic aid in disorders of the central nervous system?

babinski reflex

Parkinson disease, Huntington disease, Tourette Syndrome are ___ disorders.

basa nuclei

Impairment of the ___ results in uncontrollable, abnormal body movements, often accompanied by muscle rigidity and tremors

basal nuclei

What are areas of gray matter deep within the white matter?

basal nuclei

What are masses of cerebral gray matter buried in the white matter, lateral to the thalamus?

basal nuclei

What consist of a group of subcortical nuclei that have overlapping motor control with the cerebellum that regulate cognition and emotion?

basal nuclei

What determine the onset and cessation of intentional movements such as walking and highly practiced learned behaviors like typing or tying shoes?

basal nuclei

What help program habitual or automatic sequences and set an appropriate level of muscle tone?

basal nuclei

What selectively inhibit other motor neuron circuits that are intrinsically active or excitatory?

basal nuclei

What is the only hamstring on the lateral aspect?

biceps femoris

Which muscles would be involved in knee flexion? Select all that apply. Tibialis posterior Biceps femoris, long head Semitendinosus Gastrocnemius Semimembranosus Quadriceps femoris Biceps femoris, short head

biceps femoris long head, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris short head

What neuron has one main dendrite & one axon?

bipolar

What neuron is found in the retina, inner ear & olfactory cells?

bipolar

BBB

blood brain barrier

What does materials entering CSF from the choroid capillaries cannot leak between the surrounding ependymal cells constitute?

blood-cerebrospinal fluid

What permits certain substances to enter the fluid but excludes others and protects the brain and spinal cord from harmful elements?

blood-cerebrospinal fluid

What pathways include sensory neuron and results in activation of somatic motor neuron?

both

What allows the brain to attain considerable size without being impaired by its own weight?

bouyancy

Functions of the ___ range from life-sustaining activities to the most complex neural functions.

brain

The ___ is only 2% of the adult weight, but it receives 15% of the blood and consumes 20% of the oxygen and 50% of glucose consumed by body at rest

brain

What is involved in peripheral innervation through cranial nerves?

brain

What is one of the most metabolically active organs of the body, and the amount of oxygen it uses varies with the degree of mental activity?

brain

What is the center for registering sensations, correlating them with one another and with stored information, making decisions, and taking action?

brain

What maintains internal environment through control of the ANS and endocrine system?

brain

What performs tasks associated with intelligence, memory, emotion, behavior, and socialization?

brain

What requires steady supply of glucose and oxygen?

brain

What compresses and moves neurons and glia?

brain bleeds

What increase Intracranial Pressure (ICP)?

brain bleeds

subdural/subarachnoid hemmorhage

brain bleeds

What are displacement sof hemisphere under falx cerebri to opposite side of brain, downward displacements of hemisphere, diencephalon & midbrain, temporal lobe under dura - cerebral peduncle pinched, and brain tissue compressed against bone examples of?

brain moving out of position

What includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata?

brain stem

What is that which remains of the brain if the cerebrum, diencephalon and cerebellum are removed?

brainstem

What is the most caudal of the four major brain regions?

brainstem

What produce programmed automatic behaviors, provide a passageway for fiber tracts running between the cerebrum and spinal cord, and provide innervation of the face and head through cranial nerves III-XII?

brainstem

What generates a motor program from muscles in the larynx, tongue, cheeks, and lips to produce speech and transmits it to the primary motor cortex?

broca area in the prefrontal cortex of the left hemisphere

The ___ muscle encloses the base of the penis in males and lies deep to the labia in females. Its origin is the central tendon of the perineum and midline raphe of the penis. In males, it empties the urethra and assists in erection of the penis; in females, it assists in erection of the clitoris.

bulbospongiosus

What are the 3 ways CSF contributes to homeostasis?

buoyancy, protection, chemical stability

Which of the following actions are actions of the external oblique muscle? A. rotates trunk; fixes and depresses ribs; stabilizes pelvis during walking B. rotates extended thigh laterally; assists in abduction of the thigh when hip is flexed C. flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal wall with bilateral contraction D. depresses eye and turns it laterally

c

Which statement below describes the nervous tissue damage associated with multiple sclerosis (MS)? A. Microglia over-respond to infectious agents and destroy neurons in the central nervous system. B. Myelin sheaths produced by Schwann cells are destroyed. C. Myelin sheaths produced by oligodendrocytes are destroyed. D. Damage to ependymal cells enable infectious agents in the cerebral spinal fluid to invade the gray matter of the central nervous system and thus disrupt neural processing. E. Astrocytes fail to regulate ion levels in surrounding nervous tissue, thus nerve signals are disrupted.

c

Alcohol, caffein, nicotine, oxygen, and glucose ___ pass through the blood-brain barrier.

can

The blood-brain barrier ___ differentiate between harmful toxins, and life-saving chemicals.

can't

Why must the supply of glucose to the brain must be continuous?

carbohydrate storage in the brain is limited

What is a painful compression of median nerve due to narrowing passageway under flexor retinaculum?

carpal tunnel syndrome

What is the biosynthetic center and receptive region of a neuron?

cell body

What, in a neuron, contains a nucleus, lysosomes, mitochondria, a Golgi complex, cytoplasmic inclusions such as lipofuscin, chromatophilic substances, and neurofibrils?

cell body

soma

cell body

What do most neurons consist of?

cell body, neuron processes that extend from cell bodies, dendrites, axons

CNS

central nervous system

What are the 2 major anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system?

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

What separates the frontal and parietal lobes?

central sulcus

What Integrates sensory input from the eyes, ears, joints, & muscles about the present position of body parts?

cerebellum

What functions in the coordination of skeletal muscle contractions and in the maintenance of normal muscle tone, posture, and balance?

cerebellum

What is is 10% of the brain's mass but has 60% of the surface area of the cerebral cortex and contains more than half of all brain neurons?

cerebellum

What is is attached to the brain stem by three pairs of cerebellar peduncles?

cerebellum

What is is involved in learning new motor skills and motor memory, and it also plays some role in language, problem solving, and task planning?

cerebellum

What is responsible for balance in the brian?

cerebellum

What is responsible for learning new motor skills such as playing the piano or hitting a baseball?

cerebellum

What is responsible for smooth coordinated voluntary movements?

cerebellum

What is the is the second largest region of the brain, constituting 10% of its volume but containing over 50% of the brain's neurons?

cerebellum

What is the largest part of the hindbrain and consists of right and left cerebellar hemispheres connected by a wormlike bridge?

cerebellum

What monitors intent for movement, monitors actual movement, compares intent with actual performance, and sends out corrective signals?

cerebellum

What occupies the inferior and posterior aspects of the cranial cavity and consists of two hemispheres?

cerebellum

What occupies the posterior cranial fossa inferior to the cerebrum?

cerebellum

What receives information from the cerebrum on planned movements, compares planned movements with current body position, and sends instructions to the cerebral cortex?

cerebellum

Blood flows to the brain mainly via blood vessels that branch from the ___ at the base of the brain?

cerebral arterial circle

circle of willis

cerebral arterial circle

What allows us to communicate, remember, and understand, and comprises about 40% of the total brain mass?

cerebral cortex

What contains gyri (convolutions), deep grooves called fissures, and shallower sulci?

cerebral cortex

What is 2-4 mm thick and is composed of gray matter and is the outermost portion of cerebrum?

cerebral cortex

What is the location of the "conscious mind" and is composed primarily of neuronal cell bodies and dendrites?

cerebral cortex

What is the location of the conscious mind?

cerebral cortex

What is the outer layer of the cerebrum?

cerebral cortex

What form the superior part of the brain?

cerebral hemispheres

What is a difference in the 2 cerebral hemispheres?

cerebral lateralization

What is cerebral white matter also referred to as?

cerebral medulla

What is the deep layer of the cerebrum?

cerebral medulla

Beneath the cerebral cortex lies what?

cerebral white matter

What is responsible for communication between cerebral areas and the cerebral cortex and lower CNS centers?

cerebral white matter

What makes up most of the volume of the cerebrum and is composed of glia and myelinated nerve fibers organized into three kinds of tracts?

cerebral white matter

CSF

cerebrospinal fluid

The ___ is about 83% of the brain's volume.

cerebrum

What consists of two cerebral hemispheres which have an outer, superficial layer called the cortex and a deeper layer called the medulla?

cerebrum

What contains 75% of all neurons in the nervous system?

cerebrum

What includes the cerebral hemispheres with the various lobes of the brain?

cerebrum

What interprets impulses, initiates voluntary movements, stores information as memory, retrieves stored information, reasons, and is the seat of intelligence and personality?

cerebrum

What is the center of intelligence and personality?

cerebrum

What are the major parts of the brain?

cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brain stem

What is a mass of blood capillaries on the floor or wall in each ventricle?

choroid plexus

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the neuron?

chromatophilic substance

Nissl bodies

chromatophilic substances

What are an orderly arrangement of rough ER?

chromatophilic substances

ganglia

cluster of cell bodies

What is the awareness and the acquisition of knowledge?

cognition

What fibers are from one hemisphere to other?

commissural

Traumatic head injuries can lead to brain injuries of varying severity, including:

concussion, contusion, subdural/subarachnoid hemmorhage

What is where each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body's sensory and motor functions?

contralateral control

What fascicle arrangement does the gluteus maximus have?

convergent

Internal communication between the hemispheres occurs via what?

corpus callosum

Most commissural fibers pass through what?

corpus callosum

The hemispheres are connected at the bottom of the transverse cerebral fissure by what?

corpus callosum

What forms the floor of the longitudinal fissure?

corpus callosum

What is a bundle of transverse white fibers?

corpus callosum

What is the outer, superficial layer of the 2 cerebral hemispheres of the cerebrum?

cortex

What are the 3 regions of each cerebral hemisphere?

cortex of gray matter, internal white matter, basal nuclei

What pathway has a slower response and nerve impulses travel to cerebral cortex?

cortical neuronal pathway

What is the brain protected by?

cranial bones and cranial meninges

What lie lie between the nervous tissue and bone, are continuous with the spinal meninges?

cranial meninges

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between spinal neuronal pathways and cortical neuronal pathways? A. Cortical neuronal pathways travel outside of the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex and are faster than spinal neuronal pathways. B. Spinal neuronal pathways exit the spinal cord and travel up to the cerebral cortex and are faster than cortical neuronal pathways. C. Spinal neuronal pathways stay within the spinal cord and are slower than cortical neuronal pathways. D. Cortical neuronal pathways travel outside of the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex and are slower than spinal neuronal pathways.

d

Which of the following statements is correct regarding muscle position and its related action? A muscle that crosses the ankle joint anteriorly produces flexion. B. The pectoralis major crosses on the anterior side of the shoulder joint to produce extension. C. The latissimus dorsi crosses the posterior side of the shoulder joint to produce flexion. D. A muscle that crosses on the posterior side of the knee joint produces flexion.

d

What is compartment syndrome?

damage to an extremity due to compression

What is where pyramidal tracts cross over to the opposite side of the body, resulting in the cerebral hemispheres controlling voluntary actions of the opposite side of the body?

decussation of pyramids

What separates the right and left hemispheres in the cerebrum?

deep longitudinal fissure

As the prime mover of arm abduction, the middle fibers of the ___ contract to move the arm laterally away from the body.

deltoid

What are cell processes that are the receptive regions of the cell and provide surface area for receiving signals from other neurons?

dendrites


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