Lesson 14 English 12A

Which strategies can a writer use to vary syntax in a text?

Use sentences of different lengths and complexity. Use transitional words and phrases at the beginnings and ends of sentences and paragraphs.

Read the excerpt from "Missing the Dark." None of this is to say that electric lights are inherently bad. Artificial light has benefited society by, for instance, extending the length of the productive day, offering more time not just for working but also for recreational activities that require light. But when artificial outdoor lighting becomes inefficient, annoying, and unnecessary, it is known as light pollution. Many environmentalists, naturalists, and medical researchers consider light pollution to be one of the fastest growing and most pervasive forms of environmental pollution. And a growing body of scientific research suggests that light pollution can have lasting adverse effects on both human and wildlife health. Which sentences in the excerpt best demonstrate an appeal to the audience's sense of logos? (Select all that apply.)

And a growing body of scientific research suggests that light pollution can have lasting adverse effects on both human and wildlife health. Many environmentalists, naturalists, and medical researchers consider light pollution to be one of the fastest growing and most pervasive forms of environmental pollution. partial

Which sentence is written in a tone and style most appropriate for a researched, informational essay with an academic audience?

Butterflies are insects, and they have the same four-stage life cycle as other insects do.

Which sentences use hyphens correctly? (Select all that apply.)

Escalators take customers to the third-floor of the clothing store. It is hard to keep a full-time job while you are in school. partial

If you are writing an essay titled "Affluence in 16th-Century England," what sentence are you most likely to include in the first paragraph as a context clue to the meaning of the word affluence?

Some nobles owned multiple estates.

Read the excerpt from "Missing the Dark." Sea turtles provide one dramatic example of how artificial light on beaches can disrupt behavior. Many species of sea turtles lay their eggs on beaches, with females returning for decades to the beaches where they were born to nest. When these beaches are brightly lit at night, females may be discouraged from nesting in them; they can also be disoriented by lights and wander onto nearby roadways, where they risk being struck by vehicles. Which option best analyzes how the author appeals to the reader's sense of logos to convey his point?

The author uses an appeal to logos to focus the reader on the fact that animals, such as sea turtles, are negatively impacted by exposure to artificial light near their habitats.

Read the excerpt from "Missing the Dark." The connection between artificial light and sleep disorders is a fairly intuitive one. Difficulties with adjusting the circadian clock can lead to a number of sleep disorders, including shift-work sleep disorder, which affects people who rotate shifts or work at night, and delayed sleep-phase syndrome, in which people tend to fall asleep very late at night and have difficulty waking up in time for work, school, or social engagements. The sleep pattern that was the norm before the invention of electric lights is no longer the norm in countries where artificial light extends the day. In the 2005 book At Day's Close: Night in Times Past, historian Roger Ekirch of Virginia Polytechnic Institute described how before the Industrial Age people slept in two 4-hour shifts ("first sleep" and "second sleep") separated by a late-night period of quiet wakefulness. What is the author's purpose for appealing to the reader's sense of logos in the excerpt?

The author wants the reader to understand the basic relationship between artificial lights and sleep disorders that affect an individual's life.

Read the sentence. With her arm in a sling, Leticia found that even the simplest tasks, showering, dressing, and cooking, took her a long time to complete. Which option shows a way to clarify this sentence by revising the punctuation?

With her arm in a sling, Leticia found that even the simplest tasks—showering, dressing, and cooking took her a long time to complete. wrong

Read the excerpt from "How Light Pollution Works." Since light pollution wastes vast amounts of money, one of the biggest perks of proper lighting would be felt in the world's collective wallet. Similarly, cutting down on inefficient and unnecessary lighting decreases the amount of carbon emissions that we shoot up into our unhappy atmosphere—always a bonus. What is the meaning of "the world's collective wallet" as it is used in the excerpt?

a way that different nations save and invest money wrong

Read the excerpt from "Missing the Dark," focusing on the word awash. In 1879, Thomas Edison's incandescent light bulbs first illuminated a New York street, and the modern era of electric lighting began. Since then, the world has become awash in electric light. Powerful lamps light up streets, yards, parking lots, and billboards. Sports facilities blaze with light that is visible for tens of miles. Business and office building windows glow throughout the night. The author uses awash to describe the world. Other words that contain a similar connotation are inundated, overflowing, and flooded. What is the meaning of the word awash as it is used in the excerpt?

completely covered

Read the sentence. A pervasive odor is one that _[blank]_. Which option best completes the statement?

disappears suddenly wrong

Read the excerpt from "How Light Pollution Works." Melatonin affects a whole host of bodily processes including metabolism, immune function, and, through the endocrine system, helps balance reproductive, thyroid and adrenal hormones. When you throw into the mix closely related factors such as disrupted circadian rhythms and sleep deprivation, there's a laundry list of the health concerns that have been linked in some degree to an artificially lit world. Among them are obesity, type II diabetes, coronary heart disease, hypertension, insulin resistance, poor metabolism and heart attacks. Which words or phrases from the excerpt are examples of technical vocabulary? (Select all that apply.)

disrupted circadian rhythms immune function

Read the excerpt from "Missing the Dark." The ecologic effects of artificial light have been well documented. Light pollution has been shown to affect both flora and fauna. For instance, prolonged exposure to artificial light prevents many trees from adjusting to seasonal variations, according to Winslow Briggs's chapter on plant responses in the 2006 book Ecological Consequences of Artificial Night Lighting. This, in turn, has implications for the wildlife that depend on trees for their natural habitat. Research on insects, turtles, birds, fish, reptiles, and other wildlife species shows that light pollution can alter behaviors, foraging areas, and breeding cycles, and not just in urban centers but in rural areas as well. The author appeals to the audience's sense of logos by _[blank]_. Which option best completes the sentence?

establishing a clear message about light pollution to encourage future generations to take a stand against the damaging effects of artificial light wrong

Read the excerpt from "Missing the Dark." Each year in New York City alone, about 10,000 migratory birds are injured or killed crashing into skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, says Glenn Phillips, executive director of the New York City Audubon Society. The estimates as to the number of birds dying from collisions across North America annually range from 98 million to close to a billion. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates 5 million-50 million birds die each year from collisions with communication towers. The author appeals to the audience's sense of _[blank]_. Which option best completes the sentence?

pathos to influence them to be empathetic to the plight of birds that are affected by artificial lights

Read the excerpt from "Missing the Dark." Travis Longcore, co-editor of Ecological Consequences of Artificial Night Lighting and a research associate professor at the University of Southern California Center for Sustainable Cities, suggests two ways outdoor light pollution may contribute to artificial light-associated health effects in humans. "From a human health perspective, it seems that we are concerned with whatever increases artificial light exposure indoors at night," he says. "The effect of outdoor lighting on indoor exposure could be either direct or indirect. In the direct impact scenario, the artificial light from outside reaches people inside at night at levels that affect production of hormones. In an indirect impact it would disturb people inside, who then turn on lights and expose themselves to more light." The author's purpose for appealing to the reader's sense of ethos in the excerpt is to _[blank]_. Which options best complete the sentence? (Select all that apply.)

present a strong personal connection to the issue of light pollution since the author himself experienced health issues due to light pollution demonstrate his trustworthiness as a writer by using information from a credible source regarding how light pollution affects an individual's health partial