Lesson 3/Chapter 23: Metabolism

A disorder caused by the ingestion of excessive quantities of a fat-soluble vitamin is known as? a. hypovitaminosis b. hypervitaminosis c. carbohydrate loading d. Kwashiorkor e. avitaminosis

Hypervitaminosis

All of these are responses or processes controlled by the heat-gain center except? a. vasoconstriction b. hunter's response c. the countercurrent mechanism d. increased respiration depth e. nonshivering thermogenesis

Increased respiration depth

The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces? a. water b. urea c. ketone bodies d. nitrate e. acetyl-CoA

Urea

Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of a. vitamin C b. vitamin A c. niacin d. vitamin B12 e. riboflavin

Vitamin A

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called? a. anabolism b. metabolism c. oxidative phosphorylation d. catabolism e. glycolysis

Metabolism

Metabolism can be defined as? a. anabolism + catabolism b. anabolism - catabolism c. heat - catabolism d. anabolism + heat e. catabolism - anabolism

Anabolism + catabolism

Identify the molecule labeled "2." a. citric acid b. hydrogen atoms c. NAD d. FADH2 e. carbon dioxide

Carbon Dioxide

Define nutrition. (Module 23.14A) a. absorption of nutrients from food b. ingestion of food c. storage of nutrients from food d. elimination of nutrients from food e. digestion of food

Absorption of nutrients of food

In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is ________, yielding a different amino acid. a. transferred to another molecule b. transferred to acetyl-CoA c. absorbed by water d. converted to ammonia e. converted to urea

Transferred to another molecule

Which molecule is a key reactant in both ATP production from fatty acids and lipogenesis? (Module 23.11B) a. pyruvate b. triglycerides c. glycerol d. acetyl-CoA e. glucose

acetyl-CoA

The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are the? a. high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) b. very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) c. low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) d. chylomicrons e. None of these answers are correct

Chylomicrons

Which step of glucose metabolism yields the greater amount of ATP? a. glycolysis b. electron transport system c. citric acid cycle d. glycolysis + citric acid cycle e. None of these answers are correct

Electron transport system

A balanced diet would include all of the following, except? a. enough calories to produce 100 million trillion ATPs. b. adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals. c. both fat soluble and fat insoluble vitamins. d. essential amino acids and fatty acids. e. adequate substrates for the production of energy.

Enough calories to produce 100 million trillion ATPs

Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are examples of? a. lipoproteins. b. non-essential amino acids c. essential fatty acids. d. essential amino acids. e. transport proteins.

Essential fatty acids

Of the 20 amino acids, ________ are essential amino acids that the body either cannot synthesize or that cannot be produced in amounts sufficient for growing children. a. 2 b. 6 c. 8 d. 10 e. 20

10

Glycolytic breakdown of glucose first results in ________ molecules a. 4 NADH b. 4 ATP c. 2 pyruvate d. 2 CO2 e. 2 H2O

2 pyruvate

What is a nutrient pool? a. an alternative term for a bolus of food in the digestive system b. the metabolic reserves of the body as a whole c. an accessible source of substrates for a cell d. a general term for vitamins and minerals together e. the region in the mitochondria where hydrogen atoms are removed from organic molecules

An accessible source of substrates for a cell

Define thermoregulation. (Module 23.17C) a. the study of thermodynamics b. the homeostatic control of energy intake c. the homeostatic control of body temperature d. the study of the flow of energy e. the homeostatic control of energy expenditure

Control of body temperature

Which hormone inhibits the satiety center and stimulates appetite in the short term? (Module 23.18A) a. Neuropeptide Y b. Glucagon c. Ghrelin d. Leptin e. Insulin

Ghrelin

All of the following is true of the electron transport system except? a. produces energy that supports the synthesis of ATP b. receives electrons from coenzymes c. is found on the inner mitochondrial membrane (the cristae) d. electrons are eventually accepted by oxygen with the formation of water e. is found on the outer mitochondrial membrane

Is found on the outer mitochondrial membrane

Explain the role of glycogen in cellular metabolism. (Module 23.9B) a. It is the primary fuel that enters the electron transport chain b. It serves as an intracellular glucose reserve c. It is the primary fuel that enters glycolysis d. It can easily be converted to other non-carbohydrate fuel sources e. It is the primary fuel that enters the citric acid cycle

It serves as an intracellular glucose reserve

Vitamin B 2 is a. retinol b. folate c. riboflavin d. ascorbic acid e. thiamin

Riboflavin

Explain when glycolysis is important in cellular metabolism. (Module 23.6B) a. When ATP must be produced anaerobically. b. When gluconeogenesis has decreased then glycolysis becomes important. c. When beta-oxidation no longer produces sufficient ATP to fuel the cellular metabolism. d. When ATP must be produced aerobically. e. When glucose is only fuel source.

When ATP must be produced anaerobically

Describe the source of intestinal gas. (Module 23.9A) a. as certain foods are broken down they release trapped gases b. swallowing excess air during eating generates pockets of air that remain in the food c. bacterial metabolism of indigestible carbohydrates in the colon d. churning of food in the stomach increases the carbon dioxide that is mixed into the chyme e. as bile emulsifies lipids some gas is released in the process

Bacterial activities in the colon when indigestible carbohydrates stimulate bacterial gas production

The minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person is called? a. basal metabolic rate b. homeostasis c. body mass index rate d. steady state e. stasis

Basal metabolic rate

Excessive amounts of vitamin E can lead to? a. rickets b. itching c. liver damage d. bleeding disorders e. blurred vision

Blurred vision

Predict the effect of peripheral vasodilation on a person's body temperature. (Module 23.20A) a. Body temperature would stay the same b. Body temperature would decrease c. Body temperature would increase

Body temperature would decrease

Compare catabolism and anabolism. (Module 23.1A) a. Catabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body, whereas anabolism is the sum of the chemical reactions in an individual cell. b. Catabolism uses ATP, whereas anabolism generate ATP. c. Catabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones, whereas anabolism is buildup of large molecules from smaller building blocks. d. Catabolism is the buildup of large molecules from smaller building blocks, whereas anabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones. e. Catabolism is the sum of the chemical reactions in an individual cell, whereas anabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body.

Catabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones, whereas anabolism is buildup of large molecules from smaller building blocks

Identify the molecule labeled "5." a. oxaloacetic acid b. citric acid c. fumaric acid d. 4-carbon molecule e. malic acid

Citric acid

The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during a. glycolysis. b. the citric acid cycle. c. electron transport. d. the formation of water. e. the formation of pyruvic acid.

Citric acid cycle

On a hot August day at the beach, the lifeguard jumped up and ran into the water, throwing a life-buoy to a troubled swimmer calling for help, and pulling her to safety. He was happy to help the swimmer, and once back on the beach, he realized that being in the water cooled him off a great deal. What form of heat transfer contributed to his feeling cooler? a. radiation b. conduction c. evaporation d. convection

Convection

Cells do not synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons? a. growth and repair b. regulation of homeostasis c. structural maintenance d. creation of essential amino acids e. production of secretions

Creation of essential amino acids

Which of the following is not true of lipoprotein lipase? a. found in capillary walls. b. interferes with triglyceride utilization. c. prolongs the circulation time of chylomicrons. d. increases release of monoglycerides. e. decreases the breakdown of fatty acids.

Decreases the breakdown of fatty acids

The vitamin that prevents breakdown of vitamin A and fatty acids is vitamin? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E

E

Identify the two classes of vitamins. (Module 23.14B) a. dietary and non-dietary b. essential and non-essential c. natural and synthetic d. fat-soluble and water-soluble e. complete and incomplete

Fat soluble and water soluble

Identify the fates of fatty acids. (Module 23.11C) a. Fatty acids may directly enter glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain to generate ATP. b. Fatty acids may become a fuel source or a component of triglycerides, glycolipids, phospholipids, prostaglandins, cholesterol, and steroids. c. Fatty acids may become LDLs, HDLs, or VLDLs. d. Fatty acids may become a fuel source or a component of glycogen, glucose, and glycolipids. e. Fatty acids may become a fuel source or a component of proteins and nucleic acids.

Fatty acids may become a fuel source or a component of triglycerides, glycolipids, phospholipids, prostaglandins, cholesterol, and steroids

All of the following are reasons why glucose is the primary energy source for cells except a. glycogen breakdown involves only a single enzymatic step. b. glycolysis does not require oxygen to generate ATP. c. glucose can be stored efficiently. d. glycogen breakdown occurs very slowly. e. glucose is a small, soluble molecule

Glycogen breakdown occurs very slowly

During the postabsorptive state, which of the following enhances the effects of glucocorticoids? a. growth hormone b. epinephrine c. glucagon d. insulin e. androgens

Growth hormone

________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver. a. Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) b. Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs) c. High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) d. Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) e. Very-high-density lipoproteins (VHDLs)

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

Where does most nutrient absorption occur? (Module 23.8B) a. in the large intestine, primarily in the cecum b. in the large intestine, primarily in the transverse colon c. in the small intestine, primarily in the jejunum d. in the mouth e. in the stomach, primarily in the body

In the small intestine, primarily in the jejunum

All of the following take place during the absorptive state except? a. aerobic metabolism provides increased synthesis of blood lipid levels. b. ketone bodies begin to form. c. insulin stimulates triglycerides. d. estrogen promotes protein synthesis. e. blood glucose levels rise.

Ketone bodies begin to form

The energy content of foods is commonly given in units of? a. ATP units b. kilocalories (also, kcal or Cal) c. grams (also, g, or gms) d. degrees Celsius e. carbohydrate

Kilocalories (also, kcal or Cal)

The hormone ________, which suppresses appetite and stimulates satiety, is released by adipose tissue. a. leptin b. neuropeptide Y c. estrogen d. insulin e. ghrelin

Leptin

All of the following are true of beta-oxidation except that? a. it occurs in the mitochondria b. fatty acids break down into acetyl-CoA that enter the citric acid cycle c. it ultimately yields large amounts of ATP d. lipids are converted into glycogen molecules e. it requires coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD

Lipids are converted into glycogen molecules

Compare oxidation and reduction. (Module 23.5B) a. Oxidation is the gain of oxygen, or loss of hydrogen or electrons, whereas reduction is the loss of oxygen, or the gain of hydrogen or electrons. b. Oxidation is the loss of oxygen, or the gain of hydrogen or electrons, whereas reduction is gain of oxygen, or loss of hydrogen or electrons.

Oxidation is the gain of oxygen, or loss of hydrogen or electrons, whereas reduction is the loss of oxygen, or the gain of hydrogen or electrons

When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the ________ state. a. starvation b. postabsorptive c. deprivation d. absorptive e. preabsorptive

Postabsorptive

Glycolysis breaks down glucose into what? a. phosphate b. glutaraldehyde c. NAD•H d. citric acid e. pyruvate

Pyruvate

Define insensible perspiration. (Module 23.19A) a. The loss of water by radiation. b. The loss of water by evaporation from sweat glands. c. The loss of water by direct transfer of energy through physical contact. d. The loss of water as cool air moves across the surface of the body. e. The loss of water by evaporation from the skin and alveolar surfaces of the lungs

The loss of water by evaporation from the skin and alveolar surfaces of the lungs

Explain the process of metabolic turnover. (Module 23.1B) a. When cells continuously replace cellular components. b. When amino acid pools are formed. c. When ATP is regenerated from ADP and inorganic phosphate. d. When glycogen is broken down into glucose. e. When glucose is converted into glycogen in the liver

When cells continuously replace cellular components

How is heat loss different between conduction and convection? (Module 23.19C) a. Conduction involves heat loss as cooler air moves across the surface of the body and convection is the direct transfer of energy through physical contact. b. Conduction involves radiation, whereas convection involves evaporation. c. Conduction is the loss of heat by evaporation from the skin and convection is the loss of heat by evaporation from the alveolar surfaces of the lungs. d. Conduction is the direct transfer of energy through physical contact and convection involves heat loss as cooler air moves across the surface of the body. e. Conduction is the loss of heat by evaporation from sweat glands and convection is the loss of heat by evaporation from the skin.

Conduction is the direct transfer of energy through physical contact and convection involves heat loss as cooler air moves across the surface of the body

Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ________ yields energy the quickest a. glycogen b. glucose c. protein d. fat e. All of the answers yield energy at the same rate.

Glucose

Water from the alveolar surfaces of the lungs and from the skin surface is lost in what mechanism of heat balance? a. sensible perspiration b. insensible perspiration c. conduction d. convection

Insensible perspiration

Which of the following body systems is not involved in capturing or creating energy that is used to maintain one's metabolism? a. cardiovascular b. lymphatic c. integumentary d. muscular e. digestive

Integumentary

Describe leptin and its effect on appetite. (Module 23.18B) a. Leptin is a neurotransmitter that increases appetite. b. Leptin is steroid hormone produced by adipose tissues during the breakdown of triglycerides and it stimulates appetite. c. Leptin is a hormone released by the pancreas that suppresses appetite. d. Leptin is a hormone released by the gastric mucosa that stimulates appetite. e. Leptin is a peptide hormone produced by adipose tissues during the synthesis of triglycerides and it signals satiety

Leptin is a peptide hormone produced by adipose tissues during the synthesis of triglycerides and it signals satiety

Urea is formed in the? a. liver b. large intestine c. kidneys d. stomach e. small intestine

Liver

Briefly describe phenylketonuria (PKU). (Module 23.16B) a. PKU is the accumulation of uric acid crystals due to an inability to catabolize purines. b. PKU occurs as a result of inadequate protein intake. c. PKU is an eating disorder that involves excessive food consumption followed by purging. d. PKU is an inherited metabolic disorder resulting from an inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine. e. PKU is the accumulation of ketone bodies due to the breakdown of fatty acids and amino acids

PKU is an inherited metabolic disorder resulting from an inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine

Explain why carbohydrates are preferred over proteins and lipids as an energy source. (Module 23.9C) a. Carbohydrates can be stored and proteins and lipids cannot. b. Carbohydrates travel easier through the blood than proteins and lipids. c. Proteins and lipids are rarer in food than carbohydrates. d. Proteins and lipids are more important as structural components of cells and tissues. e. Carbohydrates yield more energy than proteins and lipids.

Proteins and lipids are more important as structural components of cells and tissues

A vitamin obtained from meat that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is? a. niacin b. pyridoxine (B6) c. folic acid (folate) d. pantothenic acid e. riboflavin

Pyridoxine (B6)

What heat transfer process accounts for about one-half of a person's heat loss when indoors? (Module 23.19B) a. conduction b. convection c. insensible perspiration d. sensible perspiration e. radiation

Radiation

The major job of coenzymes in oxidative phosphorylation includes all of the following except? a. release of hydrogen ions b. ionization of hydrogen atoms c. release of electrons to the first cytochrome of the electron transport chain d. the breaking of carbon-carbon covalent bonds e. None of these answers are correct

The breaking of carbon-carbon covalent bonds

Define oxidative phosphorylation. (Module 23.5A) a. The generation of ATP by adding a phosphate group to ADP in the absence of oxygen. b. The generation of ATP through the transfer of electrons from oxygen to coenzymes. c. The generation of ATP through the transfer of electrons from coenzymes to oxygen. d. The generation of ATP by adding a phosphate group to ADP in the presence of oxygen. e. The generation of ATP through glycolysis.

The generation of ATP through the transfer of electrons from coenzymes to oxygen

What is basal metabolic rate? (Module 23.17B) a. the amount of heat generated by an awake, alert person b. the maximum energy expenditure during exercise of an average person c. the maximum energy expenditure during exercise of an athlete d. the minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person e. the minimum resting energy expenditure of a sleeping person

The minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person

Homeostatic control of body temperature is termed? a. homeostasis b. thermic monitoring c. basal metabolic rate d. thermoregulation e. energetics

Thermoregulation

Describe the role that hydrogen ion channels play in the generation of ATP. (Module 23.5C) a. They allow hydrogen ions to diffuse from the intermembrane space into the matrix to power ATP synthase. b. They allow hydrogen ions to diffuse into the intermembrane space to power ATP synthase. c. They act as cytochromes in the electron transport chain. d. They allow oxygen to diffuse into the mitochondrial matrix. e. They allow hydrogen ions and electrons to pass from one cytochrome to another along the chain

They allow hydrogen ions to diffuse from the intermembrane space into the matrix to power ATP synthase

How are most nutrients absorbed in the digestive tract eventually transported out of the digestive system? a. via the pyloric valve b. via the hepatobiliary duct c. via pulmonary arteries d. through the hepatic portal vein e. through the aorta

Through the hepatic portal vein