Lesson 5 - World War I and Post War Culture

Gallipoli

- A disastrous British attack on the Triple Alliance from the south (in Turkey). The British lost.

What is a Stalemate and what attempts were made to break it?"

- Neither side had developed a "termination strategy," and, after all the morality surrounding the propaganda, it was hard to compromise. Attempts to break the stalemate a) New weapons: Tanks, Gas, Flamethrowers, Machine guns b) Peripheral theatres: Where else might the war be won if it wasn't going to happen on the fields of eastern France? 1) Germans decided to renew unrestricted warfare in early 1917. 2) Gallipoli - A disastrous British attack on the Triple Alliance from the south (in Turkey). c) Grind it out. Verdun and the Battle of the Somme (1916) were excellent examples. d) Break the stalemate by quitting? In 1917 there were massive French mutinies. . e) Get additional allies -- Hmm....

Causation of WW I and how the other countries got involved.

-- Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, was assassinated in Sarajevo (Yugoslavia) by a Serbian nationalist. Historian S.L.A. Marshall writes that "No affair of such gravity was ever more mismanaged." Austria-Hungary made 48-hour demands on Serbia that Serbia couldn't possibly meet. 1) Germany begins rattling sabers in support of Austria-Hungary. 2) Russia mobilizes first (they realized it would take them longer.) 3)Germany mobilizes in support of Austria, and 4)France in support of Russia. 5)Germany and Russia go to war 1 August, 6) Germany and France 3 August, and 7)Germany and Britain 4 August.

Allies (Triple Entente)

-- Britain, France, Russia, Japan, Italy, Rumania, US, China

Central Powers (Triple Alliance)

-- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria.

Schlieffen Plan Problems

-- Von Moltke, the German commanding General, changed and weighted the defensive line (the anvil along the border) too heavily which took strength away from the hammer (Germany)

America got two of its heroes from this last major offensive.

1) Sergeant Alvin York lived a rather "spirited" life until he met the grace of God. When he accepted Christ, he noted that the Bible was "agin' killin'" and became a pacifist. He had grown up in Tennessee and was a crack shot. Fortunately for the U.S. Army, his pastor talked him into joining the army. In the Meuse-Argonne, "York's platoon became separated from the main body, and fighting his way back with only a handful of men, York's platoon killed 25 enemy soldiers, took out thirty-five German machine guns, and took 132 prisoners. Germans' heads, the Tennessean noted, were 'so much bigger than turkeys' heads.'" 2) Another hero from this offensive was "Dan Edwards, whose arm was pinned beneath a tree by artillery fire. When he saw eight Germans advancing toward him, he shot four with his revolver and took the other four prisoners -- his arm still pinned. Using his bayonet to cut off his crushed arm, he applied a tourniquet and, using one hand, herded the Germans back to his lines. When yet another explosion broke his leg, he ordered the Germans to carry him!

Feminist Movement

1. As discussed previously, women gained the vote with the 19th Amendment in 1920. 2. Also during this era, we see the creation of the Women's Party (too radical for most) and League of Women Voters was founded (less radical). 3. Most historians sing the praises of Margaret Sanger, noting that she began breaking down barriers to birth control thus allowing women to be in control of their own destinies -- i.e., not be troubled by children. Women's (Womyn's) History or Studies classes at most universities even see this as one of the pivotal events of American History. see page 18 about the rest of the bad stuff Sanger was involved in.

What was the mentality and circumstances that led to the military doctrines of the day?

1. political and cultural nationalism -- 2. Larger armies -- 3. "Social Darwinism" -- 4. Industrial Production & Technology -

The war ended

11 November 1918.

What do you know about Charles Hughes?

1916 Republicans -- The Republicans nominated Charles Hughes. Hughes was a standing member of the Supreme Court, in the mold of Taft. His liability was that he was a poor speaker.

Coolidge

Although he presided over this era of economic abundance, he noted, "Prosperity is only an instrument to be used, not a deity to be worshipped

6 April 1917.

America Enters the War -- American Entry --

primed

American Engagements -- It's not that the U.S. was actually winning engagements that brought about the surrender of the Central Powers. It's that the U.S. supply line had been _________________.

"food dictator." , "Food," , "will win the war."

As head of the U. S. Food Administration, Hoover, given the authority by Wilson, became a ________________________The Lever Act had given the president power to regulate the distribution, export, import, purchase, and storage of food. Wilson passed that power on to Hoover. To succeed, Hoover designed an effort that would appeal to the American sense of volunteerism and avoid coercion. In designing the program, he adopted a federal approach, combining centralized power and decentralized power. He oversaw federal corporations and national trade associations; he sought cooperation of local buyers and sellers. Through it all he called for patriotism and sacrifices that would increase production and decrease food consumption.___________Hoover and the administration proclaimed, ________________________

Red Scare.

As the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States intensified in the late 1940s and early 1950s, hysteria over the perceived threat posed by Communists in the U.S. became known as the __________________(Communists were often referred to as "Reds" for their allegiance to the red Soviet flag.)

The primacy of the strategic offensive

Because of the Napoleonic experience of the early nineteenth century, strategists expected to use artillery to pound the enemy's weak point, and then exploit that with cavalry and infantry.

Who was the British Prime Minister and how did he motivate the British to support the war?

British -- Prime Minister David Lloyd George, the wartime leader of Britain, used peoples' emotions to get them to support the war enthusiastically. This wouldbackfire when it came time to negotiate an armistice. The British wanted to negate growing German power, especially naval.

Why did American enter the war?

Caused by: a) The renewal of unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany. b) Zimmermann Note

Lincoln Memorial

Construction began on the memorial to Lincoln in 1915, fifty years after his assassination. American sculptor Daniel Chester French designed the statue to honor the 16th President. French had gained a national reputation with his earlier portrayal of "The Minute Man," a statue to honor those colonials who died at Lexington and Concord in 1775. In describing his tribute to Lincoln, French said: "The memorial tells you just what manner of man you are come to pay homage to; his simplicity, his grandeur, and his power." President Warren G. Harding dedicated the building and the sculpture on May 30, 1922.

Unions

During the ripe economic years of the 1920s, membership in __________________ plummeted -- most workers simply didn't see the need for it. "The main factwas this: unleashed, and with government playing only a small role in people's everyday affairs, American entrepreneurs produced the most vibrant eight-year burst of manufacturing and innovation in the nation's history. It was a period that easily compared with any other eight-year period at any time, anywhere, including the Industrial Revolution.

Sussex pledge

Events in early 1917 would change that hope. In frustration over the effective British naval blockade, in February Germany broke its pledge to limit submarine warfare. In response to the breaking of the _______________ the United States severed diplomatic relations with Germany.

What caused the national debt fell by one third (from $24 billion to $18 billion) in five years?

Fortunately for the country, Harding asked Andrew Mellon to be his Treasury Secretary, and Mellon bucked conventional wisdom and commissioned a study to figure out why, as the government increased the tax rate during the war, the tax revenues from the wealthy declined. What was happening is that "the rich tended to invest abroad rather than build new factories and mills in the United States and then suffer from the 73 percent tax on any income from those investments."30 What was the corrective that Mellon proposed? "From 1921-1926, Congress reduced rates from 73 percent on the top income earners and 4 percent on the lowest taxpayers to 25 percent and 1.5 percent, respectively, then down even further in 1929. Unexpectedly, to everyone except Mellon, the tax take from the wealthy almost tripled, but the poorer classes saw their share of taxes fall substantially.

Post War - Impact to France

France -- The French were gutted emotionally. Their psychological state could be described as being frivolous despair. There was a tremendous sense of the war not having been worth it. It's called the "Lost Generation" in France.

What was the French Pre-War Strategy Called and what did it do?

French -- The French pre-war strategy was called Plan 17. This called for an attack straight across the border to regain what had they lost during the Franco-Prussian War: Alsace and Lorraine. They wanted it back

Who decided to renew unrestricted warfare in 1917?

Germans decided to renew unrestricted warfare in early 1917. Wilson called the sub an "unnatural weapon." When the main weapon in Germany's naval arsenal is unnatural, it's hard to make war "properly." The passenger ship Lusitania was sunk on 7 May 1915, killing over 1,000, including more than 100 Americans. The British said it was unarmed and did not carry contraband. In fact, it had percussion caps and 4,200 cases of rifle cartridges. It probably sunk so quickly (18 minutes) because coal dust exploded and ripped a huge hole in the side of the ship; the ship's captain did not decelerate because he was trying to get closer to land. This essentially flooded the ship even faster. Germans agreed in 1915 to cut back on unrestricted warfare. But by 1916, the Germans decided to renew it because they figured it would take the U.S. at least a year to get men into the field. They were right.

The German advance was hindered because ...

Germans lost confidence in it and the Belgians resisted a little; thus the Germans moved inward toward Paris rather than cutting off the channel coast.

Post War - Impact to Germany

Germany -- After the war, the Germans were very angry with the harsh provisions of Versailles, and especially the "war guilt" provision and reparations. In some ways, it was rather absurd how things worked out: Germany pays French and British. Britain and France repay US war loans, and US loans money to Germany to pay Britain and France.

Nihilism

Growth of _____________________ -- As an outgrowth of the war (and also probably the rise of theological liberalism) there was an increase in the attitude that there were no things that mattered universally: patriotism, country, scripture. There was also a cynicism about tradition, especially of the elites who lead countries into war.

Tanks -- idea by Lt. Col Ernest Swinton, a British officer

He saw US caterpillar tractors in the early 1900s. He went back to Britain and told Winston Churchill who was in the Admiralty (Like our Sec. of the Navy). Churchill set up research under the Admiralty Landships Committee (notice parts of the tank are called turret, hull, bow, deck). Swinton wanted to keep the technological edge, so he coined the term "tank." He then leaked a story that the British were working on mobile water tanks for their forces in Mesopotamia (now Iraq). The purposes of the tank were to seize the initiative, use firepower to support infantry, concentrate fire on a point, mobility, cross trenches. The Mark I tanks weighed 30 tons and moved at a blistering speed of 3.7 MpH, max. They were very noisy and usually were over 100 degrees inside. On 15 Sept. 1916, 49 British tanks approached the starting line. Only 36 got past the starting line.

Richard Hofstadter

Historian ____________________called Prohibition a 'parochial substitute for genuine reform, carried about America by the rural-evangelical virus.' Such a view erred by lumping together two substantially different groups, the Progressives and the rural Populists." 2. ____________________was also incorrect in that the impetus for Prohibition came from upperclass, urban suffragettes (Carrie Nation), not rural evangelicals. Their goal was not necessarily to end the consumption of alcohol, but to close the saloons which were dens of prostitution and a threat (via venereal disease) to children and families

The death of his wife in August and the outbreak of war in Europe in July

In 1914 Wilson's world was shattered by what two tragedies?

French

In 1917 there were massive ________________ mutinies.

From the link about Mellon and his tax cuts

In 1920, when the top tax rate was 73 percent, for people making over $100,000 a year, the federal government collected just over $700 million in income taxes-- and 30 percent of that was paid by people making over $100,000. After a series of tax cuts brought the top rate down to 24 percent, the federal government collected more than a billion dollars in income tax revenue-- and people making over $100,000 a year now paid 65 percent of the taxes. How could that be? The answer is simple: People behave differently when tax rates are high as compared to when they are low. With low tax rates, they take their money out of tax shelters and put it to work in the economy, benefitting themselves, the economy and government, which collects more money in taxes because incomes rise. High tax rates which very few people are actually paying, because of tax shelters, do not bring in as much revenue as lower tax rates that people are paying. It was much the same story after tax cuts during the Kennedy administration, the Reagan administration and the Bush Administration.

Under Coolidge

Indeed, government spending drastically decreased up until the election of Hoover. For example, "real per capita federal expenditures dropped from $170 per year in 1920 to a low of $70 in 1924, and remained well below $100 until 1930, when they reached $101."32 Coolidge, though, was concerned about the direction of the country, saying: "The centralization of power in Washington, which nearly all members of Congress deplore in their speech and then support by their votes, steadily increases."

In the roaring twenties who was investing in the market?

It wasn't just the wealthy who were investing in the market. In fact, numerically, the greatest numbers of bond purchasers were "schoolteachers, cabbies, and maids

Coolidge

Known as "Silent Cal," he once entertained Charles Lindbergh, Douglas Fairbanks (actor), Buster Keaton, and Will Rogers at dinner and didn't say a word.

had to help people change their opinions

Mobilizing the Masses -- In 1914, Wilson had called for Americans to be neutral not only in deed but also in thought. Therefore Wilson ______________________. Elie Halevy's term "organization of popular enthusiasm," describes whatthe U.S. had to create -- throw so much into the war effort that the other side will not be able to match you. "

Louis Armstrong, RCA

New Heroes -- No longer were the primary heroes people such as Daniel Boone, R.E. Lee, George Washington, and D.L. Moody. Now, heroes were from the world of sports, radio, film, and literature. a) ________________________ - brass and vocals b)_________________________was established in 1919, and the next year, the World Series was played over the airwaves

Did the Naval battleship ratios stop the arms race?

No. Participants indeed, for a period, limited their tonnage of battleships, but they simply began putting bigger guns (14-inch, 16-inch, and in the case of the Germans and Japanese, 18--inch) on the battleships they had. Additionally, they began exploring new technology and concepts (aircraft carriers and submarines) that would play far more crucial roles in WWII than did battleships.

Fourteen Points for a just and lasting peace. https://patriotpost.us/documents/277

On January 8, 1918, Wilson unveiled his _________________

Abrams case

One particular instance of things getting, perhaps, out of hand was the___________________. In Fighting Faiths, Polenberg tells the story of five Jewish anarchist immigrants (Jacob Abrams and Mollie Steimer primarily) from Russia who lived in the U.S. and dropped leaflets protesting American involvement in Russia. They called for the workers of the world to unite and halt production of war goods. They were arrested, interrogated, and beaten. They were convicted under the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918. During the trial, one of them said something about their forefathers' quest for liberty. Judge Clayton leaned forward and said, "Whose forefathers? Their conviction was upheld by the Supreme Court with only 2 justices dissenting, Oliver Wendell Holmes and Louis Brandeis. They said the anarchists did not pose "a clear and present danger" and that the 20-year sentence given them was unduly harsh. They were later deported to Russia

Post War Impact to rest of smaller countries.

Other countries: It looked like Wilson dream of self-determination was going to come true. Austria, Rumania, and Hungary all moved toward democracy, but then ended up with dictatorships. Other new countries (Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Iraq, and Lebanon) were formed, but they were fragile.

Casulaties

Over 10 million dead. The US had 112,432 dead and 230,074 wounded. In comparison, the flu epidemic of 1918-19 killed over 500,000 Americans.

In addition to the legacies for the U.S. mentioned above, the U.S. also experienced some significant change in the 1920s.

Post-War United States -- For the first time, urban dwellers outnumbered rural dwellers. There were significantly more autos, phones, newspapers, and train tracks. No doubt, some of these, too, were influenced by the war and to a lesser degree, Progressivism. In many senses, the citizens of the United States were interested in rejecting both war and Progressivism (prohibition didn't last long) as instruments of policy.

the U. S. Food Administration, what was its purpose?

President Woodrow Wilson issued Executive Order 2679-A creating ___________________________. In doing so, he created a government entity to replace an existing volunteer organization. The U. S. Food Administration, operating in each state, was to 1. Assure the supply, distribution, and conservation of food during the war, 2. Facilitate transportation of food and prevent monopolies and hoarding, and 3. Maintain governmental power over foods by using voluntary agreements and a licensing system.

What happened to the Progressives?

Progressives? They folded. Why? This party had received more votes than the Republican candidate in the election of 1912. Why did it disappear? Like almost all 3rd parties, the issues of the Progressive party were adopted by the major parties. The Socialists and the Prohibitionists both appeared on the ballot, but their support was minimal, probably because the major parties were adopting their platforms.

18th Amendment (1919).

Prohibition --

What the Libertarians said about Prohibition

Prohibition removed a significant source of tax revenue and greatly increased government spending. It led many drinkers to switch to opium, marijuana, patent medicines, cocaine, and other dangerous substances that they would have been unlikely to encounter in the absence of Prohibition.

Post War Impact to Russia

Russia -- the war hastened the demise of the monarchy there. People were starving. Alexander Kerensky headed a legitimate democratic government for a while, although he was not the sharpest knife in the drawer. a) After the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, Lenin negotiated the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. This treaty ceded land to Germany and allowed the U.S.S.R. to drop out of the war. Russia, now the Soviet Union, thought that they would get the land back when Germany was defeated. However, the Western Powers didn't allow the Soviets to participate at Versailles because they had dropped out of the war. Things went from bad to worse in the Soviet Union. b) U.S. occupation of Soviet Union -- 5,000 troops at Archangel supporting Whites (non-Bolsheviks) to protect the supplies that had been sent there for use against Germany. The Soviets continually brought this up during negotiations during the Cold War to make the U.S. look like the aggressive Superpower. However, recently declassified papers by Leon Trotsky show that he gave the U.S. permission to do so to keep munitions there from falling into German hands.

German's used what plan?

Schlieffen Plan -- avoid fortress points along the border. They think the Belgians will only resist a little. Go through Belgium and loop around behind Paris exercising a classic Hammer/Anvil Maneuver

League of Nations support by Wilson

Senator Henry Cabot Lodge (R). Lodge was the majority leader of the Senate and some propose that he was upset that only one Republican was chosen for the Versailles committee. Additionally, if the U.S. were to join the League, it would undoubtedly get drawn into European colonial squabbles in Africa and Asia. Ratification failed by seven votes. Wilson collapsed while trying to rally public support for the league in Pueblo, CO on Sept 25, 1919 after which he returned to Washington and suffered a debilitating stroke on October 2. With the secession of power clearly broken, his wife Edith Wilson and Secretary of State Lansing ran the government

"fit" , Harry Emerson Fosdick

T. Liberals can be defined as people who are determined to make the Bible _______science. In the early 1900s, the T.L.'s begin to gain control of most of the seminaries in the country such as Harvard, Yale, Union Theological Seminary in NY City, and the University of Chicago Divinity School, and then, of course, most Christian colleges. These turned out T.L. preachers. The most famous was ____________________________ (1878-1969). 3

Espionage (1917) and Sedition (1918) Acts

That the ____________________________were passed showed the degree to which people were willing to go (these are Constitutional infringements!) to aid in the war effort. Through the Sedition Act, 75 periodicals were banned and several hundred others were denied privileges. Sometimes they published articles calling for opposition to the draft or uniting with other "workers of the world" to stop the war. Many times, their offenses were silly ("reprinting Thomas Jefferson's views that Ireland should be a republic"). "Under these acts, you could find yourself in jail for ANY criticism of the government,. . . . In Wisconsin a state official got two and ahalf years for criticizing a Red Cross fund-raising drive. A Hollywood producer received a ten-year stint in jail for making a film that depicted British troops committing atrocities during the American Revolution. One man was brought to trial for explaining in his own home why he didn't want to buy Liberty Bonds."

What was Raymond Aron's "technical surprise" ?

The 1871 Franco-Prussian War was also was a war with large armies, but it ended quickly with a Prussian victory. People thought the next war would be quick also. If the war wasn't over quick, then everyone would run out of ammunition, forcing an end to the war. Answer: misjudging the potential of mass production.

Casualties of War

The British suffered 57,470 casualties that day (more than the US had killed in Vietnam). The battle lasted until November 1916. Even then the British troops had not reached the objectives set for them the first day. Total Casualties: British & French 624,000. Germans between 450,000 and 680,000. The Germans could afford it less. Why? less population and two front war

What happened to the French during the Schlieffen Plan?

The French only lightly defended their Belgian border with the French V Army. They depended on the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) to come to their aid, but the BEF was not in place that first week.

Who introduced Gas in War and how?

The Germans introduced gas, perhaps because their tanks (A7V Landfortress) weren't as good. They used chlorine gas at the Second Battle of Ypres on 22 April 1915. Gas was more of a terror weapon than anything else. The French ran away. The Canadians used handkerchiefs soaked with water or urine as respirators and held their ground.

Zimmerman Note

The Germans were worried about the effect of the arrival of U.S. troops if the U.S. entered the war. So they sent a telegram to Mexico saying that Mexico could have the American Southwest if Mexico will fight against the U.S. if the U.S. enters the war against Germany.

What happened to the Italians?

The Italians left their Triple Alliance partners and ended up joining with the Triple Entente with the understanding that they would get territory (Trieste) in return. Instead, they got clobbered by the Austrians.

because we did not want to be under the control of another institution.

The United States Senate didn't ratify. Why? The official reason was.....

Naval Developments

The Washington Naval Conference 1921-22 was the first massive arms control agreement. It dealt with the most important issue of the day: battleships. This established ratios for capital ships. US 5, GB 5, J 3, Italy 1.5, France 1.5.The treaty was to be open to renegotiation every five years.

American Protective League (APL)

The ____________________was created during the war within the Department of Justice, and it had 250,000 agents by the end of the war. Its purpose was to spy on citizens of the U.S. (opening mail & listening in on phone conversations), gather evidence for prosecution, and rough up those who could not evidence draft registration. People were prosecuted and jailed, not to mention roughed up, by the thousands.

George Creel, The Study of the Great War

The brainchild of muckraking journalist _________________, the Committee for Public Information was an overt propaganda bureau during the First World War and succeeded in that role. The country remained, by and large behind the war while it was being fought, the idea of the press or politicians with an ideological agenda undercutting the troops in the field remained utterly unthinkable, and — contrary to what is sometimes alleged — there was no government led bashing of German-heritage citizens. The Committee, however became huge, influential, and probably inevitably, quite unpopular. The public, Congress, and even the President came to resent the intrusiveness of the Committee. Their pamphlet ________________ was the primary source of the material in this article. A branch of the committee also supervised production of all the American war posters of the war such as the example above. MH

Cantigny on 28 May 1918.

The first real American attack occurred at __________________________ 4,000 1st Division soldiers took the town and held it against repeated German counterattacks. It cost over 1,000 casualties, but it proved to the Allies that the Americans were capable.

Seicheprey on April 20, 1918

The first significant American engagement occurred at _________________________. German troops surprised an American training camp, almost wiping out three companies of the 26th Division (650 casualties). This seemed to confirm to the British and French that the Americans were incapable of fighting.

summarizes what the citizenry was told about why their nation was fighting a costly war.

The renewal by Germany of her submarine warfare. Imperial Germany was running amuck as an international desperado Prussian Militancy and autocracy let loose in the world disturbed the balance of power and threatened to destroy the international equilibrium. The conflict [had gradually shaped] into a war between the democratic nations on one hand and autocratic on the other. [America's] tradition of isolation had grown out worn and could no longer be maintained in the age of growing interdependency. Because of the menace to the Monroe Doctrine and to [America's] independence.

Industrial Production & Technology --

The thrust of technological innovation in countries experiencing rapid industrialization insured that there will be advanced weapons for all.

the income tax

The war was good for a few sectors of the American economy. Farmers did well (farmers in Europe were holding rifles at the time, so European agricultural supply was down), and if your company sold guns, bullets, and boots you were in great shape. However, broadly speaking, economies like stability, not the uncertainty caused by war. Peacetime, then, should have sparked a robust economy, but there was a hindrance which was restricting this from 1918-1920: ____________________

Larger armies --

This began with Napoleon in the early 1800s with the levèe en masse. Before this period, generals didn't waste their armies, because they were too expensive to train. They engaged in wars of maneuver, then when someone got the obvious advantage, they came to a negotiated settlement. But now, with large, nonprofessional armies (where the amount invested in each soldier's training is minimal) the carnage escalates.

political and cultural nationalism --

This is the idea that a culturally similar unit should have its own political state. Individuals in this state are now sharers of a common destiny, and damage to the state was now a personal matter.

Theistic Evolution.

Those Christians who wanted to adapt Christianity to this new cutting edge of science began to say that God created the original life form and then everything evolved -- called _________________________ This seemed to be consistent with the spirit of the age. The period 1865-1914 was one of materialism, naturalism, and optimism. Peopled viewed progress as natural.

What was important about getting overseas colonies for your country?

To get overseas colonies (and be among the "fittest") it was necessary to have battleships to keep the sea lanes of communication (SLOCS) from being cut by commerce raiders during war. b) Britain had long considered that because of their precarious island existence, it was necessary to have a navy two times the size of all other European countries combined. Now, with the other countries (Ger., Fr., US., & Japanese) building significant navies, and the obsolescence created by the transition from coal-fired to oil burning ships, this was no longer realistic.

Post War - Impact to US

U.S. -- through the 1920s, most Americans were still positive about their participation in the war. a) Black Americans experienced frustration. Many (240,000) of them had served in the military during the war, "making the world safe for democracy," but they still were not experiencing it at home. The Justice Department's APL helped to "extract confessions from black soldiers accused of assaulting white women" during the war. Most of those who served were used as laborers, not combat soldiers. One unit which did get into combat (369th Infantry Division) served in an exemplary fashion. See http://archives.gov/education/lessons/369th-infantry/ . b) The Bonus Army -- stay tuned for lesson #6. c) "At the end of World War I, the top tax rate would rise by a factor of ten, illustrating the grave danger inherent in the structure. d) WWI's Progressive (fascist) Legacy: "The notion that government action in the name of 'good things' under the direction of 'our people' is always and everywhere justified. Dissent by the right people is the highest form of patriotism. Dissent by the wrong people is troubling evidence of incipient fascism." So, part of the "good" government action was the centralization of planning and regulation imposed by the WIB, and many Progressives and politicians, including particularly the proponents of the New Deal, wanted to keep it around. e) Wilson -- Because of his stroke, Wilson would end up retiring to his Washington home where he lived a fairly secluded life until his death in 1924. f) Women and the war effort

Grind it out. - examples?

Verdun and the Battle of the Somme (1916) were excellent examples. After a week of bombardment, on 1 July 1916, the British and French forces began to advance across "No Man's Land" (often 5,000 yards). The British troops were inexperienced so their commanders dictated that they advance in long close-formed lines instead of using advanced tactics.

"Four Minute Men" to give four-minute patriotic speeches, "civil libertarian" Clarence Darrow.

Wilson - don't forget his Progressive inclinations in that he believed that people were tools to be utilized by experts such as himself, thus it makes sense that he created the CPI which trained almost 100,000 _____________________anywhere there was anyone who would listen in order to stir patriotic fervor. In 1917-18, they delivered 7.5 million speeches in over 5,200 communities in the U.S. One of the most famous stumpers was the ___________________

What two things helped Wilson get re-elected in 1916?

Wilson clearly was one of the best speakers as a presidential candidate. His campaign slogan: "He kept us out of war," was not one that he wanted as he feared the U.S. would soon be drawn in. Regardless, it was effective as a slogan. That, and his progressive reforms, helped him get re-elected..

U. S. Grain Corporation and the U. S. Sugar Equalization Board.

Wilson created two subsidiaries, the ______________________________ Together these bodies would extraordinarily impact American lives.

If you give your money, you no longer think neutral.

Wilson introduced war bond programs. What good would this do? Of course it helps to finance the war, but there is something more important than that. _____________________________Film stars Charlie Chaplin and Mary Pickford helped promote these bonds.

Coolidge,

_____________ particularly, provided the culture in which business, and people, could flourish, but not in the pejorative sense in which historians commonly identify him. He's often quoted for saying, "the man who builds a factory builds a temple," as if his priorities were out of whack. These remarks are taken out of context. What Coolidge actually said about business is this: "We live in an age of . . . abounding accumulation of material things (we'll talk about what kinds of things in lesson 6). These did not create our Declaration. Our Declaration created them. The things of the spirit come first." Also, Coolidge understood that to prosper, the nation "needed a government that 'will understand business. I mean a government able to establish the best possible relations between the people in their business capacity and the people in their social capacity

Theological Liberalism (c.1900-1950)

__________________ -- The people who supported T.L. were trying, they thought, to save Christianity.

Germany

___________________ asked for an armistice on 11 November 1918. The problem is that this was not an unconditional surrender, but a pause for negotiation.

Selective Service Act

_____________________ passed 17 May 1917. 24 million men between the ages of 18 and 45 registered. Almost three million of these draftees joined two million volunteers.

The Volstead Act

______________________ implemented and provided an enforcement apparatus for the Eighteenth Amendment, which forbade the manufacture, transportation, and sale of "intoxicating beverages." Circumvention of the law led to bootlegging and the rise of organized crime.

Herbert Hoover

______________________, former head of the Belgian Relief Organization, lobbied for and won the job of administrator of the Food Administration. Hoover had made clear to President Wilson that a single, authoritative administrator should head the effort, not a board. This, he believed, would ensure an effective federal organization. He further insisted that he accept no salary. Taking no pay, he argued, would give him the moral authority he needed to ask the American people to sacrifice to support the war effort. As he later wrote in his memoirs, his job was to ask people to "Go back to simple food, simple clothes, simple pleasures. Pray hard, work hard, sleep hard and play hard. Do it all courageously and cheerfully."

Social Morality

_______________________-- It's a point of debate as to what caused the plummet in morality. Theological liberalism and nihilism probably contributed, but so too did the affluence of the era. a) Women's skirts moved up above the knee, and women began to smoke, drink alcohol, and use lipstick. There was also fast dancing (the Charleston). b) Church attendance fell off. c) Alcoholism increased.

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1929) -- The Kellogg-Briand Pact

_________________________ had as its origins the French foreign minister, Aristide Briand, approaching Secretary of State Frank Kellogg and seeking a mutual assistance pact. Of course, Briand covered his proposal in flowery verbosity, talking about how a great love had always existed between the French and the American people; therefore, both sides should pledge to renounce war as in instrument of policy between them. Kellogg, recognizing that the U.S. had no interest in getting pulled into any conflicts in which the French might find themselves, replied to Briand -- that's a great idea! As a matter of fact, it's too good to keep to ourselves. Let's ask the rest of the world to join us. Eventually over 60 nations signed the pact, thereby rendering it hollow.

Ku Klux Klan, immigrants, Jews, and Roman Catholics

_________________________ reemerges in 1915 with its membership peaking in 1923 (5 million). Unlike in the nineteenth century, the center of activity for the Klan during this era was not the South. It was prominent in mid-sized towns and villages in the West and Midwest. It not only targeted blacks, but ___________________________________.

Senator Henry Cabot Lodge . http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/S?ammem/nfor:@field(SOURCE+@od1(Lodge,+Henry+Cabot,+1850-1924))

_________________________. His case against Wilson's League of Nations, "I think of the United States first."

St. Valentine's Day Massacre, tax evasion.

_____________________________ - Six members of Bugs Moran's gang were lined up and gunned down by 5 of Capone's men. Capone had an army of 700 men in Chicago. What was Capone eventually convicted of?

More significant campaigns

_____________________________ occurred in September 1918 at Saint-Mihel (7 US Divisions) and Meuse-Argonne (9 US Divisions) offenses in 1918.

V.P. Calvin Coolidge

________________________takes over. Coolidge was certainly not flamboyant at all, and historians poke fun at him for that. The real issue that many of them have with him is that they say that he was "pro-Business," which really means that he was not in favor of an activist government, but generally favored a culture in which government left people alone -

Teapot Dome Scandal

________________________was a bribery incident that took place in the United States from 1921 to 1922, during the administration of President Warren G. Harding. Secretary of the Interior Albert Bacon Fall had leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome in Wyoming and two other locations in California to private oil companies at low rates without competitive bidding. In 1922 and 1923, the leases became the subject of a sensational investigation by Senator Thomas J. Walsh. Fall was later convicted of accepting bribes from the oil companies and became the first Cabinet member to go to prison.

Jeanette Rankin (R-MT)

______________________was the first female member of the House of Representatives. She was a suffragist and a pacifist, voting against American entry into both World Wars.

Germany

_________________was the pioneer of speed of deployment and redeployment (had used railroads to pound the French in the Franco-Prussian War).

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

a) Redrew map of Europe. b) Established League of Nations. c) Some of the 14 Points secured

What happened in the Election of 1920?

a)James M. Cox, whom the Democrats (and Wilson) favored to succeed Wilson, thought that the debts from the war should be repaid by raising the income tax. So, Cox favored the League of Nations and higher taxes -- not exactly a blueprint for success in my opinion. b) In the Republican Party, there was much disagreement as to whom should receive the nomination. Harry Daugherty, the boss of the Republican Party, said the "leaders will fight it out and people will get tired of fighting. Then I will present Harding." Harding declared himself flawless. But he had a mistress, an illegitimate daughter, was a gambler and a drinker (against the law, so he bootlegged beer into the White House). He called for a return to "Normalcy," and he pledged that he would never support the League. In the election of 1920, Harding hammered Cox.

Machine guns --

first marketed as a weapon to reduce death because it takes fewer people to get the same amount of fire. But the size of armies didn't reduce, so that means there are more targets for a greater amount of lead flying in the air.

U.S. Wilson proclaimed

neutrality. It was a valiant effort on the part of Wilson, but he, and most of the country, were tied to the British both intellectually, culturally, and financially, especially as the Germans continued unrestricted submarine warfare.

"Social Darwinism" --

survival of the fittest justified imperialism (it was also used to justify racism, by the way.). The State is viewed as a "biological being" -- it's either getting stronger, or it's dying. England and France already had their colonies; Turkey (Ottoman Empire), Spain and Portugal were in bad shape. Italy and Germany were the only new, significant players after the 1870s.

As the German armies advanced toward Paris....

the French forces advanced to meet them. This led to the Battle of the Marne (1st). Both forces tried to outflank the other. This leads to a continuous front --TRENCH WARFARE -- stalemate.