Lesson 6 Notes

Lateran Pacts

1929 agreements between King Victor and Pope Pius XI establishing Canon Law

Who was the Fascist leader of Italy? A)Benito Mussolini B)Karl Marx C)Joseph Stalin D)Winston Churchill

A)Benito Mussolini

Which individual led a Nazi German blitzkrieg invasion into Poland? A)Erwin Rommel B)Norman Schwarzkopf C)John Pershing D)Douglas MacArthur

A)Erwin Rommel

Which event is generally considered to be the reason Great Britain entered World War II? A)Germany's attack on Poland B)Italy's attack on Britain C) Germany's attack on the Soviet Union D)Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor

A)Germany's attack on Poland

How did President Roosevelt circumvent his promise not to become involved in World War II? A)He lent and leased materials to the Allied powers instead of sending troops. B)He expatriated immigrants from Germany back to the fatherland. C)He froze German banking accounts in the United States to reduce Nazi buying power. D)He used naval vessels to blockade Nazi ships from maneuvering through the Atlantic.

A)He lent and leased materials to the Allied powers instead of sending troops.

Who was the military prime minister of Japan during World War II? A)Hideki Tōjō B)Ho Chi Minh C)Vo Nguyen Giap D)Chiang Kai-shek

A)Hideki Tōjō

Which statement identifies the impact of the Pact of Steel? A)It was the early formation of the Axis powers of Germany and Italy. B)It helped Great Britain and France receive aid from the United States. C)It enabled Italian forces with the military surplus to invade North Africa. D)It promoted Germany and the Soviet Union's attack on Poland.

A)It was the early formation of the Axis powers of Germany and Italy.

Which individual was the leader of the Soviet Union during World War II? A)Joseph Stalin B)Nikita Khrushchev C)Vladimir Lenin D)Mikhail Gorbachev

A)Joseph Stalin

What US action attempted to halt Japanese expansion in the Pacific prior to World War II? A)The United States banned the export of needed resources to Japan. B)The United States expanded its fleet in the Pacific Ocean. C)The United States invaded Japanese-occupied Korea. D)The United States defaulted on Japanese loans.

A)The United States banned the export of needed resources to Japan.

What was the reaction of the United States to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor? A)The United States declared war on Japan the next day. B)The US Congress took one month before deciding to declare war. C)The United States acquired a loan from Great Britain to rebuild its fleet. D)The United States abandoned the Hawaiian Islands until its fleet was rebuilt.

A)The United States declared war on Japan the next day.

What event led to the end of the United States' policy of isolationism? A)the attack on Pearl Harbor B)the sinking of the Lusitania C)the bombing of Hiroshima D)the passage of the Lend-Lease Act

A)the attack on Pearl Harbor

THE START OF WORLD WAR II 7. BATTLE OF BRITAIN (JULY 10-OCTOBER 31, 1940)

After the fall of France, Germany turns its sights on Great Britain. Hitler first involves his Luftwaffe—the German air force—to bomb Britain into submission. His real plan is for the preparation of Operation Sea Lion, which is an amphibious assault on Great Britain. The failure of the Luftwaffe leads to a cancellation of the operation. However, Germany continues to bomb Britain for over two years in what has been dubbed The Blitz.

THE START OF WORLD WAR II 16. PEARL HARBOR (DECEMBER 7, 1941)

As the Japanese become discontent with American involvement in the Pacific, they decide to attack the United States base Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.

THE START OF WORLD WAR II 4. US NEUTRALITY ACT (WASHINGTON, DC - NOVEMBER 4, 1939)

Concerned with the growing expansion of the Nazi Empire after its invasion of Poland, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt seeks support from Congress on repealing past neutrality acts for one that will allow for an arms trade with the Allied powers. The Neutrality Act of 1939 passes Congress and brings needed jobs to the arms industry.

Lebensraum

German for "living space"; exploited by Hitler for the aggressive acquiring of land for the Aryan race

THE START OF WORLD WAR II 8. TOTAL BLOCKADE (AUGUST 17, 1940)

Germany announces a blockade of British waters and warns that any ships entering the area will be targeted

THE START OF WORLD WAR II 5. BATTLE OF FRANCE (MAY 10-JUNE 25, 1940)

Germany invades France in two waves. The first wave, called Operation Case Yellow, seeks to push back the British and French Allied Forces. The second wave, called Operation Case Red, allows Nazi forces to invade Paris.

THE START OF WORLD WAR II 14. OPERATION TYPHOON (OCTOBER 2, 1941-JANUARY 7, 1942)

Hitler's offensive efforts in the Soviet Union lead to an attack on Moscow. The plan is to attack the city from the north and the south, cutting off the use of the Soviet railroad lines. The Soviets raise an army from the far eastern fronts and bring them to Moscow. The Soviet ability to hold out through the winter eventually leads to an exhaustion of German troops and supplies. A counterattack by the Soviets pushes Germany out.

THE START OF WORLD WAR II 6. FDR NONBELLIGERENCY SPEECH (JUNE 10, 1940)

In a speech to the graduating class of the University of Virginia, President Roosevelt describes Mussolini's actions as a "stab in the back" to his European neighbors. He concludes that the United States is turning from isolationism to a country willing to support the Allied powers without going to war.

THE START OF WORLD WAR II 13. ATLANTIC CHARTER (AUGUST 9, 1941)

President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill meet aboard the HMS Prince of Wales off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada. Onboard, they create the Atlantic Charter, an alliance between the two nations that indicates that they are fighting the Axis powers.

THE START OF WORLD WAR II 3. GERMANY INVADES POLAND (SEPTEMBER 1, 1939)

Shortly after signing the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, Germany invades Poland. It employs a military tactic dubbed the German Blitzkrieg, which uses gas-powered automobiles and tanks to move rapidly across the landscape to capture multiple cities as quickly as possible.

THE START OF WORLD WAR II 2. MOLOTOV-RIBBENTROP PACT (AUGUST 23, 1939)

Signed as a treaty of nonaggression, the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact is created to divide sections of Eastern Europe into German or Soviet spheres of influence. Germany also creates the pact so that it can attack Poland without fear of reprisal from the Soviet Union.

THE START OF WORLD WAR II 9. TRIPARTITE PACT (SEPTEMBER 27, 1940)

The Tripartite Pact is an agreement that allies Germany, Italy, and Japan. The pact requires each signatory to recognize that the other has a sphere of influence. Germany and Italy are the spheres of influence for dominating Europe. Japan is the sphere of influence in East Asia.

THE START OF WORLD WAR II 15. ATTACK ON THE REUBEN JAMES (OCTOBER 31, 1941)

The USS Reuben James is attacked and sunk by a German submarine off the coast of Iceland. It is the third ship attacked by a German submarine in the Atlantic Ocean.

THE START OF WORLD WAR II 10. SELECTIVE TRAINING AND SERVICE ACT (WASHINGTON, DC - SEPTEMBER 16, 1940)

The first US peacetime draft requires men ages 21 to 35 to register with draft boards.

THE START OF WORLD WAR II 12. OPERATION BARBAROSSA (JUNE 22, 1941)

When Adolf Hitler writes his manifesto, Mein Kampf, in 1935, he envisions conquering the Soviet Union. In June 1941, Hitler breaks the nonaggression Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact when the German army invades the Soviet Union.

THE START OF WORLD WAR II 1. PACT OF STEEL (MAY 22, 1939)

While the Pact of Steel—formally known as the Pact of Friendship—is initially conceptualized as an alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan, there are issues with getting Japan on board. Japan wants to focus the agreement against the Soviet Union, however, Germany and Italy have plans to attack France and Great Britain. With no headway being made to include Japan on its terms, Japan is removed from the alliance.

THE START OF WORLD WAR II 11. LEND-LEASE ACT (WASHINGTON, DC - JANUARY 6, 1941)

With the advance of Germany throughout Europe, the United States finds that providing aid to the Allied powers is necessary. In January 1941, President Roosevelt signs the Lend-Lease Act, which provides food, oil, and war materials to the Allied powers.

concentration camp

a camp where prisoners are sometimes subjected to physical or mental abuse; historically associated with Nazi Germany

republic

a citizen-centric government with elected leadership

supremacist

a proponent of the supremacy of a specific group, e.g., race or gender

blitzkrieg

a quick military strike, also known as "the Blitz"; German for "lightning war"

lira

currency unit in parts of Europe

civil administration

established by a foreign government for the benefit of the area concerned

fascism

extreme right-wing; authoritarian

dissenter

objector; protester

canonical

pertaining to church law

exiled

removed from one's own country, usually politically driven

coup

the seizing of power from presiding leadership