Leukocytes (WBCs) (Exam 3-A&P)
do not stay in the bloodstream
THE LEUKOCYTE LIFE CYCLE Circulating WBCs do/do not stay in the bloodstream
8 hours, and live 5 days longer
THE LEUKOCYTE LIFE CYCLE granulocytes, such as neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils, leave the bloodstream in ______ and live _________ longer
nonspecific (azurophilic) granules
GRANULES all WBCs have lysosomes called _________ in the cytoplasm -stain inconspicuously -these cells there have relatively clear-looking cytoplasm
specific granules
GRANULES granulocytes (some WBCs) have __________ -stain conspicuously and distinguish each cell type from the others -contain enzymes and other chemicals employed in defense against pathogens
basophils
TYPE OF LEUKOCYTES rarest WBC-forms less than 1% of all WBCs -nucleus is hidden from view by the granules, but typically S or U-shaped -large, abundant, violet specific granules in the cytoplasm -type of granulocyte -vasodilatory and anticoagulatory function -vitally important initiators of the inflammatory response
decades
THE LEUKOCYTE LIFE CYCLE lymphocytes provide long-term immunity for _______, being continuously recycled from the blood to tissue fluid to lymph and back to the blood
20 hours, macrophages, live for several years
THE LEUKOCYTE LIFE CYCLE monocytes leave the bloodstream in _____, transform into _________, and live for ________
lymphocytes
TYPE OF LEUKOCYTES 2nd in most abundant-forms 25-33% of all WBCs -ovoid/round, uniform dark-violet nucleus -variable, amounts of bluish cytoplasm (depends on small or large) -typically classified between small and large -type of agranulocyte -differentiate into cells that produce antibodies -include memory cell lines -destroy cancerous and virally infected cells
myeloblasts
_____, which ultimately differentiate into three types of granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)
monoblasts
______, which look identical to myleoblasts but lead ultimately to monocytes
lymphoblasts
______, which produce all lymphocyte types
neutrophilia
_______ rises in the number of neutrophils in response to a bacterial infection
differential WBC count
__________ WBC count identifies what percentage of the total WBC count consist of each type of leukocyte -more useful than a total WBC count
hemorrhage
an escape of blood from a ruptured blood vessel profusely is called
leukocytes
another name for white blood cells
heparin
basophils secrete _____, which is an anticoagulant -promotes mobility of other WBCs in the area
histamine
basophils secrete ______, which is a vasodilator. -speeds flow of blood to an injured area
1. histamine -a vasodilator that widens the blood vessels, speeds the flow of blood to an injured tissue, and makes the blood vessels more permeable so that blood components such as neutrophils and clotting proteins can get into the connective tissue more quickly 2. heparin -an anticoagulant that inhibits blood clotting and thus promotes the mobility of other WBCs in the area.
basophils secrete two chemicals that aid in the body's defense processes: _______ & ________
neutrophils
dead ______ are responsible for the creamy color of pys, and sometimes disposed of by the rupture of a blister onto the skin surface
macrophages
large phagocytic cells of the tissue are called?
least
leukocytes are the ______ abundant formed element -5,000-10,000 WBCs
retain their organelles for protein synthesis -nucleus -mitochondria -ribosomes -ER -Golgi complex
leukocytes differ from erythrocytes because they ___________
conspicuous nucleus
leukocytes have a __________, so they are easily recognized in stained blood films
leukopoiesis
the production of white blood cells is called
eosinophils
what type of leukocyte increases in number due to parasitic infections, collagen diseases, allergies, diseases of spleen and CNS? -phagocytize and dispose of inflammatory chemicals, antigen-antibody complexes, and allergens -releases enzymes to destroy large parasites, such as hookworms and tapeworms, because too big for any one WBC to phagocytize
neutrophils
what type of leukocyte is aggressively antibacterial?
monocytes
what type of leukocytes increase in numbers in viral infections and inflammation? -leave bloodstream and transform into macrophages -phagocytize pathogens and debris -"present" antigens to activate other immune cells-antigen presenting cells (APCs)
normal granulocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets
As leukemic cells increase rapidly, they replace normal bone marrow and a person suffers from a deficiency of _________, __________, & ___________
only a few hours
How long do leukocytes spend in the bloodstream before migrating to connective tissue?
-opportunistic infection -renders the patient anemic and fatigued -results in hemorrhaging and impaired blood clotting
LEUKEMIC CELLS -deficiency in WBCs=__________ -deficiency in RBCs=___________ -deficiency in platelets=___________
leukemia
LEUKOCYTE DISORDERS cancer of hemopoietic tissue, usually producing a very high number of circulating WBCs effects: normal cell percentages disrupted, impaired clotting, and opportunistic infections treatments: chemotherapy and marrow transplants
leukocytosis
LEUKOCYTE DISORDERS high WBC count -above 10,000 WBCs -causes: infection, allergy, disease, also occurs in response to dehydration or emotional disturbances
leukopenia
LEUKOCYTE DISORDERS low WBC count -below 5,000 WBCs -causes: radiation sickness, lead, arsenic and mercury poisons, infectious disease such as measles, mumps, chickenpox, polio, influenza, typhoid fever, and AIDS -effects: elevated risk of infection and cancer
acute lymphoblastic leukemia
LEUKOCYTE DISORDERS most common type of childhood cancer
opportunistic infection
LEUKOCYTE DISORDERS the deficiency of competent WBC's leaves the patient vulnerable to_________-the establishment of pathogenic organisms that take advantage of an opportunity not normally available, such as a host with a weakened immune system
acute leukemia
LEUKOCYTE DISORDERS type of leukemia -appears suddenly, progresses rapidly, death within months if not treated
myeloid leukemia
LEUKOCYTE DISORDERS type of leukemia -uncontrolled granulocyte production
lymphoid leukemia
LEUKOCYTE DISORDERS type of leukemia -uncontrolled lymphocyte or monocyte production
chronic leukemia
LEUKOCYTE DISORDERS type of leukemia -undetected for months, if untreated: survival time 3 years
eosinophils
TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES forms 2 to 4% of all WBCs -bilobed nucleus connected by a thin strand -large, rosy-orange specific granules in the cytoplasm -type of granulocyte -increases in number during parasitic infections -releases enzymes that weaken or destroy parasites such as worms
monocytes
TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES forms 3-8% of all WBCs -largest WBC seen on a blood slide -nucleus is large and visible, kidney-shaped/horseshoe-shaped -contains nonspecific sparse, fine granules in the cytoplasm -type of agranulocyte -involved with immune clearance -differentiate into dendritic cells and tissue macrophages -phagocytize pathogens, dead neutrophils, and debris of dead cells
neutrophils
TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES most abundant-->forms 60-70% of all WBCs -also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes, because of their varied nuclear shapes -nucleus clearly visible, typically consists of 3 to 5 lobes connected by slender nuclear strands -barely visible granules in cytoplasm (fine reddish to violet specific granules) -increases in number during bacterial infections -type of granulocyte
protect against infectious microorganisms and other pathogens
What is the function of leukocytes?
basophils
What type of leukocyte increases in number in chickenpox, sinusitis, and diabetes? -secretes two chemicals called histamine (vasodilator) and heparin (anticoagulant)
lymphocytes and monocytes
Which WBC types are agranulocytes, which means they have nonspecific granules?
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Which WBC types are granulocytes, which mean they have specific granules?
lymphocytes
what type of luekocyte increases in number in diverse infections and immune responses? -destroys cells (cancer, foreign, and virally infected) -"present" antigens to activate other immune cells -coordinate actions of other immune cells -secretes antibodies and provide immune memory
macrophages
when leukocytes die, they are generally phagocytized and digested by ______.