Leukocytes (WBCs) (Exam 3-A&P)

do not stay in the bloodstream

THE LEUKOCYTE LIFE CYCLE Circulating WBCs do/do not stay in the bloodstream

8 hours, and live 5 days longer

THE LEUKOCYTE LIFE CYCLE granulocytes, such as neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils, leave the bloodstream in ______ and live _________ longer

nonspecific (azurophilic) granules

GRANULES all WBCs have lysosomes called _________ in the cytoplasm -stain inconspicuously -these cells there have relatively clear-looking cytoplasm

specific granules

GRANULES granulocytes (some WBCs) have __________ -stain conspicuously and distinguish each cell type from the others -contain enzymes and other chemicals employed in defense against pathogens

basophils

TYPE OF LEUKOCYTES rarest WBC-forms less than 1% of all WBCs -nucleus is hidden from view by the granules, but typically S or U-shaped -large, abundant, violet specific granules in the cytoplasm -type of granulocyte -vasodilatory and anticoagulatory function -vitally important initiators of the inflammatory response

decades

THE LEUKOCYTE LIFE CYCLE lymphocytes provide long-term immunity for _______, being continuously recycled from the blood to tissue fluid to lymph and back to the blood

20 hours, macrophages, live for several years

THE LEUKOCYTE LIFE CYCLE monocytes leave the bloodstream in _____, transform into _________, and live for ________

lymphocytes

TYPE OF LEUKOCYTES 2nd in most abundant-forms 25-33% of all WBCs -ovoid/round, uniform dark-violet nucleus -variable, amounts of bluish cytoplasm (depends on small or large) -typically classified between small and large -type of agranulocyte -differentiate into cells that produce antibodies -include memory cell lines -destroy cancerous and virally infected cells

myeloblasts

_____, which ultimately differentiate into three types of granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)

monoblasts

______, which look identical to myleoblasts but lead ultimately to monocytes

lymphoblasts

______, which produce all lymphocyte types

neutrophilia

_______ rises in the number of neutrophils in response to a bacterial infection

differential WBC count

__________ WBC count identifies what percentage of the total WBC count consist of each type of leukocyte -more useful than a total WBC count

hemorrhage

an escape of blood from a ruptured blood vessel profusely is called

leukocytes

another name for white blood cells

heparin

basophils secrete _____, which is an anticoagulant -promotes mobility of other WBCs in the area

histamine

basophils secrete ______, which is a vasodilator. -speeds flow of blood to an injured area

1. histamine -a vasodilator that widens the blood vessels, speeds the flow of blood to an injured tissue, and makes the blood vessels more permeable so that blood components such as neutrophils and clotting proteins can get into the connective tissue more quickly 2. heparin -an anticoagulant that inhibits blood clotting and thus promotes the mobility of other WBCs in the area.

basophils secrete two chemicals that aid in the body's defense processes: _______ & ________

neutrophils

dead ______ are responsible for the creamy color of pys, and sometimes disposed of by the rupture of a blister onto the skin surface

macrophages

large phagocytic cells of the tissue are called?

least

leukocytes are the ______ abundant formed element -5,000-10,000 WBCs

retain their organelles for protein synthesis -nucleus -mitochondria -ribosomes -ER -Golgi complex

leukocytes differ from erythrocytes because they ___________

conspicuous nucleus

leukocytes have a __________, so they are easily recognized in stained blood films

leukopoiesis

the production of white blood cells is called

eosinophils

what type of leukocyte increases in number due to parasitic infections, collagen diseases, allergies, diseases of spleen and CNS? -phagocytize and dispose of inflammatory chemicals, antigen-antibody complexes, and allergens -releases enzymes to destroy large parasites, such as hookworms and tapeworms, because too big for any one WBC to phagocytize

neutrophils

what type of leukocyte is aggressively antibacterial?

monocytes

what type of leukocytes increase in numbers in viral infections and inflammation? -leave bloodstream and transform into macrophages -phagocytize pathogens and debris -"present" antigens to activate other immune cells-antigen presenting cells (APCs)

normal granulocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets

As leukemic cells increase rapidly, they replace normal bone marrow and a person suffers from a deficiency of _________, __________, & ___________

only a few hours

How long do leukocytes spend in the bloodstream before migrating to connective tissue?

-opportunistic infection -renders the patient anemic and fatigued -results in hemorrhaging and impaired blood clotting

LEUKEMIC CELLS -deficiency in WBCs=__________ -deficiency in RBCs=___________ -deficiency in platelets=___________

leukemia

LEUKOCYTE DISORDERS cancer of hemopoietic tissue, usually producing a very high number of circulating WBCs effects: normal cell percentages disrupted, impaired clotting, and opportunistic infections treatments: chemotherapy and marrow transplants

leukocytosis

LEUKOCYTE DISORDERS high WBC count -above 10,000 WBCs -causes: infection, allergy, disease, also occurs in response to dehydration or emotional disturbances

leukopenia

LEUKOCYTE DISORDERS low WBC count -below 5,000 WBCs -causes: radiation sickness, lead, arsenic and mercury poisons, infectious disease such as measles, mumps, chickenpox, polio, influenza, typhoid fever, and AIDS -effects: elevated risk of infection and cancer

acute lymphoblastic leukemia

LEUKOCYTE DISORDERS most common type of childhood cancer

opportunistic infection

LEUKOCYTE DISORDERS the deficiency of competent WBC's leaves the patient vulnerable to_________-the establishment of pathogenic organisms that take advantage of an opportunity not normally available, such as a host with a weakened immune system

acute leukemia

LEUKOCYTE DISORDERS type of leukemia -appears suddenly, progresses rapidly, death within months if not treated

myeloid leukemia

LEUKOCYTE DISORDERS type of leukemia -uncontrolled granulocyte production

lymphoid leukemia

LEUKOCYTE DISORDERS type of leukemia -uncontrolled lymphocyte or monocyte production

chronic leukemia

LEUKOCYTE DISORDERS type of leukemia -undetected for months, if untreated: survival time 3 years

eosinophils

TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES forms 2 to 4% of all WBCs -bilobed nucleus connected by a thin strand -large, rosy-orange specific granules in the cytoplasm -type of granulocyte -increases in number during parasitic infections -releases enzymes that weaken or destroy parasites such as worms

monocytes

TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES forms 3-8% of all WBCs -largest WBC seen on a blood slide -nucleus is large and visible, kidney-shaped/horseshoe-shaped -contains nonspecific sparse, fine granules in the cytoplasm -type of agranulocyte -involved with immune clearance -differentiate into dendritic cells and tissue macrophages -phagocytize pathogens, dead neutrophils, and debris of dead cells

neutrophils

TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES most abundant-->forms 60-70% of all WBCs -also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes, because of their varied nuclear shapes -nucleus clearly visible, typically consists of 3 to 5 lobes connected by slender nuclear strands -barely visible granules in cytoplasm (fine reddish to violet specific granules) -increases in number during bacterial infections -type of granulocyte

protect against infectious microorganisms and other pathogens

What is the function of leukocytes?

basophils

What type of leukocyte increases in number in chickenpox, sinusitis, and diabetes? -secretes two chemicals called histamine (vasodilator) and heparin (anticoagulant)

lymphocytes and monocytes

Which WBC types are agranulocytes, which means they have nonspecific granules?

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Which WBC types are granulocytes, which mean they have specific granules?

lymphocytes

what type of luekocyte increases in number in diverse infections and immune responses? -destroys cells (cancer, foreign, and virally infected) -"present" antigens to activate other immune cells -coordinate actions of other immune cells -secretes antibodies and provide immune memory

macrophages

when leukocytes die, they are generally phagocytized and digested by ______.