Life

local, independent

https://pharmacyproud.com/five-reasons-to-shop-an-independent-pharmacy-vs-a-chain-pharmacy/ --- (regional) chain to independently owned/operated TREND: pharmacies ___ --> ___

Medical Payoffs

scientists scanning human DNA with a precision and scope once unthinkable and rapidly finding genes linked to cancer, arthritis, diabetes and other diseases is an example of the ____ of DNA

Zika

"An outbreak of ___ virus infections was spreading in the Americas and the Pacific region. On 1 February 2016 WHO declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) regarding clusters of microcephaly cases and neurological disorders in some areas affected by ___ virus. There is now a strong consensus in the scientific community about the link between ___ infection and congenital malformations, as well as developing Guillain-Barré (GBS) syndrome. "

Informed Consent

"___ involves providing a potential participant with: adequate information to allow for an informed decision about participation in the clinical investigation. facilitating the potential participant's understanding of the information. an appropriate amount of time to ask questions and to discuss with family and friends the research protocol and whether you should participate. obtaining the potential participant's voluntary agreement to participate. continuing to provide information as the clinical investigation progresses or as the subject or situation requires."

HTLV-3, LAV

"___ is: a former name for the human immunodeficiency virus (now known as HIV). now the name of a different virus, the human T-lymphotrophic virus, type 3." A human retrovirus was isolated from the peripheral blood of three American patients newly diagnosed with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In each case the major core viral protein (p25) was shown to be antigenically identical to that of the prototype lymphadenopathyassociated virus (2___)

Dendritic Algorithm, DENDRAL

"___" aka ___ was a project in artificial intelligence (AI) of the 1960s, and the computer software expert system that it produced. Its primary aim was to study hypothesis formation and discovery in science. For that, a specific task in science was chosen: help organic chemists in identifying unknown organic molecules, by analyzing their mass spectra and using knowledge of chemistry.[1] It was done at Stanford University by Edward Feigenbaum, Bruce G. Buchanan,[2] Joshua Lederberg, and Carl Djerassi, along with a team of highly creative research associates and students.[3] It began in 1965 and spans approximately half the history of AI research

Going Silent

"___" happens during a nuclear blackout, referred to simply as "blackout" hereafter, is a unique nuclear weapons effect in that it does not result in any damage to materiel or personnel casualties; however, as a result of this effect it may be impossible for Comm,nications systems employing radio links to function during critical periods of time.

Kaposi's Sarcoma, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, AZT

1981: June 5: The U.S. Center for Disease Control (CDC) publishes an article in its Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR): Pneumocystis Pneumonia—Los Angeles. The article describes cases of a rare lung infection, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), in five young, white, previously healthy gay men in Los Angeles. June 5: The same day that the MMWR is published, New York dermatologist Dr. Alvin Friedman-Kien calls CDC to report a cluster of cases of a rare and unusually aggressive cancer—___ (KS)—among gay men in New York and California. Like PCP, KS is associated with people who have weakened immune systems. Opportunistic infections among gay men. June 16: A 35-year-old, white gay man who is exhibiting symptoms of severe immunodeficiency is the first person with AIDS to be admitted to the Clinical Center at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). "gay cancer" September 15: The National Cancer Institute and CDC cosponsor the first conference to address the new epidemic. 1982: May 11: The New York Times publishes the first mention of the term "GRID" September 24: CDC uses the term "AIDS" (___) for the first time September 28: Rep. Phillip Burton and Rep. Ted Weiss join together to introduce the first legislation to allocate funding for AIDS research. 1987: March 19: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves the first medication for AIDS—___ (zidovudine) an antiretroviral drug initially developed to treat cancer. 1989: The U.S. Congress creates the National Commission on AIDS. The Commission meets for the first time on September 18. 1990: On May 21, ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) protests at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) 1996: The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) forms to speed the search for an effective HIV vaccine. STILL researchers are working hard to create an HIV vaccine.

(corporate vs public sequencing) TIGR, HGS, Celera (Venter vs HGP)

1992 - 1998: The Formation of ___ (The Institute For Genomic Research) and ___ (Human Genome Sciences) [[Human Genome Sciences was a biopharmaceutical corporation founded in 1992 by Craig ___ - who made did Celera]] In 1995 TIGR-HGS, used Whole Genome Shotgun Sequencing, to successfully sequence the first complete genome ever, that of Haemophilus influenzae. Venter, JC et. al. (1996). THEN ___ COMPETES WITH GOV TO SEQUENCE HUMAN GENOME (CORP VS HGP) [VS JAPANESE] - HGP and Celera/VENTER PUBLISH AT SAME TIME ONE IN NATURE ONE IN SCIENCE (beat Japanese)

charge-coupled device, CCD

A ___ (___) is a device for the movement of electrical charge, usually from within the device to an area where the charge can be manipulated, for example conversion into a digital value. This is achieved by "shifting" the signals between stages within the device one at a time. ___s move charge between capacitive bins in the device, with the shift allowing for the transfer of charge between bins. Due to the high quantum efficiencies of ___s (for a quantum efficiency of 100%, one count equals one photon), linearity of their outputs, ease of use compared to photographic plates, and a variety of other reasons, ___s were very rapidly adopted by astronomers for nearly all UV-to-infrared applications.

Mirror Neuron

A ___ is a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another. Thus, the neuron "mirrors" the behavior of the other, as though the observer were itself acting. Such neurons have been directly observed in primate species. The discovery of mirror neurons owes as much to serendipity as to skill. In the 1980s, Rizzolatti and his colleagues had found that some neurons in an area of macaque monkeys' premotor cortex called F5 fired when the monkeys did things like reach for or bite a peanut.

Hallucinogens

A ___ is a psychoactive agent which can cause hallucinations, perceptual anomalies, and other substantial subjective changes in thoughts, emotion, and consciousness. With the purification and synthesis of bontanical preparations and the ensuing discovery of chemically unique agents, hope was raised regarding their therapeutic potential, but this hope has been clouded by an epidemic of abuse and an inventory of adverse effects. Beginning in 1961, he conducted experiments with prison inmates in an attempt to reduce recidivism with short, intense psychotherapy sessions. Throughout the 1960s, concerns raised about the proliferation of unauthorized use of psychedelic drugs by the general public (and, most notably, the counterculture) resulted in the imposition of increasingly severe restrictions on medical and psychiatric research conducted with psychedelic substances. Studies on medicinal applications of psychedelics ceased entirely in the United States when the Controlled Substances Act was passed in 1970.

Retrovirus

A ___ is a type of RNA virus that inserts a copy of its genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell. The first human retroviruses (HTLV-I) was first reported by Robert C. Gallo and coworkers in 1980 and reconfirmed in 1981.

Connectome

A ___ is the complete map of the neural connections in a brain. It is sometimes referred to as a "wiring diagram" of the molecular connections between neurons, trading on the analogy of a brain to an electronic device, where axons and dendrites are wires and neuron bodies are components.

CT, CAT

A ___ scan,[1] also known as computed tomography scan, and formerly known as a computerized axial tomography scan or ___ scan,[3] makes use of computer-processed combinations of many X-ray measurements taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of specific areas of a scanned object, allowing the user to see inside the object without cutting. The first commercially viable __ scanner was invented by Sir Godfrey Hounsfield in 1972.[111]

Transfusions

A blood ___ is a safe, common procedure in which blood is given to you through an intravenous (IV) line in one of your blood vessels. Blood ___ are done to replace blood lost during surgery or due to a serious injury.

POP Evolutionary Psychology (Evolutionary Psychology as "Popular Science")

A major, widely discussed branch of ___—holds that the human brain has many specialized mechanisms that evolved to solve the adaptive problems of our hunter-gatherer ancestors. The author and several other scholars suggest that some assumptions of ___ are flawed: that we can know the psychology of our Stone Age ancestors, that we can thereby figure out how distinctively human traits evolved, that our minds have not evolved much since the Stone Age, and that standard psychological questionnaires yield clear evidence of the adaptations.

Robert Sinsheimer

As a scientist, ___ made significant breakthroughs in genetic research by artificially creating functional strands of DNA. He was also one of the first scientists to propose and seriously consider that a concerted effort be undertaken to sequence the human genome. In 1985, ___ convened a group of eminent scientists at UC Santa Cruz to discuss the feasibility of sequencing the human genome. This historic workshop planted the idea for what eventually became the Human Genome Project.

AZT

At the end of 1989, two years after we had started the highly controversial AIDS column in SPIN, we published an article by Celia Farber called "Sins of Omission" about the truly bad and corrupt science surrounding promoting ___ as a treatment for the syndrome of diseases. Celia was the editor and frequent writer of the column and unearthed hard evidence of the cold-bloodedness of the AIDS establishment pushing a drug that was worse than the disease, and killed faster than the natural progression of AIDS left untreated. ___ had been an abandoned cancer drug, discarded because of it's fatal toxicity, resurrected in the cynical belief that AIDS patients were going to die anyway, so trying it out was sort of like playing with the house's money. Because the drug didn't require the usual massively expensive research and trial processes, having gone through that years earlier, it was insanely profitable for its maker, Burroughs Wellcome. It was a tragically perfect storm of windfall profits, something to pacify AIDS activists and the media, and a convenient boom to the patent holders for HIV testing.

Bathhouses

Attendance has declined at the 10 homosexual ___ in New York since the onset of the AIDS epidemic, according to the city's Department of Health. But some of the owners report that business remains profitable despite mounting public pressure that the baths be closed. October 14, 1985, Page 3 The New York Times Archives.

Data Rich, Information Poor

Data needs to be translated into relevant information. We want to avoid analysis paralysis and ____ syndrome. Data should drive us forward not bog us down and hold us back.

Immune Overload

Combination vaccines make vaccination more efficient by incorporating the antigens of several different diseases into a single injection, but many parents worry that they may overload the child's developing immune system and leave him or her susceptible to secondary infections, this problem would be an example of ___.

fingerprinting

DNA ___ is a laboratory technique used to establish a link between biological evidence and a suspect in a criminal investigation. A DNA sample taken from a crime scene is compared with a DNA sample from a suspect. If the two DNA profiles are a match, then the evidence came from that suspect. The Discovery of DNA Fingerprinting in September 1984...

sequencing

DNA ___ is the process of determining the order of nucleotides in DNA. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Maxam-Gilbert sequencing is a method of DNA ___ developed by Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert in 1976-1977. Sanger ___ method was developed by Frederick Sanger and colleagues in 1977.

Memes

Dawkins conceived of ___ as the cultural parallel to biological genes and considered them, in a manner similar to "selfish" genes, as being in control of their own reproduction and thus serving their own ends. Understood in those terms, memes carry information, are replicated, and are transmitted from one person to another, and they have the ability to evolve, mutating at random and undergoing natural selection, with or without impacts on human fitness (reproduction and survival). The concept of the meme, however, remains largely theoretical. It is also controversial, given the notion of selfishness and the application of the concept to the evolution of cultures.

(Announcements)Publicity

Example of ___surrounding genetics: The Evolution 2.0 contest just kicked off, and will be open until 2026. The prize, initiated by an intelligent design proponent but judged by two prominent biologists, promises $100,000 ($5 million if the approach is patentable) to whoever can solve the mystery of how the genetic code came to be. In other words, if you can demonstrate how to get a soup of chemicals to self-generate and transmit a code, they'll make you rich.

Prozac

Fluoxetine, also known by trade names ___ and Sarafem, among others, is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. The work which eventually led to the discovery of fluoxetine began at Eli Lilly and Company in 1970 as a collaboration between Bryan Molloy and Robert Rathbun. It was known at that time that the antihistamine diphenhydramine shows some antidepressant-like properties. Wong published the first article about fluoxetine in 1974.[90] A year later, it was given the official chemical name fluoxetine and the Eli Lilly and Company gave it the trade name Prozac. In February 1977, Dista Products Company, a division of Eli Lilly & Company, filed an Investigational New Drug application to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for fluoxetine.

Mannvernd

ICELANDERS ARE ACCUSING their government of taking huge payments from a company licensed to create a genetic database of the country's entire population. ___ is an Icelandic organization of scientists, doctors, and concerned citizens opposed to the bill — stated upon the bill's passage: The association believes that this law infringes upon accepted medical, scientific and commercial standards.7

Brainhood

If personhood is the quality or condition of being an individual person, ___ could name the quality or condition of being a brain. This ontological quality would define the 'cerebral subject' that has, at least in industrialized and highly medicalized societies, gained numerous social inscriptions since the mid-20th century. This article explores the historical development of brainhood. It suggests that the brain is necessarily the location of the 'modern self', and that, consequently, the cerebral subject is the anthropological figure inherent to modernity (at least insofar as modernity gives supreme value to the individual as autonomous agent of choice and initiative). It further argues that the ideology of brainhood impelled neuroscientific investigation much more than it resulted from it, and sketches how an expanding constellation of neurocultural discourses and practices embodies and sustains that ideology.

Peter Duesberg

In 2000, ___ was the most prominent AIDS denialist to sit on a 44-member Presidential Advisory Panel on HIV and AIDS convened by then-president Thabo Mbeki of South Africa.

Spandrel

In evolutionary biology, a ___ is a phenotypic characteristic that is a byproduct of the evolution of some other characteristic, rather than a direct product of adaptive selection. From this paper: An adaptationist programme has dominated evolutionary thought in England and the United States during the past 40 years. It is based on faith in the power of natural selection as an optimizing agent. It proceeds by breaking an organism into unitary 'traits' and proposing an adaptive story for each considered separately. We criticize this approach and attempt to reassert a competing notion (long popular in continental Europe) that organisms must be analysed as integrated wholes, We fault the adaptationist programme for its failure to distinguish current utility from reasons for origin (male tyrannosaurs may have used their diminutive front legs to titillate female partners, but this will not explain why they got so small); for its unwillingness to consider alternatives to adaptive stories; for its reliance upon plausibility alone as a criterion for accepting speculative tales; and for its failure to consider adequately such competing themes as random fixation of alleles, production of non-adaptive structures by developmental correlation with selected features, the separability of adaptation and selection, multiple adaptive peaks, and current utility as an epiphenomenon of non-adaptive structures. We support Darwin's own pluralistic approach to identifying the agents of evolutionary change.

y-chromosome, haplogroup

In human genetics, a human y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non-recombining portions (non-meiosis cells) of DNA from the patrilineal line (called Y-DNA). A ___ is a genetic population group of people who share a common ancestor (in this case, the patriline).

Mitochondrial Eve

In human genetics, the ___ is the matrilineal most recent common ancestor(MRCA) of all currently living humans, i.e., the most recent woman from whom all living humans descend in an unbroken line purely through their mothers, and through the mothers of those mothers, back until all lines converge on one woman. By 1985, data from the mtDNA of 145 women of different populations, and of two cell lines, HeLa and GM 3043, derived from a Black American and a !Kung respectively, was available. After more than 40 revisions of the draft, the manuscript was submitted to Nature in late 1985 or early 1986[14] and published on 1 January 1987. The published conclusion was that all current human mtDNA originated from a single population from Africa, at the time dated to between 140,000 and 200,000 years ago

Animal Boards

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs) aka ___ are centrally important in applying laws about animal research in the United States. Many institutions have for some time utilized committees to assist in the oversight of the animal care and use program. However, in the U.S., it wasn't until 1985 that two laws at the national level were passed requiring an IACUC. These laws were the Health Research Extension Act (HREA) and key amendments to the Animal Welfare Act (AWA). Both laws led to statutory requirements for the composition and responsibilities of the IACUC.

Oncomouse

On April 12, 1988, ___ became the first animal to be patented in the United States (U.S. Patent 4,736,866). ___ is genetically modified to have an active cancer gene, making them very likely to develop cancer. Scientists hoped this trait would make the animal useful test subjects for cancer research.

Dolly

On this day in 1996, ___ the sheep-the first mammal to have been successfully cloned from an adult cell-is born at the Roslin Institute in Scotland. Originally code-named "6LL3." Scientific American concluded in 2016 that the main legacy of Dolly the sheep has not been cloning of animals but in advances into stem cell research. After Dolly, researchers realised that ordinary cells could be reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells which can be grown into any tissue.

Sociobiology

Once a specialist term, "___" became widely known in 1975 when Edward O. Wilson published his book ___: The New Synthesis, which sparked an intense controversy. Wilson popularized the term "____" as an attempt to explain the evolutionary mechanics behind social behaviour such as altruism, aggression, and the nurturing of the young. The fundamental principle guiding ___ is that an organism's evolutionary success is measured by the extent to which its genes are represented in the next generation.

Stem Cells

Scientists discovered ways to derive embryonic ___ from early mouse embryos more than 30 years ago, in 1981. The detailed study of the biology of mouse ___ led to the discovery, in 1998, of a method to derive ___ from human embryos and grow the ___ in the laboratory. In 2006, researchers made another breakthrough by identifying conditions that would allow some specialized adult ___ to be "reprogrammed" genetically to assume a ___-like state. Research on adult ___ has generated a great deal of excitement.

Decade of the Brain

The ___ was a designation for 1990-1999 by U.S. president George H. W. Bush as part of a larger effort involving the Library of Congress and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health "to enhance public awareness of the benefits to be derived from brain research".

Philip Zimbardo

The Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE) was a 1971 social psychology experiment that attempted to investigate the psychological effects of perceived power, focusing on the struggle between prisoners and prison officers. It was conducted at Stanford University between August 14-20, 1971, by a research group led by psychology professor ___ using college students.[1] In the study, volunteers were randomly assigned to be either "guards" or "prisoners" in a mock prison, with ___ himself serving as the superintendent. Several "prisoners" left mid-experiment, and the whole experiment was abandoned after six days. Early reports on experimental results claimed that students quickly embraced their assigned roles, with some guards enforcing authoritarian measures and ultimately subjecting some prisoners to psychological torture, while many prisoners passively accepted psychological abuse and, by the officers' request, actively harassed other prisoners who tried to stop it. The experiment has been described in many introductory social psychology textbooks,[2] although some are beginning to exclude it because its methodology is questioned.

Ebola

The West African ___ virus epidemic (2013-2016) was the most widespread outbreak of ___ virus disease(EVD) in history—causing major loss of life and socioeconomic disruption in the region, mainly in the countries of Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. The first cases were recorded in Guinea in December 2013; later, the disease spread to neighboring Liberia and Sierra Leone, with minor outbreaks occurring elsewhere. It caused significant mortality, with the case fatality rate reported at slightly above 70%. Small outbreaks occurred in Nigeria and Mali, and isolated cases were recorded in Senegal, the United Kingdom and Sardinia. In addition, imported cases led to secondary infection of medical workers in the United States and Spain but did not spread further. The number of cases peaked in October 2014 and then began to decline gradually, following the commitment of substantial international resources. As of 8 May 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) and respective governments reported a total of 28,616 suspected cases and 11,310 deaths(39.5%), though the WHO believes that this substantially understates the magnitude of the outbreak.

LINC, Laboratory INstrument Computer

The ___ (2___) was designed in the end of 1961 by Wesley Clark and built in the beginning of 1962 by Charles Molnar and others (Wesley Clark designed the logic, while Charles Molnar did the engineering) at Lincoln Laboratory of MIT, Massachusetts, and eventually launched by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in March, 1962 (see the lower photo). With its digital logic and stored programs, the ___ is accepted to be the first interactive personal computer in the world.

Human Genome Diversity Project, HGDP

The ___ (___) aims to collect biological samples from different population groups throughout the world, with the aim of building up a representative database of human genetic diversity. This seems a laudable aim, but the Project has been enmeshed in massive controversy since it was first proposed in 1991, with violent reactions from many of the indigenous people's groups it proposes to study.

human immunodeficiency virus, HIV

The ___ (___) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes ___ infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. AIDS was first clinically observed in 1981 in the United States. The initial cases were a cluster of injection drug users and gay men with no known cause of impaired immunity who showed symptoms of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP), a rare opportunistic infection that was known to occur in people with very compromised immune systems.[118] Soon thereafter, additional gay men developed a previously rare skin cancer called Kaposi's sarcoma (KS).[119][120] Many more cases of PJP and KS emerged, alerting U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and a CDC task force was formed to monitor the outbreak.[121] The earliest retrospectively described case of AIDS is believed to have been in Norway beginning in 1966.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC

The ___ (___) is the leading national public health institute of the United States. The CDC is a United States federal agency under the Department of Health and Human Services and is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. Its main goal is to protect public health and safety through the control and prevention of disease, injury, and disability in the US and internationally.[2] The ___ focuses national attention on developing and applying disease control and prevention. It especially focuses its attention on infectious disease, food borne pathogens, environmental health, occupational safety and health, health promotion, injury prevention and educational activities designed to improve the health of United States citizens. In addition, the ___ researches and provides information on non-infectious diseases such as obesity and diabetes and is a founding member of the International Association of National Public Health Institutes.

Human Genome Project, HGP

The ___ (___) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the sequence of nucleotide base pairs that make up humanDNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint. After the idea was picked up in 1984 by the US government when the planning started, the project formally launched in 1990 and was declared complete on April 14, 2003.

Great Ape Project, GAP

The ___ (___), founded in 1993, is an international organization of primatologists, anthropologists, ethicists, and others who advocate a United Nations Declaration of the Rights of Great Apes that would confer basic legal rights on non-human great apes: chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans. Founder:Peter Singer and Paola Cavalieri The rights suggested are the right to life, the protection of individual liberty, and the prohibition of torture. The organization also monitors individual great ape activity in the United States through a census program. Once rights are established, ___ would demand the release of great apes from captivity; currently 3,100 are held in the U.S., including 1,280 in biomedical research facilities.

Monte Carlos

The ___ N-Particle Transport Code is a software package for simulating nuclear processes. It is developed by Los Alamos National Laboratory since at least 1957 with several further major improvements.

Bermuda Principles, BERMUDA

The ___ set out rules for the rapid and public release of DNA sequence data. The Human Genome Project, a multinational effort to sequence the human genome, generated vast quantities of data about the genetic make-up of humans and other organisms. At a 1996 summit in (2) ___, leaders of the scientific community agreed on a groundbreaking set of principles requiring that all DNA sequence data be released in publicly accessible databases (gen bank) within twenty-four hours after generation.

Bhopal (1984)

The ___ disaster, also referred to as the ___ gas tragedy, was a gas leak incident on the night of 2-3 December 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited pesticide plant in ___, Madhya Pradesh, India. It is considered to be the world's worst industrial disaster. There are two main lines of argument involving the disaster. The "Corporate Negligence" point of view argues that the disaster was caused by a potent combination of under-maintained and decaying facilities, a weak attitude towards safety, and an undertrained workforce, culminating in worker actions that inadvertently enabled water to penetrate the MIC tanks in the absence of properly working safeguards.

Monoamine, Depression

The ___ hypothesis of ___: The symptoms of ___ can be improved by agents that act by various mechanisms to increase synaptic concentrations of ___. This hypothesis was first put forward over 30 years ago. Still, the monoamine hypothesis does not address key issues. However, it is clear that the development of the ___ hypothesis has been of great importance in understanding ___ and in the development of safe and effective pharmacologic agents for its treatment.

Belmont Report

The ___ is a report created by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Its primary purpose is to protect subjects and participants in clinical trials or research studies. This report consists of 3 principles: beneficence, justice, and respect for persons. The report was issued on 30 September 1978.

Helsinki Declaration, 1964

The ___ is a set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation developed for the medical community by the World Medical Association (WMA). The ___ more specifically addressed clinical research, reflecting changes in medical practice from the term 'Human Experimentation'. A notable change from the Nuremberg Code was a relaxation of the conditions of consent, which was 'absolutely essential'. Now doctors were asked to obtain consent 'if at all possible' and research was allowed without consent where a proxy consent, such as a legal guardian, was available.

Nuremberg Code

The ___ is a set of research ethics principles for human experimentation created as a result of the Nuremberg trials at the end of the Second World War. After World War II, a series of trials were held to hold members of the Nazi party responsible for a multitude of war crimes. The trials were approved by President Harry Truman in January 1946 and were led exclusively by the United States. They began on December 9, 1946 in Nuremberg, Germany, in what became known as the Nuremberg trials.

The Hubble Space Telescope

The ___ is a space telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1990 and remains in operation. Although not the first space telescope, ___ is one of the largest and most versatile and is well known as both a vital research tool and a public relations boon for astronomy.

(NIH Clinical Research Committee aka) Clinical Study Oversight Committee

The ___ is an independent group of experts that advises NIDCR and study investigators on clinical studies not involving an intervention. Such clinical research studies may be complex, involve risk or vulnerable populations, and may be observational, specimen collection, epidemiology or surveillance studies. The responsibilities of the ___ are to 1) monitor human subject safety by reviewing and evaluating the accumulated study data, 2) review study conduct and progress, and 3) make recommendations to NIDCR concerning the continuation, modification, or termination of the study. The ___ considers study-specific data as well as relevant background information about the disease, procedures and progress of the study.

UCSC Genome Browser

The ___ is an on-line, and downloadable, genome browser hosted by the University of California, Santa Cruz. 2000

Mesh Problem

The ___ is the computational analysis of complex physical systems, such as nuclear reactors, requires the ability to solve the behavior of several different physical phenomena. The analysis requires an "acceptable" computational mesh that conforms to the geometry, whose elements are of acceptable size and shape. Unfortunately, this is easier said than done for a high-fidelity reactor core simulation. A reactor core problem will involve more than a single component, and a reactor simulation is a multiphysics problem. This meshing workflow requires the coupling of various toolkits such as Meshkit from Argonne National Laboratory, Cubit from Sandia National Laboratory, and OpenCascade from OpenCascade SAS. Unfortunately, these tools are typically not integrated into a workflow that is intuitive for nuclear engineers, physicists, and experts to use.

Cohen-Boyer Process

The ___ is the scientific method that is the result of a collaboration between two US based scientists, in which enzymes were used to introduce specific DNA segments to plasmids, and then use the result as vehicles for cloning precise, previously targeted strands of DNA.

World 3

The ___ model is a system dynamics model for computer simulation of interactions between population, industrial growth, food production and limits in the ecosystems of the earth. It was originally produced and used by a Club of Rome study that produced the model and the book The Limits to Growth (1972).

Asilomar Conference

The ___ on Recombinant DNA was an influential conference organized by Paul Berg to discuss the potential biohazards and regulation of biotechnology, held in February 1975 at a conference center at Asilomar State Beach.

The Sloan Digital Sky Survey, SDSS

The ___ or ___ is a major multi-spectral imaging and spectroscopic redshift survey using a dedicated 2.5-m wide-angle optical telescope at Apache Point Observatory in New Mexico, United States. The project was named after the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, which contributed significant funding. Start date: May 17, 1999

Stonewall

The ___ riots were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the ___ Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City.

GenBank

The ___ sequence database is an open access, annotated collection of all publicly available nucleotide sequences and their protein translations. This database is produced and maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information as part of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration

Rosenhan experiment

The ___ was an experiment conducted to determine the validity of psychiatric diagnosis. The experimenters feigned hallucinations to enter psychiatric hospitals, and acted normally afterwards. They were diagnosed with psychiatric disorders and were given antipsychotic drugs.

Modern Synthesis

The ___ was developed by a number of now-legendary evolutionary biologists in the 1930s and 1940s. The ___ describes the fusion (merger) of Mendelian genetics with Darwinian evolution that resulted in a unified theory of evolution.

Century of the Brain

The ___: "How the brain works and gives rise to our mental and intellectual lives will be the most exciting and challenging area of science in the 21st century. As a result of this concerted effort, new technologies will be invented, new industries spawned, and new treatments and even cures discovered for devastating disorders and disease of the brain and nervous system."

4-H Club

The federal designation singled out Haitians as the only ethnic group believed to be inherently susceptible to the then-mysterious disease. As such, they became members of the notorious "___" club that also included homosexuals, heroin users, and hemophiliacs.

Homosexuality

The field of psychology has extensively studied ___ as a human sexual orientation. The American Psychiatric Association listed ___ in the DSM-I in 1952, but almost immediately that classification came under scrutiny in research funded by the National Institute of Mental Health. That research and subsequent studies consistently failed to produce any empirical or scientific basis for regarding homosexuality as anything other than a natural and normal sexual orientation that is a healthy and positive expression of human sexuality. As a result of this scientific research, the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from the DSM-II in 1973. Upon a thorough review of the scientific data, the American Psychological Association followed in 1975 and also called on all mental health professionals to take the lead in "removing the stigma of mental illness that has long been associated" with ___. In 1993, the National Association of Social Workers adopted the same position as the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association, in recognition of scientific evidence.[1] The World Health Organization, which listed homosexuality in the ICD-9 in 1977, removed ___ from the ICD-10 which was endorsed by the 43rd World Health Assembly on May 17, 1990.

The Neurosciences Research Program, NRP

The interdisciplinary field, "neuroscience," began at MIT in 1962 with the founding of the ___ (___) by Francis O. Schmitt and a group of US and international scientists - physical, biological, medical, and behavioral - interested in understanding the brain basis of behavior and mind. They organized and held specialist meetings of basic topics in neuroscience, and the journal and book publications over the next 20 years, based on these meetings, helped establish the new field.

Casual Transmission

The myth of ___: HIV is transmitted by three main routes: sexual contact, significant exposure to infected body fluids or tissues, and from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding (known as vertical transmission).[12] There is no risk of acquiring HIV if exposed to feces, nasal secretions, saliva, sputum, sweat, tears, urine, or vomit unless these are contaminated with blood.[49] It is also possible to be co-infected by more than one strain of HIV—a condition known as HIV superinfection. Modern study: . In this focus group study (N = 48) we solicited the beliefs that older adults held about HIV. The older adults in this study were knowledgeable about how HIV is typically transmitted. However, we also identified that they subscribed to misconceptions regarding casual contact transmission and were fearful of transmission from the medical system. Educational efforts aimed at older adults must be tailored to address these persistent misconceptions.

Monopoly

The precarious situation that had arisen after Myriad Genetics had effectively denied other laboratories [the chance] to perform complete testing of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes by retaining its ___ and requesting all samples to be sent to [its headquarters in] Utah.

Mormon

The rest was left to science. In the 1970's, researchers at the University of Utah began melding church records with every measure of public health and mortality they could find, creating a vast database -- now containing 1.6 million people -- that scientists can use to cross-index family trees with cancer clusters and disease patterns and death rates. In the 1980's, an in-depth study of the genetic makeup of 50 big ___ families was begun. Those families, containing more than 650 people, have since been revisited again and again for study. Their identities are closely held secrets, say scientists at the university's department of human genetics, but the raw data of the group's cellular structure has been shared all over the world.

Dopamine, Schizophrenia

The revised ___ hypothesis of ___ states that dopamine abnormalities in the mesolimbic and prefrontal brain regions exist in Schizophrenia.

Mike Stratton

The situation in Europe was previously complicated by the fact that a US biotechnology company, Myriad Genetics, had been awarded patents on the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes that gave it rights to develop commercial laboratory testing services, diagnostic tests, and therapies based on the gene sequences. However, a UK patent was also held by Cancer Research Technology because much of the BRCA2 gene was first published by ___'s group at the Institute of Cancer Research, London, based on work funded by Cancer Research UK. [Later The Supreme Court granted certiorari and unanimously invalidated Myriad's claims to isolated genes. The Court held that merely isolating genes that are found in nature does not make them patentable.]

Neurodiversity

The term is attributed to Judy Singer, an Australian social scientist on the autism spectrum. originated in the late 1990s as a challenge to prevailing views of certain neurological conditions as being inherently pathological. neurological conditions are the result of normal variations in the human genome.

vaccine

There is currently no ___ available that will prevent HIV infection or treat those who have it. However, scientists are working to develop one. Building on the findings of an earlier study that found for the first time, albeit modestly, that a vaccine could prevent HIV infection in 2016, an NIH-supported clinical trial was launched to test a modified HIV vaccine. This current vaccine trial, called HVTN 702, is testing whether an experimental vaccine regimen safely prevents HIV infection among South African adults. Learn more in this blog post and in the video below

Bonobos

Ulindi, a female ___ at the Leipzig Zoo in Germany, has had her genome sequenced, researchers report today (June 13), making ___ the last of the great apes to have their genomes mapped. The resulting genetic code may help unlock the secrets that separate humans — physically, intellectually and behaviorally — from our closest primate relatives. ___ are often seen as the chimpanzee's peaceful cousin. The two primates look very similar and are very closely related, but for some reason chimps resolve conflicts with war while ___ prefer sex to resolve arguments. Previous studies have also shown that ___ are more generous with food than chimps are.

Luc Montagnier

___ ( born 18 August 1932) is a French virologist and joint recipient with Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Harald zur Hausen of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).[2] A long-time researcher at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, he currently works as a full-time professor at Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China.[3]

Arthur Jensen

___ (August 24, 1923 - October 22, 2012) was an American psychologist and author. He was a professor of educational psychology at the University of California, Berkeley.[1][2] ___ was known for his work in psychometrics and differential psychology, the study of how and why individuals differ behaviorally from one another. He was also a controversial figure, largely for his conclusions regarding the causes of race-based differences in intelligence.

Charles DeLisi

___ (December 9, 1941) is an American biomedical scientist and the Metcalf Professor of Science and Engineering at Boston University. Dr. ___ has been called the father of the Human Genome Project and is widely regarded as a transformative academic leader.

Richard Herrnstein

___ (May 20, 1930 - September 13, 1994) was an American psychologist and sociologist. He was an active researcher in animal learning in the Skinnerian tradition. He was one of the founders of the Society for Quantitative Analysis of Behavior. ___'s research focused first on natural concepts and human intelligence in the 1970s, and became prominent with the publication of his and Charles Murray's controversial best-selling book, The Bell Curve. ___ died of lung cancer shortly before the book was released.[1] Five levels of classification capacities: discrimination, rote, open-ended categorization, concepts, and abstract relations (Herrnstein, 1990).

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, (SARS)

___ (___) (2002-2003) According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a total of 8,098 people worldwide became sick with ___ during the 2003 outbreak. Of these, 774 died. In the United States, only eight people had laboratory evidence of ___-CoV infection. All of these people had traveled to other parts of the world where ___ was spreading. __ did not spread more widely in the community in the United States. See an update on ___ cases in the United States and worldwide as of December 2003.

The Limits to Growth, LTG

___ (___) is a 1972 report[1] on the computer simulation of exponential economic and population growth with a finite supply of resources.[2] Funded by the Volkswagen Foundation[3] and commissioned by the Club of Rome, the findings of the study were first presented at international gatherings in Moscow and Rio de Janeiro in the summer of 1971.[1]:186 The report's authors are Donella H. Meadows, Dennis L. Meadows, Jørgen Randers, and William W. Behrens III, representing a team of 17 researchers.

clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, CRISPR

___ (___) is a family of DNA sequences found within the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea. These sequences are derived from DNA fragments from viruses that have previously infected the prokaryote and are used to detect and destroy DNA from similar viruses during subsequent infections. The discovery of clustered DNA repeats occurred independently in three parts of the world. The first description of what would later be called CRISPR is from Osaka University researcher Yoshizumi Ishino and his colleagues in 1987. They accidentally cloned part of a CRISPR together with the iap gene, the target of interest. A simple version of the CRISPR/Cas system, CRISPR/Cas9, has been modified to edit genomes. By delivering the Cas9 nuclease complexed with a synthetic guide RNA (gRNA) into a cell, the cell's genome can be cut at a desired location, allowing existing genes to be removed and/or new ones added - RECOMBINANT shit

Magnetic resonance imaging, MRI, NMR

___ (___) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body in both health and disease. ___ scanners use strong magnetic fields, magnetic field gradients, and radio waves to generate images of the organs in the body. In 1971, Paul Lauterbur applied magnetic field gradients in all three dimensions and a back-projection technique to create images.

Polymerase Chain Reaction, PCR

___ (___) is a method widely used in molecular biology to make many copies of a specific DNA segment. Using ___, a single copy (or more) of a DNA sequence is exponentially amplified to generate thousands to millions of more copies of that particular DNA segment.

Nerve growth factor, NGF

___ (___) is a neurotrophic factor and neuropeptide primarily involved in the regulation of growth, maintenance, proliferation, and survival of certain target neurons. It is perhaps the prototypical growth factor, in that it was one of the first to be described. Since it was first isolated by Nobel Laureates Rita Levi-Montalcini and Stanley Cohen in 1956, numerous biological processes involving NGF have been identified, two of them being the survival of pancreatic beta cells and the regulation of the immune system. Rita Levi-Montalcini and Stanley Cohen discovered NGF in the 1950s while faculty members at Washington University in St Louis. However, its discovery, along with the discovery of other neurotrophins, was not widely recognized until 1986, when it won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[18][19][20]. Studies in 1971 determined the primary structure of ___. This eventually led to the discovery of the ___ gene.

Positron-emission tomography, PET

___ (___) is a nuclear medicine functional imaging technique that is used to observe metabolic processes in the body as an aid to the diagnosis of disease. The concept of emission and transmission tomography was introduced by David E. Kuhl, Luke Chapman and Roy Edwards in the late 1950s. Their work later led to the design and construction of several tomographic instruments at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1975 tomographic imaging techniques were further developed by Michel Ter-Pogossian, Michael E. Phelps, Edward J. Hoffman and others at Washington University School of Medicine. In 1961, James Robertson and his associates at Brookhaven National Laboratory built the first single-plane ___ scan, nicknamed the "head-shrinker."[63]

Market Information Data Analytics System, MIDAS

___ (___) is the SEC's implementation of a new system that combines advanced technologies with empirical data to promote better understanding of markets.

Knowledge Discovery in Databases, KDD

___ (___) is the process of discovering useful knowledge from a collection of data. This widely used data mining technique is a process that includes data preparation and selection, data cleansing, incorporating prior knowledge on data sets and interpreting accurate solutions from the observed results.

Gay Men's Health Crisis (/Kaposi's Sarcoma Research and Education Foundation), GMHC

___ (___) is the world's first and leading provider of HIV/AIDS prevention, care and advocacy. Building on decades of dedication and expertise, we understand the reality of HIV/AIDS and empower a healthy life for all. Our Mission: ___ fights to end the AIDS epidemic and uplift the lives of all affected.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition/ DSM-3

___ (___) published by the American Psychiatric Association in 1980, and now translated in many languages, has raised a great interest in the whole world. nfluence of several currents of thought are emphasized: recent remedicalization of psychiatry in the United States, suspicion about speculative theories, return to an a-theoretical clinical descriptive nosology, influence of quantitative differential psychology and of the models provided by computer diagnosis. The nature of the two basic principles: the necessity of attaining a proven high interjudge reliability in diagnosis, and the descriptive a-theoretical nature of the description of each category is analyzed. From those principles derive the most original features of the DSM-III: the use of stringent diagnostic criteria, of a possible quantitative nature and the adoption of a multi-axial system. Some of the most striking changes introduced are the logical consequences of the principles e.g. the deletion of the term "neurosis". Others changes such as the introduction of new diagnostic categories or changes in the limits of classical ones (especially schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis) reflect a reaction against previous trends of American psychiatry and a strict adherence to a pragmatic and empirical thinking. In addition, the flexibility of its structure allows for the incorporation of new empirical results. In spite of many criticisms, either against the general orientation or against specific positions, some of which are presented in the course of this article, it is concluded that the success of the DSM-III results from a trend in psychiatric thinking not confined to the United States. Its controversial nature has stimulated the reappraisal of old concepts, and it can be considered as an important contribution towards a closer integration of psychiatry to medicine.

Total Information Awareness, TIA

___ (___) was a program of the United States Information Awareness Office that began during the 2003 fiscal year. It operated under this title from February until May 2003, before being renamed as the Terrorism Information Awareness

Gay-related immune deficiency, GRID

___ (___) was the original name for a disease currently known as AIDS. ___ was first mentioned in a May 11, 1982 article in The New York Times. In this article, the term "A.I.D." is also mentioned. In the early days of AIDS, the terms "gay cancer" and "gay plague" were also used

Ancient DNA (aDNA)

___ (also called aDNA) is DNA isolated from ___ specimens. Due to degradation processes (including cross-linking, deamination and fragmentation) ___ DNA is of lower quality in comparison with modern genetic material. The first study of what would come to be called aDNA was conducted in 1984, when Russ Higuchi and colleagues at the University of California, Berkeley reported that traces of DNA from a museum specimen of the Quagga not only remained in the specimen over 150 years after the death of the individual, but could be extracted and sequenced. Several sediment-preserved plant remains dating to the Miocene were successfully investigated.[16] Then, in 1994 and to international acclaim, Woodward et al.reported the most exciting results to date. Since 2009 the field of aDNA-studies has been revolutionized.

Francis Collins

___ (born April 14, 1950) is an American physician-geneticist who discovered the genes associated with a number of diseases and led the Human Genome Project.

James Watson

___ (born April 6, 1928) is an American molecular biologist, geneticist and zoologist, best known as one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA in 1953 with Francis Crick. ___, Crick, and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material".

Kary Mullis

___ (born December 28, 1944) is a Nobel Prize-winning American biochemist. In recognition of his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, he shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Michael Smith[3] and earned the Japan Prize in the same year.

Ian Hacking

___ (born February 18, 1936) is a Canadian philosopher specializing in the philosophy of science. This form of realism encourages a realistic stance towards answers to the scientific unknowns hypothesized by mature sciences, but skepticism towards scientific theories.

Jordan Peterson

___ (born June 12, 1962) is a Canadian clinical psychologist and a professor of psychology at the University of Toronto. His main areas of study are in abnormal, social, and personality psychology,[1] with a particular interest in the psychology of religious and ideological belief,[2] and the assessment and improvement of personality and performance. ___'s first book, Maps of Meaning: The Architecture of Belief, published in 1999, examined several academic fields to describe the structure of systems of beliefs and myths, their role in the regulation of emotion, creation of meaning, and several other topics such as motivation for genocide.[6][7][8] His second book, 12 Rules for Life: An Antidote to Chaos, was released in January 2018.[

Edward Westermark

___ (born Nov. 20, 1862, Helsinki, Fin.—died Sept. 3, 1939, Lapinlahti), Finnish sociologist, philosopher, and anthropologist who denied the widely held view that early humans had lived in a state of promiscuity and instead theorized that the original form of human sexual attachment had been monogamy. He asserted that primitive marriagewas rooted in the needs of the nuclear family, which he considered to be the fundamental and universal unit of society.

Evolutionary developmental biology, Evo-Devo

___ (informally, ___) is a field of biological research that compares the developmental processes of different organisms to infer the ancestral relationships between them and how developmental processes evolved. In 1977, a revolution in thinking about evolution and developmental biology began, with the arrival of recombinant DNAtechnology in genetics. The Distal-less gene was found in 1989 to be involved in the development of appendages or limbs in fruit flies,[35] the fins of fish, the wings of chickens, the parapodia of marine annelid worms, the ampullae and siphons of tunicates, and the tube feet of sea urchins.

(Supreme Court - 2013) Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.

___ 569 U.S. 576 (2013),[1] was a case challenging the validity of gene patents in the United States, specifically challenging certain claims in issued patents owned or controlled by Myriad Genetics that cover isolated DNA sequences, methods to diagnose propensity to cancer by looking for mutated DNA sequences, and methods to identify drugs using isolated DNA sequences. Prior to the case, the U.S. Patent Office accepted patents on isolated DNA sequences as a composition of matter. The majority opinion delivered by Thomas held, "A naturally occurring DNA segment is a product of nature and not patent eligible merely because it has been isolated..." The Supreme Court clearly understood the significance of Myriad's work on the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. It had identified and sequenced significant genes that would aid researchers and clinicians in their understanding and treatment of breast and ovarian cancers, "but separating that gene from its surrounding genetic material is not an act of invention" [21] and "discovery, by itself, does not render the BRCA genes" [21] patent-eligible.

Cetus

___ Corporation was one of the first biotechnology companies. It was established in Berkeley, California in 1971. Before merging with another company in 1991, it developed several significant pharmaceutical drugs as well as a revolutionary DNA amplification technique.

(IRBs) Exempt, Expedited, Full Board Research (Levels of Review)

___ Research: Although the category is called "___," this type of research does require IRB review and registration. The ___ registration process is much less rigorous than an expedited or full-committee review. ___ Research: To qualify for an ___ review, research must fall into nine (9) federally-defined expedited categories. These categories involve collection of samples and data in a manner that is not anonymous and that involves no more than minimal risk to subjects. ___ Proposed human subject research which does not fall into either the exempt or expedited review categories must be submitted for ___.

Spanish Flu

___ aka the 1918 influenza pandemic (January 1918 - December 1920; colloquially known as Spanish flu) was an unusually deadly influenza pandemic, the first of the two pandemics involving H1N1 influenza virus.

Neuroplasticity

___ and Children: Research in the field of neurosciences and genetics has given us great insight into the understanding of learning and behavior and changes in the brain in response to experience. It is seen that brain is dynamically changing throughout life and is capable of learing at any time. Critical periods of neuroplasticity for various streams of development are also beter understood. Technological advances in non invasive imaging techniques and advances in moleculoar genetics have helped us understand the basis of many developmental disorders which may help in planning effective intervention strategies.

BRCA1 and BRCA2

___ are human genes that produce tumor suppressor proteins. These proteins help repair damaged DNA and, therefore, play a role in ensuring the stability of each cell's genetic material. When either of these genes is mutated, or altered, such that its protein product is not made or does not function correctly, DNA damage may not be repaired properly. As a result, cells are more likely to develop additional genetic alterations that can lead to cancer.

Behaviorism

___ assumes that all behaviors are either reflexesproduced by a response to certain stimuli in the environment, or a consequence of that individual's history, including especially reinforcement and punishment, together with the individual's current motivational state and controlling stimuli.

Y2K

___ bug, also called Year 2000 bug or Millennium Bug, a problem in the coding of computerized systems that was projected to create havoc in computers and computer networks around the world at the beginning of the year 2000 (in metric measurements K stands for thousand).

Environmental Impact Assessments

___ commenced in the 1960s, as part of increasing environmental awareness.[notes 1] ___ involved a technical evaluation intended to contribute to more objective decision making. In the United States, ___ obtained formal status in 1969, with enactment of the National Environmental Policy Act.

The Club of Rome

___ describes itself as "an organisation of individuals who share a common concern for the future of humanity and strive to make a difference. Our mission is to promote understanding of the global challenges facing humanity and to propose solutions through scientific analysis, communication and advocacy."

Stanley Milgram

___ designed the experiments that began in July 1961, in the basement of Linsly-Chittenden Hall at Yale University. ___ was an American social psychologist, best known for his controversial experiment on obedience conducted in the 1960s during his professorship at Yale. ___ was influenced by the events of the Holocaust, especially the trial of Adolf Eichmann, in developing the experiment. The ___ experiment on obedience to authority figures was a series of social psychology experiments conducted by Yale University psychologist Stanley ___. They measured the willingness of study participants, men from a diverse range of occupations with varying levels of education, to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts conflicting with their personal conscience. Participants were led to believe that they were assisting an unrelated experiment, in which they had to administer electric shocks to a "learner." These fake electric shocks gradually increased to levels that would have been fatal had they been real.

Just-So Stories

___ for Little Children is a 1902 collection of origin stories by the British author Rudyard Kipling. Considered a classic of children's literature, the book is among Kipling's best known works. Kipling began working on the book by telling the first three chapters as bedtime stories to his daughter Josephine. These had to be told "___" (exactly in the words she was used to) or she would complain. The stories describe how one animal or another acquired its most distinctive features, such as how the leopard got his spots. For the book, Kipling illustrated the stories himself. The stories have appeared in a variety of adaptations including a musical and animated films. Evolutionary biologists have noted that what Kipling did in fiction in a Lamarckian way,[1] they have done in reality, providing Darwinian explanations for the evolutionary development of animal features.

deCODE

___ genetics, Inc. is a biopharmaceutical company based in Reykjavík, Iceland. The company was founded in 1996 by Kári Stefánsson to identify human genes associated with common diseases using population studies, and apply the knowledge gained to guide the development of candidate drugs

Almaden

___ is IBM's Silicon Valley innovation lab. Scientists, computer engineers and designers at ___ are pioneering scientific breakthroughs across disruptive technologies including artificial intelligence, healthcare and life sciences, quantum computing, blockchain, storage, Internet of Things and accessibility.

The Selfish Gene (1976)

___ is a 1976 book on evolution by Richard Dawkins, in which the author builds upon the principal theory of George C. Williams's Adaptation and Natural Selection (1966). Dawkins uses the term "___" as a way of expressing the gene-centred view of evolution as opposed to the views focused on the organism and the group, popularising ideas developed during the 1960s by W. D. Hamilton and others. From the gene-centred view, it follows that the more two individuals are genetically related, the more sense (at the level of the genes) it makes for them to behave selflessly with each other.

Nicholas Wade

___ is a British writer and journalist. He served as the staff writer for the Science Times section of The New York Times from 1982 to 2012. He wrote the controversial book A Troublesome Inheritance: Genes, Race and Human History. The discoveries, ___ reports, that genetic variation clusters along racial and ethnic lines and that extensive evolution has continued ever since the exodus from Africa, are based on the genotype, and no one has any scientific reason to doubt their validity.

Frans De Waal

___ is a Dutch primatologist and ethologist. He is the Charles Howard Candler professor of Primate Behavior at the Emory University psychology department in Atlanta, and director of the Living Links Center at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center[1] and author of numerous books including Chimpanzee Politics and Our Inner Ape. His research centers on primate social behavior, including conflict resolution, cooperation, inequity aversion, and food-sharing. He is a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences and the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1975, De Waal began a six-year project on the world's largest captive colony of chimpanzees at the Arnhem Zoo. The study resulted in many scientific papers, and resulted in publication of his first book, Chimpanzee Politics, in 1982. This book offered the first description of primate behavior explicitly in terms of planned social strategies. De Waal was first to introduce the thinking of Machiavelli to primatology, leading to the label "Machiavellian Intelligence" that later became associated with it. In his writings, De Waal has never shied away from attributing emotions and intentions to his primates, and as such his work inspired the field of primate cognition that, three decades later, flourishes around themes of cooperation, altruism, and fairness.

Walter Gilbert

___ is a Jewish American physicist and biochemist who won the 1980 Nobel Prize for Chemistry.In 1980, ___ was a co-recipient of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for breakthroughs in molecular biology that advanced the science of genetic engineering. He formed several companies to capitalize on his discovieries: Biogen Inc. (1978), a biotechnology firm, and Genome Corp. (1987), which is currently mapping the human genetic blueprint.

Svante Pääbo

___ is a Swedish biologist specializing in evolutionary genetics. ___ is known as one of the founders of paleogenetics, a discipline that uses the methods of genetics to study early humans and other ancient populations. In 1997, ___ and colleagues reported their successful sequencing of Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), originating from a specimen found in Feldhofer grotto in the Neander valley.

AceDB, a C. elegans database

___ is a biological database for handling genomic data. It was developed by Richard M. Durbin and Jean Thierry-Mieg in 1989. ___ stands for (2) ___.

A Natural History of Rape: Biological Bases of Sexual Coercion

___ is a book about a biologist and an anthropologist use evolutionary biology to explain the causes and inform the prevention of rape. 2000

NIMBY, Not-in-my-back-yard

___ is a characterization of opposition by residents to a proposed development in their local area. It often carries the connotation that such residents are only opposing the development because it is close to them, and that they would tolerate or support it if it were built farther away. That's ___, as in "___" In the 1980s, the term was popularized by British politician Nicholas Ridley, who was Conservative Secretary of State for the Environment. The ___ acronym has also been used by social scientists since the early 1980s to describe the resistance of communities to the siting of controversial facilities and land use.[20]"

Anti-psychiatry

___ is a movement based on the view that psychiatrictreatment is often more damaging than helpful to patients. It considers psychiatry a coercive instrument of oppression due to an unequal power relationship between doctor and patient and a highly subjective diagnostic process. Cooper coined the term "anti-psychiatry" in 1967, and wrote the book Psychiatry and Anti-psychiatry in 1971

Neurofiction

___ is a new kind of literary experience, created with the support of New Media Scotland. ___ combines: 1. off-the-shelf hardware 2. machine learning 3. and customised prose. Together, these enable stories that change themselves in response to the reader's brain activity. Each reader, each act of reading, is unique: books speak to our individual memories, associations and experiences. Reading is a two-way process, a delicate tango between the reading brain and the text. In neurofiction, the story's effect on the reader's brain - electrical activity of their neurons - is captured using an electroencephalography headset. Using an algorithm that learns what themes and elements engage each reader, our neurofiction engine turns this data into a unique path through the story. The reader can be guided to one of multiple possible endings or allowed to explore a new region of the story space.

23andMe

___ is a privately held personal genomics and biotechnology company based in Mountain View, California. The company is named for the 23 pairs of chromosomes in a normal human cell. Learn how your genetics can influence your risk for certain diseases. Discover where your DNA is from out of 1000+ regions worldwide - and more. ETC

Jeanne Altmann

___ is a professor emerita and Eugene Higgins Professor of ecology and evolutionary biology currently at Princeton University. She is known for her research on the social behaviour of baboons and her contributions to contemporary primate behavioural ecology.

SETI@Home

___ is a scientific experiment, based at UC Berkeley, that uses Internet- connected computers in the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI).Start date: May 17, 1999

Prison, Prison Research

___ is a self-contained environment in which everyone's activity is tightly regulated and monitored, which is why it is used for ___. Simply getting access to a prison can be difficult for researchers. Furthermore, prisoners are regarded as a vulnerable population for research study purposes. The Department of Health and Human Services regulations on human subjects protection designate prisoners, along with other groups such as children and pregnant women, as especially vulnerable. The regulations require additional protections for prisoners. It is critical that the consent form state that a prisoner's participation in research is voluntary and will not affect parole or correctional programming decisions.[1] Research subjects must be told of the potential risks and benefits of their participation, and they must receive enough understandable information to make a voluntary decision. Informed consent and voluntary participation are fundamental ingredients of ethical research. Consequently, researchers who want to conduct prison research face heightened scrutiny from institutional review boards.

Smallpox

___ is a serious infectious disease caused by the variola virus. It was contagious—meaning, it spread from one person to another. People who had ___ had a fever and a distinctive, progressive skin rash. The English physician Edward Jenner demonstrated the effectiveness of cowpox to protect humans from ___ in 1796, after which various attempts were made to eliminate ___ on a regional scale. The U.S. Congress passed the Vaccine Act of 1813 to ensure that safe ___ vaccine would be available to the American public. In 1958 Professor Viktor Zhdanov, Deputy Minister of Health for the USSR, called on the World Health Assembly to undertake a global initiative to eradicate ___.[81] The proposal (Resolution WHA11.54) was accepted in 1959.[81] At this point, 2 million people were dying from ___ every year. n 1967, the World Health Organization intensified the global ___ eradication by contributing $2.4 million annually to the effort. To eradicate ___, each outbreak had to be stopped from spreading, by isolation of cases and vaccination of everyone who lived close by. This process is known as "ring vaccination". The global eradication of ___ was certified, based on intense verification activities in countries, by a commission of eminent scientists on 9 December 1979 and subsequently endorsed by the World Health Assembly on 8 May 1980.

Psychoanalysis

___ is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques related to the study of the unconscious mind, which together form a method of treatment for mental-health disorders.

Evolutionary Psychology

___ is a theoretical approach to psychology that attempts to explain useful mental and psychological traits—such as memory, perception, or language—as adaptations, i.e., as the functional products of natural selection.

Kaposi's Sarcoma

___ is a type of cancer that forms in the lining of blood and lymph vessels. People infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) — the virus that causes AIDS — have the highest risk of ___.

The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

___ is a weekly epidemiological digest for the United States published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It is the main vehicle for publishing public health information and recommendations that have been received by the CDC from state health departments.

Epidemic

___ is a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.

Paul Berg

___ is an American biochemist and professor emeritus at Stanford University. He was the recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980, along with Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger. He and colleagues succeeded in developing a general way to join two DNAs together in vitro; in this case, a set of three genes responsible for metabolizing galactose in the bacterium E. coli was inserted into the SV40 DNA genome. That work led to the emergence of the recombinant DNA technology thereby providing a major tool for analyzing mammalian gene structure and function and formed the basis for me receiving the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Robert Gallo

___ is an American biomedical researcher. He is best known for his role in the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the infectious agent responsible for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and in the development of the HIV blood test, and he has been a major contributor to subsequent HIV research.

Craig Venter

___ is an American biotechnologist, biochemist, geneticist, and businessman. He is known for being involved with the sequence of the human genome and assembled the first team to transfect a cell with a synthetic chromosome.

Marc Hauser

___ is an American evolutionary biologist and a researcher in primate behavior, animal cognition and human behavior found guilty of fabricated and falsified data. ___ was a Harvard University professor from 1998 to 2011, when he resigned after being found guilty for research misconduct."

Robert Trivers

___ is an American evolutionary biologist and sociobiologist. ___ proposed the theories of reciprocal altruism (1971), parental investment (1972), facultative sex ratiodetermination (1973), and parent-offspring conflict (1974). He has also contributed by explaining self-deception as an adaptive evolutionary strategy (first described in 1976) and discussing intragenomic conflict. reciprocal altruism is a behaviour whereby an organism acts in a manner that temporarily reduces its fitness while increasing another organism's fitness, with the expectation that the other organism will act in a similar manner at a later time.

Richard Lewontin

___ is an American evolutionary biologist, mathematician, geneticist, and social commentator. Along with others, such as Gould, ___ has been a persistent critic of some themes in neo-Darwinism. Specifically, he has criticised proponents of sociobiology and evolutionary psychology such as Edward O. Wilson and Richard Dawkins, who attempt to explain animal behaviour and social structures in terms of evolutionary advantage or strategy. He and others criticize this approach when applied to humans, as he sees it as genetic determinism. In his writing, ___ suggests a more nuanced view of evolution is needed, which requires a more careful understanding of the context of the whole organism as well as the environment

Dennis Meadows

___ is an American scientist and Emeritus Professor of Systems Management, and former director of the Institute for Policy and Social Science Research at the University of New Hampshire. He is President of the Laboratory for Interactive Learning and widely known as a coauthor of The Limits to Growth.

Frederick Sanger

___ is an English biochemist who was twice the recipient of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry. He was awarded the prize in 1958 for his determination of the structure of the insulin molecule. He shared the prize (with Paul Berg and Walter Gilbert) in 1980 for his determination of base sequences in nucleic acids.

Truvada, 2004

___ is an HIV antiviral - it can treat HIV infection and reduce the risk of HIV infection. It doesn't cure HIV or AIDS, but combinations of drugs that treat HIV infection may slow the disease progress and prolong life." [[As part of a comprehensive treatment approach known as Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART), Truvada is commonly used in combination with other anti-retrovirals to treat HIV patients.]] Approved 2004

AZT, 1987

___ is an HIV antiviral - it can treat HIV infection, which causes AIDS. It can also be used during childbirth to keep the mother from passing HIV to her baby. This medication does not cure HIV or AIDS, but may slow the progress of the disease and prolong life." approved ___. truly bad and corrupt science surrounding promoting ___ as a treatment for the syndrome of diseases. unearthed hard evidence of the cold-bloodedness of the AIDS establishment pushing a drug that was worse than the disease, and killed faster than the natural progression of AIDS left untreated.

Restriction Enzyme

___ is an enzyme produced chiefly by certain bacteria, having the property of cleaving DNA molecules at or near a specific sequence of bases.

Venereal Disease

___ is any infection transmitted through sexual contact, caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites.

Junk DNA

___ is genomic DNA that does not encode proteins, and whose function, if it has one, is not well understood. In 1972 the late geneticist Susumu Ohno coined the term "___" to describe all noncoding sections of a genome, most of which consist of repeated segments scattered randomly throughout the genome.

Neurofixity

___ is the Opposite of Neuroplasticity. as of 2010: We recently discussed how the term 'neuroplasticity' is widely used as if it were a precise scientific concept, when, in fact, it is virtually meaningless on its own. Several commenters suggested that while not scientifically meaningful, it serves as a useful reminder that we no longer think the brain is 'fixed' as we did 'about 20 years ago'.

HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy

___ is the acronym for "___," a term coined in the late 1990s to describe the effectiveness of combination drug therapies used to treat HIV. ___ has been in use since 1996 and has changed what was once a fatal diagnosis into a chronically managed disease.1 ex. Truvada - 2004

Clinical equipoise

___ is the assumption that there is not one 'better' intervention present (for either the control or experimental group) during the design of a randomized controlled trial (RCT). A true state of ___ exists when one has no good basis for a choice between two or more care options.

Neuroplasticity

___ is the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life. ___ allows the neurons (nerve cells) in the brain to compensate for injury and disease and to adjust their activities in response to new situations or to changes in their environment. Until around the 1970s, neuroscientists believed that the brain's structure and function was essentially fixed throughout adulthood. In 2011, Eleanor Maguire documented changes in hippocampal structure associated with acquiring the knowledge of London's layout in local taxi drivers.[96][97][98] A redistribution of grey matter was indicated in London Taxi Drivers compared to controls. This work on hippocampal plasticity not only interested scientists, but also engaged the public and media worldwide.

Genomics

___ is the branch of molecular biology concerned with the structure, function, evolution, and mapping of genomes.

Primatology

___ is the branch of zoology that deals with primates.

Genome

___ is the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism

Pharma

___ is the nickname for the pharmaceutical industry [that] discovers, develops, produces, and markets drugs or pharmaceutical drugs for use as medications to be administered to patients to cure them, vaccinate them, or alleviate a symptom. Pharmaceutical companies may deal in generic or brand medications and medical devices.

Genetic Code

___ is the nucleotide triplets of DNA and RNA molecules that carry genetic information in living cells. The Crick, Brenner, Barnett and Watts-Tobin experiment first demonstrated that codons consist of three DNA bases. Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich J. Matthaei were the first to reveal the nature of a codon in 1961.

Cloning

___ is the process of producing genetically identical individuals of an organism either naturally or artificially. In nature, many organisms produce clones through asexual reproduction. ___ in biotechnology refers to the process of creating clones of organisms or copies of cells or DNA fragments.

sociobiology

___ is the scientific study of the biological (especially ecological and evolutionary) aspects of social behavior in animals and humans.

Psychopharmacology

___ is the scientific study of the effects drugs have on mood, sensation, thinking, and behavior. It is distinguished from neuropsychopharmacology, which emphasizes the correlation between drug-induced changes in the functioning of cells in the nervous system and changes in consciousness and behavior. The term "psychopharmacology" was probably first coined by David Macht in 1920.

Ethology

___ is the study of behavior and social organization from a biological perspective. Animal Behaviour, Animal Welfare, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Animal Cognition, Behaviour, Behavioral Ecology and Journal of Ethology. Early 70s began.

Epigenetics, epi

___ is the study of heritable phenotype changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence. The Greek prefix (2) ___- in ___ implies features that are "on top of" or "in addition to" the traditional genetic basis for inheritance

Cognitive Psychology

___ is the study of mental processes such as "attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and thinking"

Bioethics

___ is the study of the ethical issues emerging from advances in biology and medicine. It is also moral discernment as it relates to medical policy and practice.One of the first areas addressed by modern ___ists was that of human experimentation. The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research was initially established in 1974 to identify the basic ethical principles that should underlie the conduct of biomedical and behavioral research involving human subjects. However, the fundamental principles announced in the Belmont Report (1979)—namely, respect for persons, beneficence and justice—have influenced the thinking of ___ists across a wide range of issues. Others have added non-maleficence, human dignity and the sanctity of life to this list of cardinal values. Overall, the Belmont Report (1979) has guided research in a direction focused on protecting vulnerable subjects as well as pushing for transparency between the researcher and the subject. Research has flourished within the past 40 years and due to the advance in technology, it is thought that human subjects have outgrown the Belmont Report (1979) and the need for revision is desired.[8]

Underground

___ nuclear testing is the test detonation of nuclear weapons that is performed ___. When the device being tested is buried at sufficient depth, the explosion may be contained, with no release of radioactive materials to the atmosphere. The first underground nuclear test was conducted on 29 November 1951

Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Blood-oxygen-level dependent imaging, BOLD

___ or functional MRI (FMRI) measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow.[1][2] This technique relies on the fact that cerebral blood flow and neuronal activation are coupled. When an area of the brain is in use, blood flow to that region also increases ___ or BOLD -contrast imaging, is a method used in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to observe different areas of the brain or other organs, which are found to be active at any given time. BOLD is the MRI contrast of dHb, discovered in 1990 by Ogawa. Three studies in 1992 were the first to explore using the BOLD contrast in humans.

Neurophilosophy

___ or philosophy of neuroscience is the interdisciplinary study of neuroscience and philosophy that explores the relevance of neuroscientific studies to the arguments traditionally categorized as philosophy of mind. Many of the methods and techniques central to neuroscientific discovery rely on assumptions that can limit the interpretation of the data. Philosophers of neuroscience have discussed such assumptions in the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging,[6][7] dissociation in cognitive neuropsychology,[8][9] single unit recording,[10] and computational neuroscience.

Pneumocystis carinii, PCP

___ pneumonia (___) is a life-threatening lung infection that can affect people with weakened immune systems, such as those infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.

The Recombinant Era, 1970

___ refers to the the 25 years since Herb Boyer, Stanley Choen, Paul Berg, and others discovered Recombinant DNA technology (in 1972), an explosion of new techniques have been developed that enable scientists to easily combine genes from different sources - bacteria and humans, for instance - in test tubes. ___-present

Nuclear data

___ represents measured (or evaluated) probabilities of various physical interactions involving the nuclei of atoms.

Surgeon General's Order 1966

___ stated: Here it resolved that the National Advisory Health Council believes t h a t Public Health Service support of clinical research and investigation involving human beings should be provided only if the judgment of the investigator is subject to prior review by his institutional associates to assure an independent determination of the protection of the rights and welfare of the individual or individuals involved, of the appropriateness of the methods used to [[[secure informed consent]]], and of the risks and potential medical benefits of the investigation.No new, renewal, or continuation research or research training grant in support of clinical research and investiga- tion involving human beings shall be awarded by the Public Health Service unless the grantee has indicated in the application the manner in which the grantee institu- tion will provide prior review of the judgment of the principal investigator or program director by a committee of his institutional associates. This review should assure an independent determination: (1) of the rights and wel- fare of the individual or individuals involved, (2) of the appropriateness of the methods used to secure informed consent, and (3) of the risks and potential medical benefits of the investigation. A description of the committee of the associates who will provide the review shall be in- cluded in the application.

Opposition

___ to HGP: AS the human genome project drives steadily forward, the vast new effort to delineate all three billion chemical building blocks of humanity's genetic makeup is arousing alarm, derision and outright fury among an increasingly activist segment of the biomedical community. The critics argue that the human genome project has been sold on hype and glitter, rather than its scientific merits, and that it will drain talent, money and life from smaller, worthier biomedical efforts.

Michel Foucault

___ was a French philosopher, historian of ideas, social theorist, and literary critic. Foucault's theories primarily address the relationship between power and knowledge, and how they are used as a form of social control through societal institutions. ___'s 'technologies of the self'. ___ described how since antiquity people had used techniques such as reading manuscripts, listening to teachers, or saying prayers to 'act on their selves' and control their own thoughts and behaviours. Different techniques, Foucault stated, are based on different precepts and constitute different selves. I follow Foucault by stating that using a brain device for self-improvement indeed constitutes a new self. Drawing on interviews with users of brain devices and observations of the practices in brain clinics, I analyse how a new self takes shape in the use of brain devices; not a monistic (neuroscientific) self, but a 'layered' self of all kinds of entities that exchange and control each other continuously.

Thomas Szasz

___ was a Hungarian-American academic, psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. ___ maintained throughout his career that he was not anti-psychiatry but was rather anti-coercive psychiatry. His books The Myth of Mental Illness (1961) and The Manufacture of Madness (1970) set out some of the arguments most associated with him.

Rock Hudson

___ was an American actor, generally known for his turns as a leading man during the 1950s and 1960s. Viewed as a prominent "heartthrob" of the Hollywood Golden Age, he achieved stardom. Unknown to the public, ___ was diagnosed with HIV on June 5, 1984, just three years after the emergence of the first cluster of symptomatic patients in the U.S., and only one year after the initial identification by scientists of the HIV virus that causes AIDS. Over the next several months, ___ kept his illness a secret and continued to work while, at the same time, traveling to France and other countries seeking a cure—or at least treatment to slow the progress of the disease. He was among the first mainstream celebrities to have been diagnosed with the disease. The disclosure of ___'s AIDS diagnosis provoked widespread public discussion of his homosexual identity.

Charles Sibley (worked with Jon Ahlquist)

___ was an American ornithologist and molecular biologist. (1984, 1987) presented the results of a study of 514 DNA-DNA hybrids among the hominoids and Old World monkeys (Cercopithecidae). They concluded that the branching order of the living hominoid lineages, from oldest to most recent, was gibbons, orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzees, and human.

Stephen Jay Gould

___ was an American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science. He was also one of the most influential and widely read authors of popular science of his generation. In evolutionary theory he //opposed// sociobiology as applied to humans and evolutionary psychology.

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

___ was an infamous and unethical clinical study conducted between 1932 and 1972 by the U.S. Public Health Service. The purpose of this study was to observe the natural history of untreated syphilis; the African-American men in the study were told they were receiving free health care from the United States government.[3] The 40-year study was controversial for reasons related to ethical standards. Researchers knowingly failed to treat patients appropriately after the 1940s validation of penicillin was found as an effective cure for the disease that they were studying. The revelation in 1972 of study failures by a whistleblower, Peter Buxtun, led to major changes in U.S. law and regulation on the protection of participants in clinical studies. Now studies require informed consent,[4] communication of diagnosis, and accurate reporting of test results

Myriad Genetics

___ was founded in 1991, 10 years before the human genome was sequenced, making ___ one of the first genomics companies in history. Today, ___ is the pioneer and leader in molecular diagnostics, offering innovative products that transform patients' lives. These products include leading molecular diagnostic tests for hereditary cancer, urological cancer, autoimmune disorders, depression and other diseases. We are excited about the future and remain committed to advancing the science of personalized medicine as we develop more products to address unmet medical needs.

Jay Wright Forrester

___ was the founder of system dynamics, which deals with the simulation of interactions between objects in dynamic systems. He later met with the Club of Rome to discuss issues surrounding global sustainability; the book World Dynamics followed. World Dynamics took on modeling the complex interactions of the world economy, population and ecology, which was controversial (see also Donella Meadows and Limits to Growth). It was the start of the field of global modeling.[3]

Competition

___ with HGP: In 1998, Craig Venter, founder of the Institute for Genomic Research in Maryland, USA, announced that he had formed a new private company (later to become Celera Genomics) to take on the task of sequencing? the human genome?. This, unsurprisingly, sparked off a rivalry with the team running the Human Genome Project? and a race to be the first to sequence the human genome. Some people think that it was because of the competition from Celera Genomics that the public effort to sequence the human genome accelerated. However, many disagree, thinking the Human Genome Project always had the drive and dedication needed to finish ahead of schedule and under budget.

Deinstitutionalization

___ works in two ways. The first focuses on reducing the population size of mental institutions by releasing patients, shortening stays, and reducing both admissions and readmission rates. The second focuses on reforming psychiatric care to reduce (or avoid encouraging) feelings of dependency, hopelessness and other behaviors that make it hard for patients to adjust to a life outside of care. - 20th century

CCR5-∆32

___ Δ32 is a 32-base-pair deletion that introduces a premature stop codon into the ___ receptor locus, resulting in a nonfunctional receptor.[34][35] ___ is required for M-tropic HIV-1 virus entry. Enrollment of HIV-positive patients in a clinical trial was started in 2009 in which the patients' cells were genetically modified with a zinc finger nuclease to carry the CCR5-Δ32 trait and then reintroduced into the body as a potential HIV treatment.[69][70] Results reported in 2014 were promising

Institutional Review Boards, IRBs

___(___) began in 1974 when the National Research Act was signed into law, the Act created the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. An ___, also known as an independent ethics committee, ethical review board, or research ethics board, is a type of committee that applies research ethics by reviewing the methods proposed for research to ensure that they are ethical. A key goal of ___ is to protect human subjects from physical or psychological harm, which they attempt to do by reviewing research protocols and related materials. The protocol review assesses the ethics of the research and its methods, promotes fully informed and voluntary participation by prospective subjects capable of making such choices (or, if that is not possible, informed permission given by a suitable proxy), and seeks to maximize the safety of subjects.

Peter Singer

___, AC is an Australian moral philosopher. He is the Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics at Princeton University, and a Laureate Professor at the Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics at the University of Melbourne. Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals is a 1975 book by Australian philosopher ___. He popularised the term "speciesism", which had been coined by English writer Richard D. Ryder to describe the practice of privileging humans over other animals, and therefore argues in favour of the equal consideration of interests of all sentient beings.[30] In Animal Liberation, ___ argues in favour of veganism and against animal experimentation. ___ describes himself as a flexible vegan. He writes, "That is, I'm vegan when it's not too difficult to be vegan, but I'm not rigid about this, if I'm traveling for example." He popularized the term "speciesism" in the book, which had been coined by Richard D. Ryder to describe the exploitative treatment of animals.

Richard Dawkins

___, FRS FRSL is an English ethologist, evolutionary biologist, and author. He is an emeritus fellow of New College, Oxford, and was the University of Oxford's Professor for Public Understanding of Science from 1995 until 2008. ___ has expressed concern about the growth of human population and about the matter of overpopulation.[151] In The Selfish Gene, he briefly mentions population growth, giving the example of Latin America, whose population, at the time the book was written, was doubling every 40 years. He is critical of Roman Catholic attitudes to family planning and population control, stating that leaders who forbid contraception and "express a preference for 'natural' methods of population limitation" will get just such a method in the form of starvation

William Hamilton

___, FRS was an English evolutionary biologist, widely recognised as one of the most significant evolutionary theorists of the 20th century. ___ became famous through his theoretical work expounding a rigorous genetic basis for the existence of altruism, an insight that was a key part of the development of a gene-centric view of evolution. 1936-2000

Genentech

___, Inc., is a biotechnology corporation which became a subsidiary of Roche in 2009. ___ Research and Early Development operates as an independent center within Roche. As of September 2017, ___ employed 15,064 people.

Jane Goodall

___, is an English primatologist and anthropologist. Considered to be the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees, ___ is best known for her over 55-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees since she first went to Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania in 1960.[4] She is the founder of the ___ Instituteand the Roots & Shoots programme, and she has worked extensively on conservation and animal welfare issues. She has served on the board of the Nonhuman Rights Project since its founding in 1996.[5][6] In April 2002, she was named a UN Messenger of Peace.

Neurosurgery

___, is the medical specialty concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, surgical treatment, and rehabilitation of disorders which affect any portion of the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and extra-cranial cerebrovascular system. There was not much advancement in neurosurgery until late 19th early 20th century, when electrodes were placed on the brain and superficial tumors were removed. ___, or the premeditated incision into the head for pain relief, has been around for thousands of years, but notable advancements in ___ have only come within the last hundred years.

Polio, poliomyelitis, poliovirus

___, or ___, is a crippling and potentially deadly infectious disease. It is caused by the (3)___. The virus spreads from person to person and can invade an infected person's brain and spinal cord, causing paralysis (can't move parts of the body). ___ is easily preventable by the ___ vaccine. The ___ vaccine began to be widely used in 1955.

(Pharma:) Overseas

___-based online pharmacies: a source of supply for illicit drug users? Americans pay anywhere from two to six times more than the rest of the world for brand name prescription drugs. American consumers often wonder whether it's okay to purchase a prescription drug from an ___ pharmacy and bring it back to the United States. The rationale for doing so is clear, particularly at a time when healthcare costs are skyrocketing in the U.S.

Patient Rights/(a) Patient's Bill of Rights

___/___ is a list of guarantees for those receiving medical care. It may take the form of a law or a non-binding declaration. Typically ___ guarantees patients information, fair treatment, and autonomy over medical decisions, among other rights. Some ___ are guaranteed by federal law, such as the right to get a copy of your medical records, and the right to keep them private. Many states have additional laws protecting patients, and health care facilities often have ___.

African AIDS

___: "East and Southern Africa is the region most affected by HIV in the world and is home to the largest number of people living with HIV. The HIV epidemic in this region is generalised but young women, men who have sex with men, transgender people, sex workers, prisoners and people who inject drugs are at an increased vulnerability to infection. Improved availability of provider-initiated and community-based HIV testing services now means three out of four people living with HIV are aware of their status. The number of people living with HIV in East and Southern Africa continues to increase, but access to antiretroviral treatment is increasing as well. Although laws and cultural traditions vary between Eastern and Southern African countries, there are a number of ingrained cultural, structural and legal barriers that act as barriers to HIV prevention."

Critical Neuroscience

___: A Handbook of the Social and Cultural Contexts of Neuroscience brings together multi-disciplinary scholars from around the world to explore key social, historical and philosophical studies of neuroscience, and to analyze the socio-cultural implications of recent advances in the field.Originally published: August 31, 2011.

Animal Liberation

___: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals is a 1975 book by Australian philosopher Peter Singer. It is widely considered within the animal liberation movement to be the founding philosophical statement of its ideas.The central argument of the book is an expansion of the utilitarian concept that "the greatest good of the greatest number" is the only measure of good or ethical behaviour, and Singer believes that there is no reason not to apply this principle to other animals, arguing that the boundary between human and "animal" is completely arbitrary.

Institute, WV (1985)

___: A giant cloud of gas derived from the chemical that killed thousands last year in Bhopal, India, escaped Sunday from Union Carbide's plant here, injuring six employees and causing almost 200 nearby residents to seek medical treatment for respiratory and skin irritation. Union Carbide blamed the leak of aldicarb oxime, the main ingredient in the popular farm pesticide Temik, on a valve failure after a buildup of pressure in a storage tank containing 500 pounds of the chemical. Carbide spokesman Dick Henderson called the chemical an "eye and lung irritant."

Primatology and "Decolonization"

___: African areas decolonized actually made it easier for western scientists to come and study bc they did not have to interact w colonial powers, they just paid africans and went

Anti-Sociobiology

___: Beginning with Darwin's theories of natural selection 125 years ago, new biological and genetic information has played a significant role in the development of social and political policy. From Herbert Spencer, who coined the phrase "survival of the fittest," to Konrad Lorenz, Robert Ardrey, and now E. O. Wilson, we have seen proclaimed the primacy of natural selection in determining most important characteristics of human behavior. These theories have resulted in a deterministic view of human societies and human action. Another form of this "biological determinism" appears in the claim that genetic theory and data can explain the origin of certain social problems, e.g., the suggestion by eugenicists such as Davenport in the early twentieth century that a host of examples of "deviant" behavior—criminality, alcoholism, etc.—are genetically based; or the more recent claims for a genetic basis of racial differences in intelligence by Arthur Jensen, William Shockley and others. Each time these ideas have resurfaced the claim has been made that they were based on new scientific information. Yet each time, even though strong scientific arguments have been presented to show the absurdity of these theories, they have not died. The reason for the survival of these recurrent determinist theories is that they consistently tend to provide a genetic justification of the status quo and of existing privileges for certain groups according to class, race or sex. Historically, powerful countries or ruling groups within them have drawn support for the maintenance or extension of their power from these products of the scientific community. The latest attempt to reinvigorate these tired theories comes with the alleged creation of a new discipline, sociobiology. This past summer we have been treated to a wave of publicity and laudatory reviews of E. O. Wilson's book, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, including that of C. H. Waddington [NYR, August 7]. The praise included a front page New York Times article which contained the following statement Sociobiology carries with it the revolutionary implication that much of man's behavior toward his fellows...may be as much a product of evolution as is the structure of the hand or the size of the brain. [New York Times, May 28]

The Bell Curve

___: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life is a 1994 book by psychologist Richard J. Herrnstein and political scientist Charles Murray, in which the authors argue that human intelligence is substantially influenced by both inherited and environmental factors and that it is a better predictor of many personal dynamics, including financial income, job performance, birth out of wedlock, and involvement in crime than are an individual's parental socioeconomic status. They also argue that those with high intelligence, the "cognitive elite", are becoming separated from those of average and below-average intelligence. The book was controversial, especially where the authors wrote about racial differences in intelligence and discussed the implications of those differences.

Thabo Mbeki

___: Many of our family members, friends and comrades died while ___'s government dragged its feet and indulged pseudo-scientific nonsense. Yet, neither in his letter, nor in any other forum that we are aware of, has ___ apologised or showed any remorse or acknowledgement of his role in the over 300 000 avoidable Aids deaths in South Africa. Instead, he has chosen to repeat many of the flawed arguments he used in the early 2000s. "What I said is that 'a virus cannot cause a syndrome" - M // TAC said ___ was simply wrong. "A virus can cause a syndrome and it has long ago been proven that HIV causes Aids. His word games in this regard are a cowardly form of confuscation.

And the Band Played On

___: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic is a 1987 book by San Francisco Chroniclejournalist Randy Shilts. The book chronicles the discovery and spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) with a special emphasis on government indifference and political infighting—specifically in the United States—to what was then perceived as a specifically gay disease. Shilts' premise is that AIDS was allowed to happen: while the disease is caused by a biological agent, incompetence and apathy toward those initially affected allowed its spread to become much worse.

AEC Plutonium Experiments

___: The records made clear that since the 1940s the Atomic Energy Commission had been sponsoring tests on the effects of radiation on the human body. American citizens who had checked into hospitals for a variety of ailments were secretly injected with varying amounts of plutonium and other radioactive materials without their knowledge. Most patients thought it was "just another injection," but the secret studies left enough radioactive material in many of the patients' bodies to induce life-threatening conditions. Such experiments were not limited to hospital patients, but included other populations such as those set out above, e.g., orphans fed irradiated milk, children injected with radioactive materials, prisoners in Washington and Oregon state prisons. Much of the experimentation was carried out in order to assess how the human body metabolizes radioactive materials, information that could be used by the Departments of Energy and Defense in Cold War defense/attack planning. Dr. Joseph G. Hamilton was the primary researcher for the human plutonium experiments done at U.C. San Francisco from 1944 to 1947

Infanticide Controversy

___: ___ in the natural world might be a relatively rare event, but as Amanda Rees shows, it has enormously significant consequences. Identified in the 1960s as a phenomenon worthy of investigation, ___ had, by the 1970s, become the focus of serious controversy. The suggestion, by Sarah Hrdy, that it might be the outcome of an evolved strategy intended to maximize an individual's reproductive success sparked furious disputes between scientists, disagreements that have continued down to the present day.

Altruism, Problem of Altruism

___: a behavior that benefits another (the recipient) at a cost to oneself (the actor). According to evolutionary theory, altruism shouldn't exist. ... Selfless actors aren't rewarded with extra offspring—instead, ___ often comes with a penalty. This is the ___.

Problem of Controls

___: in US prices real high BUT studies indicate that price controls, by cutting the return that pharmaceutical companies receive on the sale of their drugs, also would reduce the number of new drugs being brought to the market.

Recruitment

____ for clinical trials: Clinical trial sponsors and investigators continue to face difficulties meeting recruitment goals, and the challenges appear to be increasing. so they end up recruiting poor, disadvantaged people and taking advantage of them.

Sarah Blaffer Hrdy

____ is an American anthropologist and primatologist who has made several major contributions to evolutionary psychology and sociobiology. She has been selected as one of the 21 Leaders in Animal Behavior. ___'s third book came out in 1981: The Woman That Never Evolved.

Regulation in DNA

____ occurs at the transcriptional level involves proteins that bind to DNA and either enhance or repress transcription. This form of ___ controls the amount of a protein that's made. DNA-binding proteins, as their name suggests, are proteins that interact with DNA.

Neurofixity, Neuroplasticity

____ vs ____. Plasticity in the brain is important for learning and memory, and allows us to respond to changes in the environment. Furthermore, long periods of stress can lead to structural and excitatory changes associated with anxiety and depression that can be reversed by pharmacological treatment. Drugs of abuse can also cause long-lasting changes in reward-related circuits, resulting in addiction. Each of these forms of long-term plasticity in the brain requires changes in gene expression.

Bioinformatics

___is the science of collecting and analyzing complex biological data such as genetic codes. Historically, the term bioinformatics did not mean what it means today. Paulien Hogeweg and Ben Hesper coined it in 1970 to refer to the study of information processes in biotic systems. Computers became essential in molecular biology when protein sequences became available after Frederick Sanger determined the sequence of insulin in the early 1950s. Comparing multiple sequences manually turned out to be impractical. A pioneer in the field was Margaret Oakley Dayhoff.[12] She compiled one of the first protein sequence databases, initially published as books[13] and pioneered methods of sequence alignment and molecular evolution.[14] Another early contributor to bioinformatics was Elvin A. Kabat, who pioneered biological sequence analysis in 1970 with his comprehensive volumes of antibody sequences released with Tai Te Wu between 1980 and 1991.

Celera

established in May 1998 with Dr. J. Craig Venter. ___ sequenced the human genome at a fraction of the cost of the public project, approximately $3 billion of taxpayer dollars versus about $300 million of private funding. However, a significant portion of the human genome had already been sequenced when ___ entered the field, and thus ___ did not incur any costs with obtaining the existing data, which was freely available to the public from GenBank. ___'s use of the shotgun strategy spurred the public HGP to change its own strategy, leading to a rapid acceleration of the public effort.