life science test 1

describe a water-soluble vitamin

A vitamin circulating through the body and excreted in the urine if there is an excess

characteristics of the plasma membrane

All living cells have an intact plasma membrane that separates the internal cellular components of the cell from its external environment. The selective permeability of a phospholipid bilayer membrane is also altered based on the presence of proteins embedded in the membrane. The plasma membrane is able to regulate the movement of materials in and out of the cell because of its composition.

two ingredients that contribute to the effectiveness of an energy blend.

B-vitamins, caffeine

describe how caffeine influences energy reactions in the body

Caffeine stimulates some metabolic pathways while blocking others with the overall result of increased energy production.

claims made by manufacturers of energy drinks

Designed to give "energy boost" Fights fatigue Ingredients are natural

what events occur during glycolysis

Glucose molecules are split into two pyruvate molecules, resulting in a net production of two ATP molecules and two NADH molecules.

The stages involved in the breakdown of organic nutrients into energy

Glycolysis The preparatory reactions The citric acid cycle The electron transport chain

correct sequence of events in cellular respiration

Glycolysis → preparatory reaction → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

The correct order of stages in the process of cellular respiration

Glycolysis, prep reactions, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

The component of the plasma membrane that helps with the identification of other cells and with the immune system

Glycoproteins

describe the events that occur during electron transport chain

High energy electron carriers are used to pump hydrogen ions across the membranes in the mitochondria, creating a gradient that is then used to regenerate ATP molecules. Water is also formed.

The ways in which caffeine influences the energy reactions of the body

It increases metabolic rates. It causes the brain to produce hormones that result in the release of fatty acid chains from adipose tissue. Blood glucose levels are increased

The organelles found within animal cells that are involved in nutrient processing, including bringing nutrients into cells, breaking them down, and converting them into usable energy

Lysosomes Mitochondria Plasma membrane

The organelles found within animal cells that are involved in nutrient processing (including bringing nutrients into cells, breaking them down, and converting them into usable energy) are

Lysosomes Plasma membrane Mitochondria

correct regarding a mitochondrion

Powerhouse of the cell Only organelle to use oxygen Energy is released when C-C bonds of nutrients are broken Converts pyruvate or acetyle CoA to CO2

the key feature of glycolysis

Splitting glucose into two pyruvates

what's required for facilitated diffusion to take place

The materials flow through protein carriers or channels into or out of the cell. The movement of materials is down its concentration gradient.

components of the plasma membrane that are responsible for its semi-permeable nature

The variety of transport proteins that are embedded within it. Bilayer of phospholipids, with their hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

At the end of the citric acid cycle, the fate of the carbon atoms from the original glucose molecule is

They are released as four molecules of carbon dioxide gas.

What property of phospholipids makes them suitable for the formation of the double layer found in membranes?

They have both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic end.

describe the purpose of the preparatory reaction

They modify pyruvate molecules into a form that can enter the citric acid cycle to be broken down completely.

describe the events that occur during the citric acid cycle

Two acetyl CoA molecules enter a cyclic reaction that breaks all remaining C-C bonds, resulting in carbon dioxide production, ATP production, and the production of the high energy electron carriers.

describe the events that occur during the preparatory reactions

Two pyruvate molecules are modified into two molecules of acetyl CoA.

Which vitamins are fat-soluble?

Vitamin A, D, & E

Which vitamins are water-soluble?

Vitamin B & C

The movement of materials into or out of the cell with the expenditure of energy

active transport

What is the name of the natural chemical compound, produced by plants like coffee and tea, that is both water-soluble and fat-soluble?

caffeine

phospholipids

composed of hydrophilic phosphate heads and hydrophobic fatty acid tails, make up the bulk of the membrane

caffeine and how it influences physiological processes

considered to be a psychoactive drug because it creates changes in brain function increases metabolic rate. increases energy generated by cellular respiration pathways by increasing metabolic rates.

The passive movement of materials from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration is called

diffusion

The largest number of ATP molecules is produced in which phase of cellular respiration?

electron transport chain

Cells that contain membrane-bound organelles and a true nucleus are called

eukaryotic

The body is not able to absorb all of the B vitamins found in energy drinks, so the excess is

excreted in the urine

what process is responsible for moving bulk cellular wastes across the cell membrane?

exocytosis

The movement of materials down their concentration gradient into cells through the use of special carrier or channel proteins is

facilitated diffusion

what is a passive mechanism used to move materials into and out of the cell?

facilitated diffusion

inputs of cellular respiration.

glucose, oxygen

The stage of cellular respiration where glucose molecules are initially broken down is

glycolysis

cholesterol

lipids that regulate the fluid nature of the membrane

Diffusion is a passive process because

materials move down their concentration gradient, there is no expenditure of energy.

The organelle within a cell that is responsible for converting carbohydrates into usable energy, releasing carbon dioxide and water, is called the

mitochondria

organelles directly involved in nutrient processing within cells

mitochondria and lysosomes

the final electron acceptor during the electron transport chain is ______ and it accepts 2 hydrogen ions to form ______

oxygen, water

The movement of materials into or out of a cell without any energy expenditure is called

passive transport

The methods of transport that involve the movement of materials without any expenditure of energy

passive transport osmosis facilitated diffusion

what cell types are eukaryotic?

plant, fungal, animal

characteristics of energy drinks

promoted to enhance energy levels and mental awareness. act as a dietary supplement for nutrients that are known to interact with energy pathways of the cells in a human body

glycoproteins

proteins with attached carbohydrate chains, help with communication between cells

The plasma membrane is _____, meaning it allows some materials to pass, but not other materials.

semi-permeable

proteins

span the membrane to act as channels for molecules to pass through or to signal the interior of the cell

what increases the activity of the central nervous system?

stimulants

Energy drinks do not contain energy. They contain ______Blank that interact with the body's metabolic pathway.

vitamins

Organic molecules that assist enzymes in chemical reactions, act as hormones or antioxidants, or direct organs in their functions are

vitamins

outputs of cellular respiration.

water, energy, co2