Sociology Second Test

What are examples of emerging (or changing) values in America, cited in class?

Enviornmentalism, physical fitness, and diversity

Who is the noted interactionist that devised the dramaturgical approach?

Erving Goffman

What sociological theory claims that positive interpersonal interaction can be an effective way in which to reduce prejudice between group members?

Contact Hypothesis

What is the term for a change in one variable coinciding with a change in another variable?

Correlation

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis states that language is ______________.

Culturally determined

What is the term for learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, etc?

Culture

What is a feeling of disorientation, because the cultural markers that we rely on to help us known how to act have changed?

Culture Shock

What is the term for traits that are found in every known culture?

Culture Universals

What is the type of research that emphasizes going from the general to the specific?

Deductive Reasoning

What is the type of reasoning that logically proceeds from one demonstrable fact to the next?

Deductive reasoning

What is the name of the variable that is treated as the effect or outcome of the independent variable?

Dependent Variable

what is the term for actions or behaviors that violate social norms?

Deviance

What sociological theory compares daily life to the theater and stage?

Dramaturgical Approach

Haile Selassie is considered to be a Christ-like figure to Fastafarians. He is the former emperor of what country?

Ethiopian (?)

There has been a significant decrease in homelessness over the past decade.

False

True or False? According to many studies, teachers tend to be more responsive to girls than boys in the classroom.

False

True or False? Deviance includes formally-enacted rules (e.g., crime), as well as informal violations of social norms (e.g., rejecting folkways and mores).

False

True or False? IN contrast to conflict theory, interactionism is a macro-level theory.

False

True or False? Intervening variables are represented by the symbol I.

False

True or False? Intervening variables are the means by which cause Y produces effect X.

False

True or False? Less than 100,000 Americans are homeless on any given night.

False

True or False? Standards of proper dress are an example of formal norms.

False

True or False? The conflict perspective focuses on the micro-level of society.

False

True or False? The dependent variable is identified as the X variable.

False

True or False? The researcher wants to figure out what causes the independent variable.

False

True or False? Veblen claims that society is split between "the productive" (those who have money) and the "pecuniary" (those who work).

False

True or False? What is considered deviant in one social context is usually considered deviant in all cultures around the world.

False

True or False? Within American society, fighting and killing are always considered deviant behaviors.

False

What is the fastest growing homeless population group in America?

Families with children

Which of the four major sociological perspectives claims that patriarchal society is the basis of social problems?

Feminist

What are four examples of negative sanctions for norms, as cited in class?

Fines, threats, imprisonment, and stares of contempt

What type of norms is the least important in a given culture- which include conventions of behavior such as good etiquette?

Folkways

What type of norms is written down and specifies strict punishment for violators (including laws)?

Formal Norms

Who is the early American pioneer in interactionism that devised the social theory of the self?

George Herbert Mead

Multiculturalism focuses on the ways in which individuals construct their identities based on ____________ membership.

Group

What is the name for the effect on subjects' behavior, which due to the fact that they realize they are being observed?

Hawthorne Effect

What is the term for a society in which men dominate women and justify their domination through devaluation?

Patriarchy

What are five examples of positive sanctions for norms, as cited in class?

Pay raise, medals, smiles, pat on the back, and words of gratitude

What is the term for imitating the lifestyles of the rich and famous?

Pecuniary emulation

What are two common examples of rituals tied to Christianity?

Prayer and Communion

True or False? One example of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis cited in class is the language used to describe sports teams with Native Americans mascots.

True

True or False? Simply because one event follows another does not mean that one causes another.

True

True or False? Social power affects deviance because some groups in society can criminalize the actions of another group by using their influence on legislators.

True

True or False? Sociologists develop a research design for collecting data.

True

True or False? The independent variable is identified as the X variable.

True

True or False? The link between two events may be coincidental rather than causal.

True

True or False? There is a strong taboo in Jamaica against homosexuality.

True

Eminent domain and "gentrification" have triggered greater levels of homelessness.

True (?)

True or False? Mental illness and de-institutionalization are two related social problems that have increased the rate of homelessness.

True (?)

Culturally defined standards of desirability, goodness, and beauty that serve as broad guidelines for social living are _______________.

Values

What is the term for ethical and moral foundations of a culture, including ideas about right and wrong, good and bad?

Values

What is a property of people or objects that can take on two or more values?

Variable

What substance is used by Rastafarianism in their sacred communion ritual?

Weed

Which of the four major sociological perspectives stresses that education indoctrinates children into dominant ideologies.

Conflict

True or False? In tracking, advanced learners are separated from regular learners.

True

True or False? Premarital sex and unwed maternity are very rare in Jamaica

(Still need an answer for)

What are three examples of mores that are found in most cultures, as cited in class?

(Still need an answer for)

What are two examples of folkways that are found in American culture?

(Still need an answer for)

True or False? Mores more important and folkways less important in society.

True

What is the name of the Jamaican Africanized-English dialect?

Argot

Who is the famous Jamaican reggae musician that sang songs such as "Buffalo Soldier" and "Exodus"?

Bob Marley

Through social research sociologists seek to discover cause and effect. What is the term for cause and effect?

Causality

What is the term for when one variable somehow causes another variable to occur?

Causation

True or False? Norms vary in different societies.

True

What sociologist is best known for claiming that reality is socially constructed?

Herbert Blumer

Who coined the term "symbolic interactionism" in 1937?

Herbert Blumer

What is a causal directional statement that involves dependent and independent variables?

Hypothesis

What is the variable that is the presumed cause of the dependent variable?

Independent Variable

What are three examples of three traditional American values, cited in class?

Individualism, acievement, and progress

What is the type of research that emphasizes going from the specific to the general?

Inductive Reasoning

What is the type of research that makes observations prior to devising a theory?

Inductive Reasoning

According to conflict theorists, what is the main source of educational inequality in America?

Inequality of funding of public schools due to property tax.

Which of the four major sociological perspectives describes society as small groups of individuals interaction with one another?

Interactionist

Which of the four major sociological perspectives emphasizes the idea that some students will fail because they are expected to do so?

Interactionist

Which of the four major sociological perspectives focuses on the various ways that people interpret their various cultural symbols such as spoken, written, and non-verbal language.

Interactionist.

What is the term for false associations that exist between two (or more) variables?

Spurious

Who is the most famous conflict theorist in sociology?

Karl Marx

What is the term for a systme of symbols that allow people to communicate with one another?

Language

What are culture-tangible products of human society, everything from armaments to zippers?

Material Culture (?)

What are the six basic elements of culture?

Material Culture, Symbols, language, rituals, values, and norms

What category of norms contains a strong moral significance, but is not as absolute as taboos?

Mores

Routine behaviors to express sense of belonging to a culture are ________.

Norms

True or False? Feminist theory sees the world from the vantage point of women.

True

What is the type of research that focuses on what is seen and heard in the "field" (e.g., observation, participant observation, ethnography)?

Qualitative

What is the type of research that collects and reports data that is measurable ?

Quantitative

What are two examples of taboos that are found in most cultures, as cited in class?

Rape and Murder

What is the name of the Jamaican Afro-Christian movement that was inspired by an Ethiopian emperor?

Rastafarianism

What are eight examples of cultural universals, as cited in class?

Religion, Greetings, sports, cooking, medicine, music, and herbal remedies.

What is a detailed plan or method for obtaining data scientifically?

Research Design

What are routine behaviors that designed to express sense of belonging to a culture?

Rituals

What is the term for penalties and rewards, when it comes to conduct concerning a social norm?

Sanctions

As social scientists, sociologists follow the rules of the __________________ method (using evidence or data)

Scientific

Is the following an example of simple causal explanation or a complex causal chain? HIV positive status (X) is a major cause of homelessness (Y)

Simple causal explanation

The main role of the sociologist is to discover the most important causes and consequences of ____________________ problems

Social

People interacting within a limited territory guided by a common culture is ______________.

Society

What is the largest form of human groups; people sharing a common heritage and culture?

Society

True or False? For decades, Northern Ireland has been highly segregated between Roman Catholics and Protestants.

True

Anything that carries additional meanings beyond itself to others who share in the culture is termed ____________.

Symbols

What is the term for absolute prohibitions in a society?

Taboo

The risk of confirming in oneself a characteristic that is part of a negative overgeneralization about one's group is known as what?

The Sterotype threat

True or False? From the Marxist vantage point, social conflict can lead to positive political reform or revolutionary change.

True

True or False? In a scientific experiment, an experimental group is exposed to independent variable, while a control group is not exposed to an independent Variable.

True

True or False? In contrast to functionalists, conflict theorists emphasize division and coercion.

True

Who was the author of the "Theory of the Leisure Class"?

Thornstein Veblen

True or False? According to conflict theorists, society is held together only by power and coercion.

True

True or False? According to the conflict perspective, every society is plagued by inequality based on social differences among the dominant group and all of the other groups in society.

True

True or False? According to the interactionist perspective, no one is born a delinquent.

True

True or False? According to the social theory of the self, identity is the product of interactions with others.

True

True or False? As many as 2 million experience homelessness per year.

True

True or False? Causal chains often include intervening variables.

True

True or False? Conflict theorists see education as a divider, rather than an equalizer.

True