Sociology Second Test
What are examples of emerging (or changing) values in America, cited in class?
Enviornmentalism, physical fitness, and diversity
Who is the noted interactionist that devised the dramaturgical approach?
Erving Goffman
What sociological theory claims that positive interpersonal interaction can be an effective way in which to reduce prejudice between group members?
Contact Hypothesis
What is the term for a change in one variable coinciding with a change in another variable?
Correlation
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis states that language is ______________.
Culturally determined
What is the term for learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, etc?
Culture
What is a feeling of disorientation, because the cultural markers that we rely on to help us known how to act have changed?
Culture Shock
What is the term for traits that are found in every known culture?
Culture Universals
What is the type of research that emphasizes going from the general to the specific?
Deductive Reasoning
What is the type of reasoning that logically proceeds from one demonstrable fact to the next?
Deductive reasoning
What is the name of the variable that is treated as the effect or outcome of the independent variable?
Dependent Variable
what is the term for actions or behaviors that violate social norms?
Deviance
What sociological theory compares daily life to the theater and stage?
Dramaturgical Approach
Haile Selassie is considered to be a Christ-like figure to Fastafarians. He is the former emperor of what country?
Ethiopian (?)
There has been a significant decrease in homelessness over the past decade.
False
True or False? According to many studies, teachers tend to be more responsive to girls than boys in the classroom.
False
True or False? Deviance includes formally-enacted rules (e.g., crime), as well as informal violations of social norms (e.g., rejecting folkways and mores).
False
True or False? IN contrast to conflict theory, interactionism is a macro-level theory.
False
True or False? Intervening variables are represented by the symbol I.
False
True or False? Intervening variables are the means by which cause Y produces effect X.
False
True or False? Less than 100,000 Americans are homeless on any given night.
False
True or False? Standards of proper dress are an example of formal norms.
False
True or False? The conflict perspective focuses on the micro-level of society.
False
True or False? The dependent variable is identified as the X variable.
False
True or False? The researcher wants to figure out what causes the independent variable.
False
True or False? Veblen claims that society is split between "the productive" (those who have money) and the "pecuniary" (those who work).
False
True or False? What is considered deviant in one social context is usually considered deviant in all cultures around the world.
False
True or False? Within American society, fighting and killing are always considered deviant behaviors.
False
What is the fastest growing homeless population group in America?
Families with children
Which of the four major sociological perspectives claims that patriarchal society is the basis of social problems?
Feminist
What are four examples of negative sanctions for norms, as cited in class?
Fines, threats, imprisonment, and stares of contempt
What type of norms is the least important in a given culture- which include conventions of behavior such as good etiquette?
Folkways
What type of norms is written down and specifies strict punishment for violators (including laws)?
Formal Norms
Who is the early American pioneer in interactionism that devised the social theory of the self?
George Herbert Mead
Multiculturalism focuses on the ways in which individuals construct their identities based on ____________ membership.
Group
What is the name for the effect on subjects' behavior, which due to the fact that they realize they are being observed?
Hawthorne Effect
What is the term for a society in which men dominate women and justify their domination through devaluation?
Patriarchy
What are five examples of positive sanctions for norms, as cited in class?
Pay raise, medals, smiles, pat on the back, and words of gratitude
What is the term for imitating the lifestyles of the rich and famous?
Pecuniary emulation
What are two common examples of rituals tied to Christianity?
Prayer and Communion
True or False? One example of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis cited in class is the language used to describe sports teams with Native Americans mascots.
True
True or False? Simply because one event follows another does not mean that one causes another.
True
True or False? Social power affects deviance because some groups in society can criminalize the actions of another group by using their influence on legislators.
True
True or False? Sociologists develop a research design for collecting data.
True
True or False? The independent variable is identified as the X variable.
True
True or False? The link between two events may be coincidental rather than causal.
True
True or False? There is a strong taboo in Jamaica against homosexuality.
True
Eminent domain and "gentrification" have triggered greater levels of homelessness.
True (?)
True or False? Mental illness and de-institutionalization are two related social problems that have increased the rate of homelessness.
True (?)
Culturally defined standards of desirability, goodness, and beauty that serve as broad guidelines for social living are _______________.
Values
What is the term for ethical and moral foundations of a culture, including ideas about right and wrong, good and bad?
Values
What is a property of people or objects that can take on two or more values?
Variable
What substance is used by Rastafarianism in their sacred communion ritual?
Weed
Which of the four major sociological perspectives stresses that education indoctrinates children into dominant ideologies.
Conflict
True or False? In tracking, advanced learners are separated from regular learners.
True
True or False? Premarital sex and unwed maternity are very rare in Jamaica
(Still need an answer for)
What are three examples of mores that are found in most cultures, as cited in class?
(Still need an answer for)
What are two examples of folkways that are found in American culture?
(Still need an answer for)
True or False? Mores more important and folkways less important in society.
True
What is the name of the Jamaican Africanized-English dialect?
Argot
Who is the famous Jamaican reggae musician that sang songs such as "Buffalo Soldier" and "Exodus"?
Bob Marley
Through social research sociologists seek to discover cause and effect. What is the term for cause and effect?
Causality
What is the term for when one variable somehow causes another variable to occur?
Causation
True or False? Norms vary in different societies.
True
What sociologist is best known for claiming that reality is socially constructed?
Herbert Blumer
Who coined the term "symbolic interactionism" in 1937?
Herbert Blumer
What is a causal directional statement that involves dependent and independent variables?
Hypothesis
What is the variable that is the presumed cause of the dependent variable?
Independent Variable
What are three examples of three traditional American values, cited in class?
Individualism, acievement, and progress
What is the type of research that emphasizes going from the specific to the general?
Inductive Reasoning
What is the type of research that makes observations prior to devising a theory?
Inductive Reasoning
According to conflict theorists, what is the main source of educational inequality in America?
Inequality of funding of public schools due to property tax.
Which of the four major sociological perspectives describes society as small groups of individuals interaction with one another?
Interactionist
Which of the four major sociological perspectives emphasizes the idea that some students will fail because they are expected to do so?
Interactionist
Which of the four major sociological perspectives focuses on the various ways that people interpret their various cultural symbols such as spoken, written, and non-verbal language.
Interactionist.
What is the term for false associations that exist between two (or more) variables?
Spurious
Who is the most famous conflict theorist in sociology?
Karl Marx
What is the term for a systme of symbols that allow people to communicate with one another?
Language
What are culture-tangible products of human society, everything from armaments to zippers?
Material Culture (?)
What are the six basic elements of culture?
Material Culture, Symbols, language, rituals, values, and norms
What category of norms contains a strong moral significance, but is not as absolute as taboos?
Mores
Routine behaviors to express sense of belonging to a culture are ________.
Norms
True or False? Feminist theory sees the world from the vantage point of women.
True
What is the type of research that focuses on what is seen and heard in the "field" (e.g., observation, participant observation, ethnography)?
Qualitative
What is the type of research that collects and reports data that is measurable ?
Quantitative
What are two examples of taboos that are found in most cultures, as cited in class?
Rape and Murder
What is the name of the Jamaican Afro-Christian movement that was inspired by an Ethiopian emperor?
Rastafarianism
What are eight examples of cultural universals, as cited in class?
Religion, Greetings, sports, cooking, medicine, music, and herbal remedies.
What is a detailed plan or method for obtaining data scientifically?
Research Design
What are routine behaviors that designed to express sense of belonging to a culture?
Rituals
What is the term for penalties and rewards, when it comes to conduct concerning a social norm?
Sanctions
As social scientists, sociologists follow the rules of the __________________ method (using evidence or data)
Scientific
Is the following an example of simple causal explanation or a complex causal chain? HIV positive status (X) is a major cause of homelessness (Y)
Simple causal explanation
The main role of the sociologist is to discover the most important causes and consequences of ____________________ problems
Social
People interacting within a limited territory guided by a common culture is ______________.
Society
What is the largest form of human groups; people sharing a common heritage and culture?
Society
True or False? For decades, Northern Ireland has been highly segregated between Roman Catholics and Protestants.
True
Anything that carries additional meanings beyond itself to others who share in the culture is termed ____________.
Symbols
What is the term for absolute prohibitions in a society?
Taboo
The risk of confirming in oneself a characteristic that is part of a negative overgeneralization about one's group is known as what?
The Sterotype threat
True or False? From the Marxist vantage point, social conflict can lead to positive political reform or revolutionary change.
True
True or False? In a scientific experiment, an experimental group is exposed to independent variable, while a control group is not exposed to an independent Variable.
True
True or False? In contrast to functionalists, conflict theorists emphasize division and coercion.
True
Who was the author of the "Theory of the Leisure Class"?
Thornstein Veblen
True or False? According to conflict theorists, society is held together only by power and coercion.
True
True or False? According to the conflict perspective, every society is plagued by inequality based on social differences among the dominant group and all of the other groups in society.
True
True or False? According to the interactionist perspective, no one is born a delinquent.
True
True or False? According to the social theory of the self, identity is the product of interactions with others.
True
True or False? As many as 2 million experience homelessness per year.
True
True or False? Causal chains often include intervening variables.
True
True or False? Conflict theorists see education as a divider, rather than an equalizer.
True