Life Sciences Exam 3

Methane versus carbon dioxide are very important greenhouse gases. However, methane can retain and release about____ times more heat than carbon dioxide.

30

Of the total number of identified species, approximately how many of these are plants?

391,000

Carbon atoms contain _______ electrons in the outermost shell, which interact with other elements to form chemical bonds.

4

Even though there are alternate energy sources, fossil fuels are used for approximately______ of the United States energy needs.

80%

Which of these terms would NOT be used to describe our species, Homo sapiens?

Ectothermic

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a prokaryote?

Nucleus

The production of carbonic acid occurs as a result of increased carbon dioxide concentrations in which of the following?

Oceans

Which of the following supergroups includes animals, and humans?

Opisthokonts

When humans extract resources and food from the environment without sustainable practices, it's called _______. It means you're taking more from the wild than can be naturally replaced.

Overexploitation

Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between an organism, species, and population?

Populations are groups of organisms of the same species living in the same geographic area.

Species can be prevented from mating before fertilization ever occurs (before egg meets sperm). What is this mechanism called?

Prezygotic isolation

The fossil record supports which model of speciation?

Punctuated equilibrium model

Which of the following statements are correct regarding the archaeans? Select all that apply.

Some have the ability to live in environments that are completely free of oxygen. They appear more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria.

Which statement below best summarizes the overall purpose of the light-dependent reactions?

The light-dependent reactions capture the energy from the sun and transfer it to high-energy molecules.

How does climate change affect earth's oceans?

The pH level of the ocean will shift to a more acidic environment, leading to stress and the possible extinction of many species of shellfish and corals.

Which part of solar energy is important in photosynthesis?

The visible spectrum of light

Which statement best describes the number of evolutionary events?

There have been 5 major extinction events and the 6th is in progress.

Why do conservation groups focus their attention on biodiversity hotspots?

These spots have over half the world's plant species and 43% of all vertebrate species.

According to the biological species concept, what determines if two organisms are different species?

They are reproductively isolated from each other.

The use of wildlife corridors allows terrestrial species to move along their historical ranges and reduces the chances of inbreeding.

True

Which of the following describes the principal role of photosynthesis in the carbon cycle?

Using energy from the sun, plants convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into chemical energy of sugars.

Which of the following statements about vertebrates is false?

Vertebrates have the lowest extinction rates

Which of the following are considered to be greenhouse gases? Select all that apply.

Water Vapor Carbon Dioxide Methane

Black bread mold is found in the phylum:

Zygomycota.

You were looking under the microscope, and you have just discovered an undescribed, microscopic, non-photosynthetic, multicellular organism in a soil sample. You decide to study these cells to determine what they are. You have noted that they absorb nutrients from their environment and do not have true sexes. Based on these observations, these microorganisms are

a fungus

Fungi are saprophytic. This means they

absorb dead or decaying material for nutrients.

Plants All answer choices are correct. are used for medicines. supply us with food and fuel. are part of the carbon, water, nitrogen, and phosphorous cycles.

all answers are correct

Charles Darwin stated that species of finch evolved due to their different locations on the Galápagos islands. This is a type of______ speciation.

allopatric

The idea behind a wildlife corridor is to

allow safe movement of wildlife without human interference.

Choose the group of vertebrates that is best described as being exothermic, with a three-chambered heart and tied to reproduction in a water environment.

amphibians

Which of the following does not describe the metabolic capabilities of a fungi?

autotrophic

Natural levels of extinction, which occur at an approximate rate of 0.1-2 species lost/million of species/year, are called what?

background extinction rates

Which of the following is the oldest group of organisms on the planet?

bacteria

Because fossil fuels are the remains of once living organisms, they contain reservoirs of ______ that are released into the atmosphere when they are burned.

carbon

To capture energy at wavelengths in the visible spectrum of life, photosynthetic organisms use pigments. Which of the following are pigments used by photosynthetic organisms? Select all that apply. chloroplasts thylakoids carotenoids chlorophyll

carotenoids chlorophyll

Kingdom Animalia is a branch on the eukaryotic tree that contains multicellular, heterotrophic organisms. Characteristics unique to this kingdom are the fact that they ingest their food and their cells lack _______.

cell walls

To capture energy at wavelengths in the visible spectrum of life, photosynthetic organisms use pigments. Which of the following are pigments used by photosynthetic organisms? Select all that apply.

chlorophyll carotenoids

In the carbon cycle, where does atmospheric carbon dioxide get combined with energy to form carbohydrates?

chloroplasts

The average temperature and precipitation of an area are referred to as its:

climate

All the mass extinction events on the planet share what common cause?

climate change

Which of the following is the main factor that contributes to coral bleaching?

climate change

Which of the following terms refers to the anthropogenic changes in the normal cycle of Earth's climate due to an imbalance of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere?

climate change

As habitats become patchy and fragmented, wildlife corridors:

connect otherwise isolated populations without exposure to human interference.

In the carbon cycle, the process of photosynthesis______ atmospheric , and cellular respiration______ atmospheric .

consumes; produces

The decline of tropical rainforests is due primarily to:

deforestation

The morphological species concept separates species based on:

differences in physical traits

Communities and their physical environment make up: organisms

ecosystems

The presence of vascular tissue allowed this group of plants to be the first group to more efficiently transport water and nutrients.

ferns

The symbiotic relationship between coral and algal partners may be preserved by

genetically engineering both to withstand higher water temperatures.

This graph, depicting both global temperatures and carbon dioxide levels, indicates that

global temperatures and carbon dioxide levels have tended to increase, especially in the last 140 years

Since the 1980s, the average temperature of the planet has been increasing - this phenomenon is called _______.

global warming

The worldwide increase in average surface temperatures of Earth is called __________.

global warming

Charles Darwin observed multiple species of finch on the Galápagos islands. He proposed they adapted over time to different habitats of the islands. This is an example of the______ model of speciation.

gradualistic

Which human impact has globally placed over 85% of species on the endangered species list?

habitat destruction

Invertebrates are separated from vertebrates by not

having a backbone.

We are currently in the 6th mass extinction. What is causing this extinction?

human-induced climate change

According to the evidence of climate change, there has been an overall______ in ocean and land temperature, and an overall______ in ice formations.

increase; decrease

Since the 1950s, there has been a steady increase in the levels of atmospheric as a result of

increased human activity

Over the past several decades, the overall trend for earth's temperatures has been

increases in overall global temperatures at an accelerating rate, a phenomenon known as global warming.

Fifty percent of endangered species are threatened by the presence of______ because they have no defense mechanisms against this anthropogenic factor.

invasive species

What is a species that is not native to a specific ecosystem called?

invasive species

The greenhouse effect

is caused by gases such as carbon dioxide trapping heat in the earth's atmosphere.

The current classification system used by biologists:

is updated and revised whenever new information becomes available.

Of the choices below, which represents the most general classification (most inclusive)?

kingdom

Which of the following are greenhouse gases?

methane and carbon dioxide

Which of the following minor contributing greenhouse gases are produced from agricultural practices such as the use of burning of fossil fuels and used in fertilizers?

nitrous oxides

Prokaryotic cells can be defined by their metabolic abilities. A chemoheterotroph is an organism that uses______ for energy. The sun Inorganic Material Organic material

organic material

Sunlight consists of a wave and a particle. The particle is also known as a(an)

photon

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill decreased the Atlantic bluefin tuna population by 70%. This is an example of a loss of diversity due to

pollution

There are two basic categories that prevent reproduction and therefore prevent speciation. If hybrid offspring survives but is sterile this is an example of

postzygotic isolation.

Which of the following is not an example of a prezygotic isolation mechanism?

producing a sterile hybrid

Marine Protected Areas

provide habitat for endangered and commercially valuable species.

The______ model of speciation results in rapid speciation with a period of no change being interruption by events.

punctuated equilibrium

We experience ______ because the earth is tilted 23 degrees off its axis.

seasons

The inputs to the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis include which of the following? Select all that apply.

sunlight water

If two plants mate to produce a hybrid, and the hybrid is able to reproduce between other hybrids, this will result in a new species. This is an example of______ speciation.

sympatric

Climate can best be described as

the average weather patterns in a given area over long periods of time.

What were the two key events needed for the first cells to evolve?

the formation of the plasma membrane and genetic material

Coral bleaching is caused by

the rise of ocean temperature from climate change.

Which of the following species belongs in the bony class of fish?

trout

New species form as a result of ________. Select all that apply two populations becoming more genetically similar to one another breeding times between two populations of the same species overlapping and they mate two populations becoming geographically isolated from one another an organism from one population no longer recognizing another organism as a potential mate

two populations becoming geographically isolated from one another an organism from one population no longer recognizing another organism as a potential mate

The phylogenetic species concept separates species based on:

whether or not they share an evolutionary history

Ocean acidification is an effect of climate change. It is estimated that by 2050, only ______ of coral will be able to survive, which will increase the number of threatened fish species.

15%

Currently, scientists estimate there are approximately______ known species on the planet.

2 million

Which of the following has been caused by anthropogenic events? Habitat destruction Invasive species All answers are correct Climate change

All answers are correct

Methane

All of the answer choices are correct

All animals

All of the answer choices are correct.

Carbon sinks are reservoirs that hold large amounts of carbon. Which of the following are considered to be carbon sinks? the atmosphere All of the answer choices are correct. fossil fuels deep underground oceans

All of the answer choices are correct.

Fossil fuels play a role in the carbon cycle

All of the answer choices are correct.

Carbon sinks are reservoirs that hold large amounts of carbon. Which of the following are considered to be carbon sinks?

All of the answers are correct

Which of the following has been caused by anthropogenic events? Climate Change Invasive Species Habitat destruction

All of the answers are correct

The success of which of the following is associated with the evolution of jointed legs?

Anthropods

Which phylum has been the most successful animal on the planet, with over 1 million species?

Anthropods

Which of the two domains are mostly closely related to one another?

Archaea and Eukarya

Which statement accurately describes the term biodiversity?

Biodiversity determines the number, variety, and variability of all species in a given area.

In which of the following processes does atmospheric carbon get combined with energy to form carbohydrates?

Calvin cycle

Which of the following descriptions correctly explains the difference between climate and weather?

Climate refers to the long-term patterns of temperature and precipitation. Weather describes the short-term patterns of temperature and precipitation.

Which of the following events occurred first in the evolution of the eukaryotic cell?

Formation of a nucleus and internal membranes

As global temperatures increase, which of the following scenarios are most likely to happen?

Glaciers and snow coverage decrease.

Which of the following is required for the formation of a fossil fuel? Select all that apply.

High temperatures Organic remains of plants and animals

Which of the following is required for the formation of a fossil fuel? Select all that apply. High temperatures Organic remains of plants and animals Decomposition of the remains by bacteria Low pressure

High temperatures Organic remains of plants and animals

In comparison to past statistics, the consensus among the scientific community is that extinction rates are currently high. Which of the following is the most plausible explanation for causing this recent extinction crisis?

Human activities that involve altering habitats, changes in sea levels, and changes in weather patterns on a global scale are causing mass extinctions.

Based on projections made by scientists studying climate change, if human activities continue to impact climate at the same rates as today, what will most likely be the future of the level of biological organization in ecosystems across the planet?

Human activities will have serious impacts on climate and on the levels of biological organization in ecosystems across the planet.

Choose which of the following statements are INCORRECT regarding speciation. Select all that apply. Reproductive isolation is the basis for the formation of biological species. Prezygotic isolation mechanisms prevent the union of egg and sperm between two different species In the punctuated equilibrium model, species arise regularly over time. Sympatric speciation occurs due to geographical barriers.

In the punctuated equilibrium model, species arise regularly over time. Sympatric speciation occurs due to geographical barriers.

Choose which of the following statements are INCORRECT regarding speciation. Select all that apply. In the punctuated equilibrium model, species arise regularly over time. Sympatric speciation occurs due to geographical barriers. Prezygotic isolation mechanisms prevent the union of egg and sperm between two different species Reproductive isolation is the basis for the formation of biological species.

In the punctuated equilibrium model, species arise regularly over time. Sympatric speciation occurs due to geographical barriers.

Which of the following is not directly associated with an increase in global temperatures?

Increases in the frequency of tornadoes

Why is ocean acidification problematic for some marine life?

It decreases the amount of carbonate in the oceans, making the creation of shells and other hard structures difficult for marine life.

Which of the following statements are correct regarding the element carbon? Select all that apply. It forms long chains called hydrocarbons. Its long-term reservoir is living creatures. It is involved in the formation of organic molecules. It is absorbed from the atmosphere via the process of photosynthesis in plants.

It forms long chains called hydrocarbons. It is involved in the formation of organic molecules. It is absorbed from the atmosphere via the process of photosynthesis in plants.

What is unique about the Sixth Mass Extinction Event?

It is caused by human activity.

Species are identified by a two-part ________ name.

Latin

The major sources of this greenhouse gas are agriculture and the decay of organic material.

Methane

The major sources of this greenhouse gas are agriculture and the decay of organic material. Methane Carbon dioxide Water vapor CFCs

Methane

In order to be considered a biodiversity hotspot, an area needs to meet what technical criteria? Select all that apply.

Must have at least 1500 native vascular plant species Must have less than 30% of its original vegetation remaining

In order to be considered a biodiversity hotspot, an area needs to meet what technical criteria? Select all that apply. Must have at least 1500 native vascular plant species Must have less than 30% of its original vegetation remaining Must have at least 500 vertebrate species Must receive at least 36" of rain each year

Must have at least 1500 native vascular plant species Must have less than 30% of its original vegetation remaining

Which of the following statements are correct regarding the archaeans? Select all that apply. Some have the ability to live in environments that are completely free of oxygen. Thermophiles can live in high-salt environments. They appear more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria. They are the most common form of bacteria on the planet.

Some have the ability to live in environments that are completely free of oxygen. They appear more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria.

In 2020, a new epoch to reflect human-induced changes to the planet was named. What is this new epoch called?

The Anthropocene

Which of the following carbon reservoirs do members of the biosphere exchange carbon with regularly?

The atmosphere

Which of the following levels of biological organization represents the sum of all of the locations where life may be found on the planet?

The biosphere

Which of the following best describes the relationship between climate change and global warming?

The increase in temperature is one aspect of climate change and can result in the increased temperature of the planet, which is known as global warming.