Life-Span Development Santrock Chapter 10

mediocre; poor

A current concern is that too many of today's children grow up receiving praise for ____ or even ____ performance and as a consequence have inflated self-esteem

suppress; conceal

A fifth-grader has learned to tone down his anger better than he used to when one of his classmates irritates him. This is due to his ability to ____ or ____ negative emotional reactions.

stand up; overcome

A person with moral character has the willpower, desire, and integrity to ____ to pressure, ____ distractions and disappointments, and behave morally.

care

A research review concluded that girls' moral orientations are "somewhat more likely to focus on ____ for others than on abstract principles of justice.

mindset

According to Carol Dweck, by emphasizing hard work and determination rather than innate ability, parents and teachers can positively influence a child's ____.

growth mindset

According to Dweck, some children have a ____ mindset, in which they believe their qualities can change and improve through their effort.

full

According to Kohlberg, the postconventional level of moral reasoning is associated with ____ internalization.

companionship, stimulation, physical support, ego support, social comparison, affection and intimacy

According to William Hartup children's friendships can serve what six functions?

six

According to research by Gottman and Parker, childhood friendships provide ____ important functions.

How children cope with stress using cognitive strategies such as framing.

Adam's teacher, Mr. Booker, didn't say hello to him when they passed in the hall. Adam told himself that Mr. Booker was probably thinking about something and didn't notice him. What is this an illustration of?

family management

Among the most important ____ ____ practices are maintaining a structured and organized family environment, such as establishing routines for homework, chores, bedtime, and so on, and effectively monitoring the child's behavior.

preconventional

Before age 9, most children use ____ reasoning based on external rewards and punishments, when they consider moral choices.

physically

Boys are consistently more ____ aggressive than girls.

Boys

Boys/Girls usually show less self-regulation.

postconventional

By early adulthood, a small number of individuals reason in ____ ways.

justice; care

Carol Gilligan questioned Lawrence Kohlberg's ____ perspective of moral development and argued for a ____ perspective which views people in terms of their connectedness with others.

depression, suicidal ideation

Children who are bullied are more likely to experience ____, engage in ____ ____, and attempt suicide than their counterparts who have not been the victims of bullying.

anxious, socially withdrawn, aggressive, overweight

Children who are often victims of bullying are most often ____, ____, ____, or ____.

social

Children's ____ cognition about their peers becomes increasingly important for understanding peer relationships in middle and late childhood.

popular child, average child, neglected child, rejected child, controversial child

Developmentalists have distinguished five peer statuses, what are they?

supportive

Developmentally advantageous friends are socially skilled and ____.

self-concept

Domain-specific evaluations of the self are known as ____.

relational; girls

Dr. Johnson is interested in behaviors in children that involve trying to make others dislike someone by spreading malicious rumors about them. She is interested in the the research area of ____ aggression, which occurs among ____.

self-esteem

Efforts to increase students' ____ have not always led to improved school performance

industry vs inferiority

Erik Erikson's fourth stage of human development is called ______ and appears during middle to late childhood.

psychological characteristics

From 8 to 11 years of age, children increasingly describe themselves in terms of ____ characteristics and traits, in contrast with the more concrete self-descriptions of younger children.

stereotypes

Gender ____ are broad categories that reflect general impressions and beliefs about females and males.

the Middle East

Gender acceptance is greater in the U.S. than it would be in ____.

merit

Hank is angered when his younger brother receives the same amount of allowance as him. "I do twice as many chores as he does!" Hank tells his parents. He expects fairness according to ____.

social system

In Kohlberg's ____ ____ morality, fourth stage, moral judgments are based on understanding the social order, law, justice, and duty.

conventional reasoning; internal

In ____ reasoning, individuals abide by certain ____ standards, but they are the standards of others, such as parents or the laws of society.

blended

In a ____ or complex stepfamily structure, both parents bring children from previous marriages to live in newly formed stepfamily.

complex

In a blended or ____ stepfamily, both parents bring children from previous marriages.

popular

In terms of peer status, ____ children are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers.

rejected

In terms of peer status, ____ children are seldom nominated by others and are actively disliked by their peers.

neglected child

In terms of peer status, a(n) ____ is seldom nominated as a best friend but is not actively disliked.

math

In the National Assessment of Educational Progress (2013) there were virtually no gender differences in ____ scores for adolescents.

self-regulation

Increased ____ is characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one's behavior, emotions, and thoughts, leading to increased social competence and achievement.

identity

Individuals have a moral ____ when moral notions and commitments are central to their life.

identity

Individuals have a moral ____ when moral notions and moral commitments are central to their lives.

elementary school

Instead of spanking or coercive holding, parents of ____ school children are more likely to use deprivation of privileges, appeals to the child's self-esteem, comments designed to increase the child's sense of guilt, and statements that the child is responsible for his or her actions.

unimportant

Kohlberg argued that family processes are essentially ____ in children's moral development.

experiencing conflict between one's current level of moral reasoning and a higher level; taking on the perspective of others

Kohlberg believed that an individual's development from one moral stage to the next is fostered by which TWO factors?

universal ethical principles

Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral reasoning consists of two stages: social contract or utility and individual rights is one; ____ ____ principles is the other.

the theory of moral behavior is based on what people self-report rather than what they actually do

Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning has been criticized because moral reasons can sometimes hide immoral behavior and ____.

an average child

Madeline is about equally liked and disliked by the children in her class. In terms of peer status, she is best described as ____.

Females

Males/Females express emotion more, are better at decoding emotion, smile more, cry more, and are happier.

fixed mindset

Micaela believes she is not doing well in science because she is simply not good at science, and that any effort she makes would be wasted. She is exhibiting a ____ mindset.

moral exemplars

Moral ____ are people who have a moral personality, identity, character, and a set of virtues that reflect moral excellence and commitment.

exemplars

Moral ____ are people who have lived exemplary moral lives. Their moral personality, identity, character, and set of virtues reflect moral excellence and commitment.

3

Most adolescents reason at stage ____.

more impulsive, emotionally reactive, and they have fewer social skills

Name three reasons why aggressive, peer-rejected boys have problems in social relationships.

suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions

Nine-year-old Aaron used to get really angry with his classmates, but that is not the case now. This example illustrates that in middle-to-late childhood, children learn to _.

cyberbullying

Peer bullying and harassment on the internet are known as ____.

personal

Personal issues include control over one's body, privacy, and choice of friends and activities; therefore, some actions belong to a ____ domain and are not governed by moral reasoning or social norms.

adolescence; childhood

Prosocial behavior occurs more often in ____ than in ____.

no

Research has revealed ___ gender differences in overall intellectual ability.

reassure; retell; talk; protect

Researchers have offered the following recommendations for parents, teachers, and other adults caring for children after a disaster: ____ children of their safety and security; allow children to ____ events and be patient in listening to them; encourage children to ____ about any disturbing or confusing feelings; ____ children from re-exposure to frightening situations

global; specific

Self-esteem refers to ____ self evaluations, whereas self-concept refers to domain-____ evaluations.

arbitrary and can be change by consensus

Social conventional reasoning asserts that conventional rules are ____.

self-efficacy

Students with low ____ for learning may avoid many learning tasks, especially those that are challenging.

secure attachment

Studies have found that ____ ____ is associated with a lower level of internalized symptoms, anxiety, and depression in children.

True

T/F, Although Kohlberg's approach does capture much of the moral reasoning voiced in various cultures around the world, his approach fails to capture important moral concepts in particular cultures.

True

T/F, By the time children enter elementary school, they have considerable knowledge about which activities are linked with being male or female, gender stereotyping.

True

T/F, Children's social cognition about their peers becomes increasingly important for understanding peer relationships in middle and late childhood.

False

T/F. Researchers have found that gender stereotyping doesn't begin until children are elementary school age.

False

T/F: Females are more likely than males to develop physical or mental disorders.

self-efficacy

Ten year old Blake tell his classmate, "I know I can figure out this math problem if I work at it." Blake is demonstrating high ____.

self-efficacy

The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes is called ____.

gender

The care-perspective-versus-justice-perspective controversy illustrates that ____ identity may affect how people think about things.

self-regulation

The development of self-____ in middle and late childhood allows development of social competence and achievement to occur.

peers; adults

The give-and-take among ____, rather than ____, gives children an opportunity to take the perspective of another person and to generate rules democratically.

dose-response effects

The likelihood that a child will experience stress, depression, panic disorder, and PTSD following a disaster is termed ____.

later; rare

The moral stages appeared somewhat ____ than Kohlberg initially envisioned, and reasoning at the higher stages, especially stage 6, was ____.

androgyny

The presence of positive masculine and feminine characteristics in the same person is called ____.

conscience

The sixth and highest stage of moral development by Kohlberg says the person has developed a moral standard based on universal human rights, and when faced with a conflict between law and conscience, the person will follow ____, even though the decision might involve personal risk.

Kohlberg

The theorist who developed a theory of moral development that involved six stages was ____.

moderate

There are only ____ correlations between school performance and self-esteem, and these correlations do not suggest that high self-esteem produces better school performance.

low; smoke cigarettes

Those who do the bullying are more likely to have ____ grades and to ____ ____ and drink alcohol.

character

Those with moral ____ are dependable, loyal, and conscientious.

boy code

When males are told they should show little if any emotion and should act tough they are describing William Pollack's description of ____ code.

not been

When sex differences in the brain have been revealed, in many cases they have (been/not been) directly linked to psychological differences.

prosocial behavior, emotion, and aggression

Which are three areas of socioemotional development in which gender similarities and differences have been studied extensively?

domain theory of moral development

Which concept of moral development states that children's and adolescent's moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience?

popular, average, neglected, rejected, controversial

Which five peer statuses have been identified by researchers?

(1) mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity; (2) social system morality

Which of the following are the TWO stages in Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning?

Constructivist; direct instruction

___ and ___ are contemporary approaches to student learning.

sociometric status

____ ____ is a term that describes the extent to which children are liked or disliked by their peer group.

social conventional

____ ____ reasoning focuses on conventional rules that have been established by social consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system.

Piaget's; Kohlberg's

____ cognitive stage serves as the underpinnings for ____ theory, but in this latter model there are six stages of moral development.

No

____ gender differences in general intelligence have been revealed.

low self-esteem

____ has been implicated in overweight and obesity, anxiety, depression, suicide, and delinquency.

perspective taking

____ is thought to be especially important in determining whether children develop prosocial or antisocial attitudes and behavior.

heteronomous

____ morality is the first Kohlberg stage of moral development, where moral thinking is often tied to punishment.

moral

____ reasoning focuses on ethical issues and rules of right and wrong.

preconventional reasoning

____ reasoning is the lowest level of moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg.

conventional reasoning

____ reasoning is the second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

self-esteem

____ refers to global evaluations of the self; it is also called self-worth or self-image.

bullying

____ was defined as verbal or physical behavior intended to disturb someone less powerful.

meta-analysis

a statistical analysis that combines the results of many different studies