PY 218 - Unit 2

Quiz #9

Among men and women surveyed for a CDC study, approximately ______% of both had experienced vaginal intercourse by 15 years of age. c. 25 Research suggests that men and women are most different in their attitudes toward _________. b. casual sex Joanna is homosexual and has an identical twin named Samantha. Nicole is homosexual and has a fraternal twin named Rebekah. The following statement is TRUE: a. Samantha is more likely to be homosexual than Rebekah. According to the fraternal birth order hypothesis, a man's chances of being homosexual increase by ____ c. one-third Overall, a man is most likely to seek professional help for treating a(n) _______. b. sexual arousal disorder What is considered the primary cause of erotophobia, which can lead to sexual dysfunction? c. learning Harry's wife has been very upset lately because Harry does not seem to have any interest in having sex with her. She has shared her frustration with him, and he told her, "I promise that it's not you.... I love you very much! I just don't feel interested in sex at all lately, and that upsets me too." Although Harry's wife is glad to know that Harry is not having a problem with her specifically, she does encourage him to go to his physician to see if something is wrong. Which of the following conditions may Harry be struggling with? a. male hypoactive sexual desire disorder Jody and Howard have been happily married for several years. They have regular sexual intercourse, and both find this very enjoyable. Whenever they have sex (on average once or twice a week) they feel very close to each other, and neither has any significant desire to have sex outside of the marriage. Jody reports to her physician, however, that she only reaches orgasm around one-third of the times she and Howard have sex, although this does not disturb her to any significant extent. Which of the following statements is accurate regarding this case? a. Jody does not suffer from any diagnosable sexual disorder. Although it is difficult to define what duration of sexual activity is "normal" before early ejaculation would be diagnosed, the DSM-5 specifies a duration of less than approximately ________. b. 1 minute The most usual presentation of genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder is called ________, which involves involuntary contractions of the muscles in the outer third of a woman's vagina. b. vaginismus With regard to sexual dysfunctions, which of the following is the most accurate statement? b. Sexual dysfunctions seldom occur in isolation. Following gender reassignment surgery, a natal female with a strongly experienced masculine gender identity is most likely to: c. have the same pattern of sexual arousal as before the surgery. Why do your authors suggest that education is such an important part of treatment for sexual dysfunctions? a. Because many people are ignorant regarding the most basic aspects of sexual response and this can lead to long-lasting dysfunctions. As a couple participates in stage one of Masters and Johnson's sensate focus technique, they would c. engage in pleasuring and exploration of each other's bodies, but would refrain from involving breasts or genitals. The sex therapy technique called the squeeze technique is specifically designed to treat to treat d. early (premature) ejaculation As many as 30% of men who take ________ for erectile difficulties may experience severe headaches, particularly at higher doses. d. Viagra When a person has a sexual attraction to very unusual or inappropriate objects or people, they may suffer from c. a paraphilic disorder. Which of the following is a true statement regarding transvestic disorder? b. There are cross-dressing clubs and newsletters for individuals with transvestic disorder. Your authors describe a person who engages in _________ rape as one who is particularly aroused when force or acts of cruelty to the victim accompany the sexual assault. d. sadistic All of the following are correct statements regarding those who suffer from gender dysphoria, except one. Which one is false? c. A reputable clinic will require that a person wait for 3 to 6 months after requesting sex reassignment surgery before they will actually perform the procedure.

Quiz #6

Sanjay has been diagnosed with a mood disorder and is exhibiting symptoms of anhedonia. Which of the following best describes how this symptom affects Sanjay?. a. He is unable to experience pleasure. Which of the following is TRUE about a hypomanic manic episode? d. It is not necessarily problematic. Joshua is experiencing a manic episode, but he has a wide variety of symptoms. Although he sometimes feels very good about himself and "high on the world," he sometimes feels sad and anxious at the same time. He finds it hard to explain to his therapist how he can feel both good and bad at the same time. Joshua is experiencing a manic episode with ________ features. c. mixed Jack has experienced recurrent episodes of major depressive episodes. In the intervals between the episodes, he does not seem to return to "normal." In fact, during those periods, he has been diagnosed as having the symptoms of persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia). Jack's condition is referred to as _______________. a. double depression Which of the following people would most likely be diagnosed with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder? b. 16-year-old Devin, who experiences persistent episodes of anger and irritability Which of the following is most closely associated with depression and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis? b. Stress In very severe cases of major depressive disorder where the symptoms last for ___ years or longer, approximately 38% of patients can be expected to eventually recover. d. 5 John works as an auto mechanic and, while he is competent, is not the "tops" in his field. During a particularly active period he starts feeling very good about himself, talking quickly, and making decisions without considering the long-term consequences they will bring. He quits his stable job as a mechanic and goes home to call the various NASCAR teams, certain that they will hire him to be an all-star mechanic on the national racing circuit. When he does not get a job within a few hours, he descends into misery during which time he hates himself, refuses to get out of bed, and contemplates suicide. Which of the following conditions does John appear to have? d. Bipolar I At age 45, Diana died by suicide after taking an overdose of barbiturates with alcohol. What is the likelihood that Diane had a mood disorder? a. 60 percent With regard to the different mood disorders, the diagnosis that would be marked by the symptoms with the lowest level of severity would be c. cyclothymic disorder. Of the two forms of unipolar depression (major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder), the lifetime prevalence for both combined is about ___ percent of the general population. b. 3.5 Current research into neurotransmitter systems has produced the "________" hypothesis, which states that when serotonin levels are low, other neurotransmitter systems become dysregulated and contribute to mood irregularities. b. permissive Which of the following is characteristic of the sleep of depressed patients? a. They have a shorter period of sleep time before entering a REM stage. ________ theory that people become anxious and depressed because they believe that they have no control over the stress in their lives is called the learned helplessness theory. b. Martin Seligman's Professor Davidson conducts his Social Philosophy class during the fall semester, and at the end of the term he is reviewing the evaluations he received from his students. Of the 30 students in his class, two of them gave him negative evaluations, three of them gave neutral assessments, and 25 of them raved about how wonderful the class was. The professor completely disregards the 25 good and 3 neutral reports and focuses only on the 2 negative ones. When he is done, he feels very unhappy and is sure that the class would be considered a failure. During a therapy session to address his persistent depressive disorder, the therapist explains that Professor Davidson is engaging in a cognitive error called ________. d. arbitrary inference The antidepressant medications known as tricyclics include all but which of the following drugs? b. Prozac Mario has had bipolar I disorder for several years, and his family has taken him to a psychiatrist for evaluation. The psychiatrist correctly identifies the disorder and recommends that in addition to some psychotherapy Mario start taking lithium carbonate to help with his symptoms. Mario is happy to have this opportunity, but he should also be aware that one of the side effects of taking this drug is b. decreased functioning of his thyroid gland. Charles has been diagnosed with bipolar I disorder and his physician has given him a prescription for lithium carbonate. Charles takes the medication for several months and sees a significant reduction in his mood swings. He decides, however, to stop taking the medication. This is a problem seen in many people on lithium carbonate to stabilize mood in bipolar disorder. Why does this happen? c. They miss the euphoric feelings that mania produces. Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) focuses on resolving problems in existing relationships and learning to form new interpersonal relationships. It is highly structured and rarely takes more than ______ sessions. a. 15 to 20 Why is suicide such a significant problem in Native American communities compared to other racial/ethnic communities? d. Because Native Americans have very high rates of depressive disorders.

Quiz #7

The field of _______ is considered a subfield of behavioral medicine and focuses on the various mental factors that are important for the establishment and maintenance of physical and psychological health. a. health psychology According to the principles of health psychology, which of the following would be the most appropriate goal regarding lung cancer? a. Learning about and avoiding high-risk behaviors that can lead to cancer in the first place. In response to sustained stress, the body goes through several stages that together constitute the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), a concept proposed by researcher Hans Selye. The second stage of the GAS is c. resistance Research has shown that excessive secretion of the stress hormone ________ can result in cell death in the hippocampal region of the brain in response to chronic stress. d. cortisol The effects of stress on susceptibility to infections in the human body is mediated through the ________ system. a. immune Why is it necessary for people who have received certain types of organ transplants to take medications to suppress their own immune system response? b. Because the immune system would regard the transplanted organ as a foreign invader and would attack it as it would a virus or a bacterium. The study of psychological influences on the neurological responding of the human immune response is called a. psychoneuroimmunology Martin has been informed that he is HIV positive, although he has not developed AIDS. He lives in a part of the world where between 15% and 28% of the adult population is HIV positive, accounting for two-thirds of such cases worldwide. Where does Martin live? c. Southern Africa In an important study of people with cancer conducted by David Spiegel at Stanford University, which of the following outcomes was observed? d. The group receiving therapy lived, on average, twice as long as the control group. Which of the following is an incorrect match of medical condition and its definition? d. Arteriosclerosis: weakening of the aortic wall caused by enlargement of the aorta Which of the following is an example of a person demonstrating a "pain behavior"? d. Stanley does not go skiing with his son anymore because it is too painful for his knees. Which of the following individuals is experiencing vascular pain? b. Lori, who experiences regular headaches because of enlarged blood vessels. In the phenomenon known as ________ control of pain, the pain behaviors manifested by an individual are determined by social consequences. d. operant According to the findings of Sapolsky's research with baboons, which of the following provides the strongest protection against the negative impacts of stress? c. Control Sofia has been suffering from ________ for some time. Her physician recommends a program of treatment developed by Michael Sharpe that includes increasing activity, regulating periods of rest, and breathing exercises, along with other interventions. d. chronic fatigue syndrome Which of the following does a person experience when a situation overwhelms his or her perceived ability to cope with it? d. Depression With all other factors being equal, who has the highest risk for developing cardiovascular problems? c. A man with Type A personality As your textbook states, the single most effective prevention strategy when it comes to dealing with HIV and AIDS is b. changing high-risk behaviors. Regarding the age ranges for the risk of HIV/AIDS, which of the following statements is accurate? c. For men, the highest risk is during their late 20s and early 30s. Drew is voluntarily taking part in a study where experimenters cause him pain by injecting saltwater into his jaw. After the pain is established, he is then given a pill to help reduce the pain. Little does he know, however, that the pill is a placebo. Which of the following outcomes would be consistent with the findings described in your chapter? a. The endogenous opioid system in Drew's brain will be activated, and he will experience a reduction in pain.

Quiz #10

Which of the following might be an example of substance abuse? b. Getting drunk a few nights in any given week and feeling sluggish the next morning at work. Carol has been addicted to narcotics for many years. Recently, she has been trying to quit and has not used any drugs for the last week. We can expect that Carol will be experiencing _________, which might include fevers and chills, nausea, vomiting, aches and pains, as well as many other symptoms. a. withdrawal In earlier editions of the DSM, people who experienced alcoholism and substance abuse were placed into a diagnostic category called sociopathic personality disorder. This diagnosis was the precursor to what is now called ________ personality disorder. c. antisocial The condition called _______ involves hallucinations and body tremors during withdrawal from alcohol. c. delirium tremens When one ingests alcohol, there is a depression of the inhibitory centers of the brain. Which of the following can result from this physiological effect? b. Becoming more outgoing A condition called Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is sometime seen in those who experience chronic alcoholism and involves confusion, loss of muscle coordination, and unintelligible speech. It is caused by a deficiency in which vitamin? d. thiamine In a large survey among college-age men and women, it was found that a. "D" and "F" students averaged 11 alcoholic drinks per week, while "A" students averaged 3 or fewer alcoholic drinks per week. A research study of 6,000 lifetime drinkers (DeWitt, et al., 2000) found that drinking at an early age of ________ was predictive of later alcohol-related disorders. b. 11-14 Which of the following statements regarding alcohol and aggressive behavior is NOT accurate? a. Alcohol ingestion causes people to behave in aggressive ways. Which of the following drugs is NOT classified as a barbiturate? b. Ativan The most common of the psychoactive substances, used by ____% of Americans, is caffeine. b. 85 You become very concerned when you find out that your brother has been taking small amounts of cocaine several times a week for the past several years. He insists that he can stop at any time, and that the cocaine is not having any negative impact on his life. Having read our text, however, you know that b. chronic use of cocaine can result in premature aging of the brain. Legally available narcotic medications, including morphine and codeine, are used primarily as analgesics. This means that they are useful for b. blocking pain. Which of the following is not a natural opiate that is produced in the human brain? b. Glutamates "I can't believe the kinds of chemicals that are used on plants these days," Paulie tells his friends. "I mean, seriously! You can't even take a good old-fashioned naturally occurring hallucinogen without risking ingesting one of those horrible pesticides. I think I'd rather take a hallucinogen that is produced in a laboratory to be safe!" Which hallucinogen would Paulie be most likely to take? c. d-lysergic acid diethylamide (acid) Martin is taking a prescribed drug that makes him feel intense nausea if he takes even a sip of an alcoholic drink. The treatment being employed to address Martin's alcohol use disorder can best be described as ________. a. aversive In behavioral terms, drugs like aspirin are considered ________ reinforcers because they stop a person from feeling pain. b. negative When she first started using cocaine, Helena really enjoyed the positive feelings that she got from the highs. After some time of using, however, she found that the "lows" that she experienced when she came off of the drug were too unpleasant to bear, and thus she was now using just to avoid experiencing those unpleasant feelings. Helena's cocaine addiction would best be explained from the ________. d. opponent-process theory. Manuel and Robbie had seen many movies where people drank alcohol and acted silly, but they had never tried it. One day after they got out of middle school, Manuel took one of his dad's beers from the fridge. In the back yard, the boys passed it back and forth, quickly finishing the beer. Within minutes Manuel and Robbie felt so drunk they were laughing and falling over. What did the boys likely experience? c. Expectancy effect Victor has had a substance-related disorder for many years and has finally decided to seek treatment to kick his habit. As part of his counseling, Victor and his therapist select the behaviors that are unhealthy and need to change, and they decide what rewards Victor will earn by making those changes. Their plan is very clear and very simple, and there is no room for misinterpretation. Victor and his counselor are employing ________ as part of his treatment. a. contingency management

Chapter 10

Generally know what disorders fall into the five categories Nicotine is biphasic, so a stimulant and depressant Vaping use inhales more nicotine than smoking Analgesics are pain reducers Endorphins=endogenous morphine Marijuana can be a hallucinogen in higher doses Molly is Ecstasy Antabuse increases bad symptoms Antabuse = when you take it, drinking leads to intense nausea Substance abuse and dependence were previously differentiated in DSM-IV, but that distinction is no longer present in DSM-5 disorders. Behavioral symptoms for Stimulants- euphoria or affective blunting Physiological symptoms for Stimulants- heart rate and blood pressure changes, perspiration or chills, nausea or vomiting, weight loss, muscular weakness, respiratory depression, chest pain, seizures, or coma. Severe intoxication or overdose can cause hallucinations, panic, agitation, and paranoid delusions. Symptoms of withdrawal are similar to depression. HR/BP = heart rate/blood pressure

Chapter 9

Kinsey has done research on sexual disorders Vaginismus: tense up in anxiety to the point it is painful for when penetration happens Vaginal photoplethysmography is like biofeedback Sexual interests are related to emotions Sensate focus: focusing sensations For paraphilic disorders, some people may choose to get chemical castrations or surgical castrations if they have severe desires Female-to-male conversions are more "passable" than vice versa Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality. An international organization dedicated to the advancement of knowledge about sexuality. It is the oldest organization of professionals interested in the study of sexuality in the U.S. This site details the importance of both production of quality research and the clinical educational, and social applications of research related to all aspects of sexuality. http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/ssss/ Intersexuality: born with biological features of both sexes. The book Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides is a well-written fictional account of growing up as an intersex individual

Chapter 7

Stress Response: Fight or Flight Type D feels a lot things but is not open to express that, so is at greater risk of CHD and don't seek out therapy Gate Control Theory: stubbed toe hurts crawls up spine and brain, and brain mixes with emotions from the day and goes back down to tell the toe how much it hurts; good means that it's fine and bad means that it's the worst pain ever Endogenous opioids=endorphins PMR: Progressive Muscle Relaxation Biofeedback: Patients are actually given an live measurement of their bodily function (e.g., live heart rate monitor) which makes it easier for them to purposefully control these functions

Chapter 6

Anhedonia: loss of joy in once pleasurable things Manic episodes include grandiose ideas Bipolar II to I is hypomanic to manic Seligman made a study of a dog and half of a floor that shocks for learned helplessness SSRI Ex. Lustral, Cipramil, Seroxat Tricyclic medication includes: Elavil, Imipramine, Tofranil Chantix & Wellbutrin are the same drug of MAOI ECT is for serious patients "Bipolar" = includes elements at both extremes of mood - depressive episodes and manic or hypomanic episodes (involving extreme elevated mood) The one case in which a manic episode can be diagnosed lasting less than a week is if the person is hospitalized (which involves limiting their activities in such a way that manic symptoms are reduced) "Dysthymia" is a state of mild low mood. "Dysthymic disorder" is an outdated term for PDD with no major depressive episodes (now called PDD with pure dysthymic syndrome) PMDD is not just your typical "PMS" symptoms experienced by many women; rather, it is reserved for symptoms that are unusually severe, numerous persistent, interfering, and distressing EXAMPLES for Cognitive Errors: Self: "I'm way too shy" World: "People go for outgoing guys...Guys like me don't get any attention" Future: "I'll never find a life partner" Suicide is not "contagious" to people not already at risk - hearing about suicide won't make any given person more likely to attempt it. Rather, hearing about a suicide may increase the risk for someone else who is already contemplating suicide.

Quiz #8

Approximately 20% to 30% of anorexia nervosa-related deaths are due to ________, which is 50 times higher than the risk of death from the same cause in the general population. b. suicide Jody regularly engages in binge-eating episodes, and clearly suffers from an eating disorder. How would you determine if her diagnosis should be bulima nervosa or binge-eating disorder? b. If it is bulimia nervosa, Jody's binge-eating episodes will be followed by some sort of compensatory behaviors to get rid of the calories she consumed. If it is binge-eating disorder, she will not. Which of the following potentially fatal medical conditions is not a known consequence of the electrolyte imbalances that can occur as a result of repeated vomiting that is often associated with bulimia nervosa? c. Development of lanugo What are the consequences? Kidney failure, Cardiac arrhythmia, and Seizures Serena has had anorexia nervosa since she was a teenager. Now in her mid-twenties, which of the following behaviors would she be most likely to demonstrate? b. Sally hoards food in her room, and although she doesn't eat it, she looks at it from time to time. Because societal messages promoting thinness as ideal for girls are received even in early childhood, your authors note that by the age of ________ years as many as 20% of girls report that they are trying to lose weight. d. 9 Megan has recently been diagnosed with an eating disorder. Which of the following likely does not play a key role in driving Megan's disordered behavior? a. The desire to attract a mate College men and women were asked to rate their assessment of what is an attractive body size and what is an ideal body size in both men and women. Read the following statements and select which best reflects the findings of this very important study. a. Women rated the ideal female body size the smallest, while men's assessment of an attractive woman's size was considerably larger. In a study comparing the genetic contribution to eating disorders, researchers found that in ___% of identical twin pairs both twins had bulimia nervosa, while that number was ___% of fraternal twin pairs. Although this does not rule out the influence of environmental and sociocultural factors, it does present compelling evidence for a genetic contribution to these conditions. a. 23; 9 Errol as bulimia nervosa and is currently receiving treatment for it. His clinician has read the existing research on the use of medications and has found that a particular type of drug is of use during the bingeing and purging cycle of this disorder. Which of the following types of medication will Errol be asked to take? b. An antidepressant A later stage of Alice's enhanced cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT-E) for bulimia will likely involve c. altering dysfunctional thoughts about body shape, weight, and eating. In comparing the effectiveness of enhanced cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT-E) with psychoanalytic psychotherapy (PPT) for patients with bulimia nervosa, which of the following statements is the most accurate? a. The CBT-E patients showed significantly higher rates of recovery at 5 months (when CBT-E concluded) and 2 years (when PPT concluded). Jiang has been in treatment for anorexia nervosa for the past two months. Her treatment has consisted of many different features, including helping her to gain weight to get back into a health range, family therapy, and individual psychotherapy. Jiang has participated willingly in all of these aspects of her treatment. Which of them will be the best predictor of long-term recovery from anorexia nervosa? c. Family therapy Individuals with night eating syndrome tend to consume more than ______ of their daily calorie intake after their evening meal. b. one-third Eden is classified as being morbidly obese. Her body mass index is well over 40, and she is experiencing a variety of physical symptoms related to her body size. Her physician has been gently encouraging her to lose weight for years, but Eden has ignored this advice. Now that her weight is causing extreme pain in her hips, knees, and ankles and is interfering with her life, Eden has decided to do something about the problem. Which of the following interventions will be the most effective at helping her lose weight and keep it off? a. Bariatric surgery Linh is receiving treatment for a dyssomnia. What symptom did Linh likely describe so her doctor could determine an appropriate treatment strategy? a. Having trouble staying asleep at night Donte has been having difficulty with sleeping and feeling rested lately. His doctor decides to send him for a polysomnographic evaluation to assess different physical functions that are occurring during his sleep time. One of them, called an ________, will measure the eye movements that take place during his sleep and this will help determine whether or not he is entering a REM stage while he sleeps and, if so, for how long. d. electrooculogram Ramiro has a problem getting to his morning classes in college, and it has been going on for more than half of the semester. Although he goes to bed by 11 pm every night, he often does not wake up until at least 9 am, and on these days he misses his 8 am course. His roommate has suggested just dropping the course and signing up for later classes, but Ramiro is bothered because he usually does not feel well-rested even after a night of so much sleep. Which of the following is accurate for Ramiro's case? c. Ramiro should be diagnosed with hypersomnolence disorder. Some people who have narcolepsy experience a sudden loss of muscle tone, a condition called ________. This can be very dangerous, as a person can hurt themselves during such episodes. b. cataplexy Why is it that people who work overnight shifts on a regular basis may have a higher risk of developing circadian rhythm sleep disorder? c. Because the part of the brain that controls our sleep cycles is directly connect to our eyes and is affected by the light in our surroundings. Millicent sits up in bed several times a week, shouting and crying as if she is terrified. Her mother takes her to the pediatrician who suggests that she is having night terrors. Upon hearing this, Millicent's father says, "This is probably just caused by nightmares. She'll grow out of it!" Is Millicent's father correct? a. He is half right. Millicent is not having nightmares because sleep terrors occur during NREM sleep, but the typical treatment is to wait and see if the terrors go away on their own. Only if they do not will additional treatment be needed.

Chapter 8

Compensatory behavior: what you do to compensate for binge eating Bulimia has compensatory behaviors and Binge eating doesn't Binge eating may be pre-meditated Person first language is important because your disorder doesn't define you Anorexia is a privileged disorder Medication is needed for therapy to be successful Bariatric surgery is weight loss surgery=Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery or Lap Band Cataplexy: where body goes stiff or not in charge of body Bulimia nervosa Medical Consequences: Salivary gland enlargement causes by repeated vomiting. May result in a chubby facial appearance. Erosion of dental enamel on the inner surface of the front teeth. May produce an electrolyte imbalance (i.e., disruption of sodium and potassium levels) which, in turn, can lead to potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmia and renal failure. Intestinal problems resulting from laxative abuse are also potentially serious. Some individuals with bulimia also develop marked calluses on the fingers and backs of hands resulting from efforts to vomit by stimulating the gag reflex. Antidepressants - Tricyclics and SSRI (Prozac) help reduce frequency of binging and purging Preventing eating disorders is a young field, but typically focuses on promoting body acceptance in adolescent girls for anorexia. The average adult needs about 8.4 hours of sleep per night (8 hrs., 24 min.), but the amount of sleep people need to function optimally varies widely. DSM-5 defines cataplexy: Brief episodes of sudden bilateral loss of muscle tone with maintained consciousness precipitated by laughing or joking, OR in children/soon after disorder onset, spontaneous grimacing or jaw-opening episodes with tongue thrusting or global hypotonia, without any emotional triggers