Lifespan Psychology Exam 3 Ashley Murray UT

What do the AAP and AMA say about cosleeping? Why have they come to these findings?

"Co-sleeping makes a child less independent and mature/ "Babies need to learn to soothe themselves" the "crying it out method" "Co-sleeping disrupts parents and children's sleep" came to these conclusions because "co-sleeping is dangerous because it can cause a baby to be smothered" bed sharing is often not taught so many parents bed-share unsafely leading to increased risk of SIDS

Insecure disorganized

15% not crying/ reaching out. Aggression. Child backs towards parent. Engage in self stimulating behaviors like hitting their heads on the wall. Usually due to abuse.

Why does good daycare matter?

Because of its affect on children- our future and society as a whole.

When is APGAR conducted

Conducted at 1 and 5 minutes old

What impedes attachment?

Crying it out method impedes attachment because babies cortisol levels spike and leads to avoidant attachment

Modern cultural problems with modern tests?

Different tests go with different cultures.

Dynamic intelligence tests

Dynamic- ability to learn. health can greatly impact how well a kid can learn. sicks kids before treatments dynamic is low then after treatment is at the same as static kids.

Head start (what is it and what are the results?)

Educational services to children aged 3-5. Helping kids get ready for kindergarten. more like pre-school than just daycare. Results will fade if the parents don't work with the kids after.

Positive

Environment adds something

Cons of breastfeeding

In public, is frowned upon even if you "cover" people stare, has to be mom unless you pump, can be difficult to learn- social support is important especially from others who have breastfed (lactation consultants) Can pass some diseases such as HIV through breast milk-caveat of clean H2o. Even with FLSA can be hard to find a clean nice place to pump and time to pump.

Object Permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when we can no longer see them.

Componential

Very similar to general problem solving abilities. how quickly can you figure out how to do things. Fluid- ability to learn.

Naturalistic Observation

You are seeing the behavior as it occurs in "nature" or in real life. Watch subjects in their natural habitat. Cons" Observer bias and Hawthorne Effect.

Behavioral Variable

You make the subject engage in a certain behavior and see the outcome. EX: making someone eat chocolate and seeing the affect it has on their test-taking abilities.

Post-partum Depression w/ psychotic features why?

delusions, jesus, kill baby

How to facilitate secure attachment?

most important factors: consistent, loving, responsive caregiving

Discrimination in relation to IQ tests

need it to determine between students who need help and those who don't

Post-partum Depression what to do?

needs to be taken very seriously. medication, talk therapy. go to doctor. run to E.R.

Jay Belsky Inflammatory Side

"Infants who spend >20 hrs/wk in first year in daycare are at a significant risk for insecure attachment." Bowlby attachment naturalistic observation. "daycare" anybody except mom. Used the "Strange situation" but it wasn't a strange situation anymore because the children know the daycare after repeatedly going. He observed children at 1-2 yrs, but attachment should have been solidified at this age. He said that children tended to "avoid" (child not running up to mother) mother after separation, were less complaint ("no" a 2 yr olds favorite word) and more "aggressive" (push back, kids not in daycare don't have the same opportunity to be "Aggressive") with peers (these have nothing to do with attachment). This also failed to control for quality of care and stress/education/income level of family. Most parents are working who take their children to daycare.

Jay Belsky's inflammatory side

"Infants who spend more than 20 hrs per week in their first year at daycare are at a significant risk for insecure attachment" he described "daycare" as anybody except mom. He put kids in a "strange situation" observed kids age 1-2 in daycare and watched how they reacted when mom came to pick them up. The problems were that it wasn't a strange situation anymore because after repeatedly going, the child knew the people at the daycare. Also attachment should be solidified by 1-2. He said that children tended to "Avoid" mother after separation but his definition of avoid was child not running up to mother. He said children were less complaint and more "aggressive" with peers but those have nothing to do with attachment and his definition of aggression was pushing back also kids not in daycare dont have the same opportunity to be "aggressive" He also failed to control for quality of care and stress/education/income level of family. Importance of operational definitions.

Tertiary circular reactions

"little scientists" activities involving flexibly exploring the properties of objects. Throwing toys off of the high chair at varying velocities/ directions to see where they land.

Oral Stage

(0-1) babies gain pleasure from mouth by chewing, sucking, biting, or swallowing. Conflict: the weaning process- the child must become less dependent upon caregivers. If oral fixation occurred, Freud believed the individual would have issues with dependency or aggression. Can result in problems with drinking, eating, smoking, or nail biting.

Piaget Sensorimotor Stage

(0-2 years) Infant uses senses to create new schemes. Crawling is a HUGE cognitive event. Child must develop object permanence, which signifies that they are done with this stage. Object permanence is complete when the child can search for objects until they are found. Separation Anxiety is NOT possible without it. Symbolic thought is in place-Language. Major criticism: happens faster than Piaget said. Assimilate and accommodate. Circular reactions- habits, or action-oriented schemas, the child repeats again and again.

Anal stage

(1-3) withholding/ expelling feces, gain pleasure from controlling bladder/ bowel movements. Conflict: toilet-training- the child has to learn to control his/ her bodily needs. Anal retentive- If parents are too strict or begin toilet training too early, individuals may become stringent, orderly, rigid, and obsessive. Anal expulsive- If parent's approach is too lenient, the individual becomes messy, wasteful, or destructive.

Broberg's Swedish Daycare study

*remember this data is consistent with US data* 146 children 16 months of age (72F)- no prior daycare experience) By 19 months, 87 are in daycare. Tested 123 at age 8 (65F) on cognitive and social tasks. Overall: children in daycare scored consistently higher. Best predictor of outcome: Consistently high quality care. Cognitive perspective. Vygotsky

Difficult

10% Crabby, dislike of change, irregular, maybe highly active Outcome: more troubled behavior here. Risks: aggressive, socially alienated, reckless, thrill seeking.

What is FMLA in the context of parental leave? What does it provide for parents?

12 weeks of job-guaranteed leave. Job cannot fire you but they can demote you so you quit cause you don't like the job. Pay and benefits are not guaranteed. It is gender fair for men and women. Also counts for adoption. Exclusions: Must have been at work with employer for at least 15 months and must give a 10 weeks notice. If there are less than 50 employees, then the FMLA rules are different.

Slow to warm up

15% HATES change. Outcomes: see large influence of parenting here. Risks: more cautious, unassertive, depressed.

Insecure Ambivalent

15% parent inconsistent/ insensitive (mom w/ PPD trying to interact) child fussy and anxious and inconsolable. Runs to mom and pushes her away struggle with relationships later.

Stages of language development

2-4 months cooing- first sounds growing out of reflexes Examples "oooo" 5-11 months babbling: alternate vowel-consonant sounds Examples: "ba-ba-ba, da-da-da" 12 months holophrases: first one-word sentences Example: "ja" (I want juice) 18 months- 2 years Telegraphic speech: two-word combinations, often accompanied by an explosion in vocabulary Example "me juice"

Phallic Stage

3-6 penis or clitoris, the genitals. Self-manipulation is the child's chief source of gaining pleasure. Conflict: sexual identity Oedipal complex (castration anxiety)- boys fell in romantic love with their mother, they were competing with their father, their fathers knew and boys feared that the father would chop off their penis as punishment. Electra complex (penis envy)- girls fell in romantic love with their fathers and reproduced with the hopes that they would give birth to a son so they could give their father a penis. Wished they had a penis to give to their father. Unresolved Oed. Complex = Could result in perversions such as seeking sexual encounters with members of own gender. Unresolved electra complex= Those with this unresolved issue attempt to dominate over men, either through aggression through seductiveness, or extreme submissiveness.

Hard to classify

35% show a mix of three groups.

Easy

40% sociable, well-adjusted, regular, moderate activity. Outcomes: still sociable and well-adjusted.

Wisconsin Maternity Leave and Health Project

570 women/ 550 men, during 2nd trimester, 1 mo, 4 mo, and 12 mo, post partum (longitudinal study); 32+ hr/wk, 6-31 hr/wk, <6hr/wk. Leave issues: job guaranteed? benefits continue? income replacement? gender fair? Maternal/ child issues: 12 weeks recommended as a minimum (less depression, more physical energy, more productive workers, less sick time taken, healthier babies, less death in 1st year) this is because at 12 weeks babies can regulate their eating and sleeping better. Part-time employment for first year is strongly recommended.

Baby blues how many?

7/10

Reliability

= repeatability. The consistency of a research study or measuring test.

Unconditioned Response

A biological reaction to an unconditioned stimulus without previous conditioning.

Unconditioned Stimulus

A stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

Operant conditioning

According to Skinner, the general law of learning that causes each voluntary action, from forming our first words to mastering higher math. Responses that we reward or reinforce are learned. Responses that are not reinforced go away or are extinguished.

What does research suggest parents need?

According to the Wisconsin Maternity Leave Project, parents need their job to be guaranteed, benefits to continue, income replacement, gender fair, 12 weeks recommended as a minimum because there is less depression and more production because babies start to regulate their sleeping and eating at this point, part time employment for first year is strongly suggested.

What things are considered by psychologists for temperament?

Activity: how active is the child? Reactivity: How does the child react in changing situations? Emotionality: What types of emotions does the child supply? Mostly happy? Crabby? Sociability: Does child interact well with others?

No child left behind

All children in every state should look the same. Common core original alternative could be impactful as opposed to test level standard material should be taught in each grade. Regular testing and yearly improvement should get smarter as you get older. Goal: 100% of children at grade level. Differential preparedness though- some kids have someone working with them for an hour a day, kids who don't will have more and more of a gap between them and the kids who do have someone helping them. Poorer states will fall farther behind.

Pros of formula

Anyone can feed baby, great if you're too busy to pump- FLSA must be given breaks to pump and must be a space other than a restroom. more vitamin D than breastmilk, don't have to privately feed baby, Some moms cant breast feed or pump

APGAR stands for

Appearance- skin color- indication of oxygenation (purple/dark blue bad need interventions or pink/rosy good) Pulse- Where is heart rate in relation to 100bpm? above= good below= bad need interventions Grimace- Reflex irritability (pull back into self) Activity- Muscle tone Respiration- breathing

Erikson's psychosocial task #3. Initiative vs Guilt

Around age 3 and continuing to age 5, children assert themselves more frequently. Children will take initiatives that parents might try to stop (e.g., trying out new things and being rambunctious)- children will often ask "Why?" parent might treat the child's questions as trivial or a nuisance, making the child have feelings of guilt. This could lead to inhibited creativity if too much guilt is happening, but some guilt is necessary in order to teach the child self-control and to form a conscience.

Harrison and Ungerer Aussie Moms study

Attachment (bowlby, naturalistic observation) solidified by 1 yr. 145 aussie moms and their firstborns. Variety of measures including: videotape assessments of maternal/ child interaction; strange situation. Group 1: return before 5 months 71.7% secure. Group 2 return between 5-12 months: 61.5% secure. Group 3 no return by 12 months 44.7% secure. @5-12 months separation anxiety begins to occur and object permanence. Best predictor of secure attachment overall: consistently high quality care. Maternal sensitivity significant predictor. No significant differences in maternal depression. Diff. btw group 1 and 2 caused by separation anxiety and object permanence. Best predictor in regards to maternal employment: whether or not mom wants to go back to work. If mom doesn't want to go back= insecure.

Cost Benefit

Average cost to send and keep a prisoner in jail is $210,000 compared to one kid in daycare at $50,000.

Secure Attachment

Baby comforted by parent and trusts parent baby soothed then explores room. 2/3 able to be calmed when mom leaves them with a stranger.

Why is crawling such a big deal, cognitively?

Because they are keeping their head up while also realizing that they have to move opposite leg and hand to propel themselves. They are exercising their crawling schemas. They are using accommodation.

What does the adult avoidant attachment look like?

Behavior: avoidance of closeness and preference for self-reliance; blunted/ suppressed emotions. Stress: distress and depression tax cognitive resources. Cortisol: for women, spikes during relationship conflict, and drops quickly which reinforces distancing behaviors and disengagement.

What does the adult anxious attachment look like?

Behavior: expect partner to be unresponsive, pattern of hyperactivation to call attention to their distress (to increase/ achieve attention from partner) Stress: heightened experience of distress and more intense emotional reactions. Cortisol: In males, greater cortisol reactivity prior to intense discussion with partner slow drop after tense interaction.

What does the adult secure attachment look like?

Behavior: trust partner to respond, comfortable giving/ receiving support. Stress use a variety of strategies to cope and regulate stress. Decreased levels of stress. Cortisol: no dramatic spike prior to intense discussion (normal rise) with partner, normal decrease. Small cortisol spike and levels out at a good pace.

Bandura

Behavioral perspective with social learning. Bobo doll studies.

Pavlov Watson

Behavioral perspectives. continuous. interested in observable behaviors. 100% nurture. Universal principle. Classical conditioning, neutral stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response, systemic desensitization, flooding, stimulus generalization, stimulus discrimination.

Outcomes of the authoritative parenting style?

Best. Generally good. Successful (academically & professionally), sociable, caring partners/parents, good at delaying gratification.

What is temperament?

Born with it same for most part of life. Dependent on parenting you get. perhaps the most inborn trait. Most consistent aspect of personality from utero through adulthood. It is relatively consistent basic dispositions that underlie and modulate: activity, reactivity, emotionality, and sociability.

Jay Belsky more moderate side

Bowlby attachment. Differential susceptibility hypothesis. "difficult" children are more negatively impacted by low quality care and more positively impacted by high quality care. "easy" w/ poor daycare= they will be okay. w/ good daycare= better off (not really a big affect on easy children) (remember, temperamentally difficult children are disproportionately likely to be found in low income/ low education/ high stress homes) probably going to go into less quality daycares because of finances.

When should breastfeeding be avoided

Breastfeeding should be avoided when moms are HIV positive and have access to clean water.

Swedish outcomes with daycare?

Broberg 146 children at 16 months old (72 F) with no prior daycare experience. By 19 months, 87 are in daycare. He tested 123 at age 8 (65F) on cognitive and social tasks. Overall: children in daycare scored consistently higher. Best predictor of outcome was consistently high quality care.

Piaget

Cognitive perspective concerned with though processes. Discontinuous age-based stages of cognitive development. Children think in a fundamentally different way than adults. Sensorimotor stage, object permanence.

Vygotsky

Cognitive perspective how context influences cognitive development. Zone of proximal development and scaffolding.

What do infants need?

Consistently high quality care. Burp, feed, change diaper, comfort 3-4 months to stabilize biorhythms(sleep wake cycle)- easier with consistent high quality care. Need schedules and parents consistently able to comfort them.

What does good daycare look like?

Consistently high quality care. Ratios of kids to workers right. Piaget's age-appropriated stimulation- toys and activities based on age. Staff that is knowledgeable, motivated, caring, know about development, want to go to work.

What makes good daycare difficult to access?

Cost- expensive. Training of staff- knowledgeable, motivated, caring, want people who know about development and wanna go to work. Piaget- age-appropriated stimulation toys/ activities for age. Ratios are state mandated. 1 person for 5 infants. younger= need more care.

Early head start (what is it and what are the results?)

Counseling and other educational services to parents with children under 3. Intervene with parents to have parents help.

Low birth weight outcomes

Development of low birth weight, sicker (more likely to die), feeding problems (difficulty sucking/latching on be can't get mouth around nipples), breathing problems (anoxia bc lungs aren't growing properly), lagging development throughout childhood. Cognitive and physically smaller

Internal validity

Did you really measure what you said you measured? If you do an IQ test did you really measure whether someone is intelligent or not.

Jay Belsky's moderate side

Differential susceptibility hypothesis "difficult" children are more negatively impacted by low quality care and more positively impacted by high quality care. "easy" children in poor daycare will be okay and in good daycare they will be better off but there is not really a big affect on easy care. Remember, temperamentally difficult children are more likely to be found in low income, low education, high stress homes. They are probably going to go into less quality daycares because of finances.

How to safely bedshare

Do not cosleep if you are a tosser/turner. Do not cosleep while under the influence of drugs/ alcohol. Do not cosleep with excessive pillows/ blankets. Ensure baby is sleeping on back, away from pillows/ blankets. Can consider cosleeping with bassinet directly next to bed if concerned.

APGAR cutoffs and what is more predictive of later behaviors?

Each item receives 0 (worst), 1, or 2 (best). Add total score <4=life saving intervention required. 4-6 low watching baby. 7+ normal. 5 minute more predictive of later behavior.

Brofenbrenner

Ecological models, proximal/distal processes, systems.

Depth perception requirement and measurements

Elinor Gibson's solution. Visual cliffs- a table that appears to "end" in a drop-off at its midpoint. Even when parents encouraged babies to keep going, if they refused it was because they had depth perception.

Cultural problems with intelligence

Ellis Island Early 1900s WW2 imigrants flooding U.S. Congress concerned about housing/ resources. Goddard- IQ assessment for immigration tested whether or not you speak english to limit people who aren't that smart and useful from coming in. It was quick and easy and most immigrants who spoke english were higher educated or rich. 5 question screw up.

Baby Blues why?

Emotionalness, tired, stressed, sobbing because of hormones

Negative

Environment takes something away

Baby behaviors to predict future intelligence

Except in the case of children who have developmental disorders, the rate at which babies master motor milestones has no relation to their intelligence. Different regions of the cortex develop at different times.

Harlow's Monkeys

Experiment Behavioral, classical conditioning- pair parents w/ good feeling from milk. Attachment Bowlby. Question: What is love? Food relieves hunger, makes you feel good. Mom always paired with food, feel good about her. Generalizes to other people, looks like mom are you going to feed me? Unethical w/ kids. Wire mothers vs. cloth mothers. Found that love is more about comfort than just food.

Bowlby and Ainsworth's Strange Situation

Experiment. Attachment Bowlby. Put child into strange situation and measure how children react. Put child in room with stranger and watch how the child acts when their mother leaves and how they act when their mother returns.

Rosenthal & Jacobson "Bloomers & Non Bloomers" study

Experimental study w/ random assignment. tested Iq in "bloomers and nonbloomers" 3rd graders. Didn't tell teachers what it meant. teachers said they didn't treat the bloomers different but Teacher behavior: treated the bloomers w/ warmer-nicer climate, more and more difficult material- zone of proximal development (just above child's ability level), more and more feedback on Hw and in classroom, more and longer opportunities to respond in class (more likely to call on bloomers and gave them more time to answer) tested IQ again at end of school year: bloomers had significantly higher IQ.

What parental leave is available in the U.S.?

Family Medical Leave Act- 1993 FMLA. 12 weeks, job-guaranteed leave. Job cannot dump/ fire you but can demote you so you hate your job and quit. Pay and benefits not guaranteed. gender fair for men and women. Also counts for adoption. Exclusions: must work w. employer for at least 15 months and put in a 10 weeks notice. If there are fewer than 50 employees than the rules are different. FLSA 2010- nursing mothers must be given pumping breaks in non-bathroom, private area that has to lock. Many women struggle to find time to pump

Fine & gross motor skills

Fine motor skills are small movements — such as picking up small objects and holding a spoon — that use the small muscles of the fingers, toes, wrists, lips, and tongue. Gross motor skills are the bigger movements — such as rolling over and sitting — that use the large muscles in the arms, legs, torso, and feet.

Pros of breastfeeding

Free, nutrient makeup is different- antibodies (colostrum-discharge), allergies. skin to skin contact. reduce risk of heart disease, diabetes, obesity, tooth/jaw alignment better. Better for sick babies and preemies. burns 500 calories a day. Stimulates oxytocin release ( natural version of pitocin)- contractions to shrink uterus, decreased breast cancer risk (would have to go on for about a year). You won't have period, but you can still get pregnant ("irish twins").

Development during the sensorimotor stage

From birth to age 2 when babies' agenda is to pin down the basics of physical reality. Uses senses to create new schemas They assimilate and accommodate. Primary- repetitive habits center around the childs body. Secondary- habits center on environmental objects. Tertiary- flexibly explores the properties of objects.

Learning Styles Study

Gardner's Theory of multiple intelligences never intended to be learning styles. Most education professionals believe students learning style must match for learning to occur. not true. No evidence that learning does not occur when there is mismatch. No evidence that learning is enhanced when styles matched. learning styles are just preferences. Cognitive perspective. Vygotsky.

Outcomes of the Indifferent parenting style?

Generally poor. Delinquency, academically unsuccessful, poor relationships, aggressive, self-centered.

Outcomes of the Permissive parenting style?

Generally poor. Impulsive, poor relationships, sexually promiscuous, high drug use, difficulty delaying gratification.

Secondary circular reactions

Habits centered on exploring the external world. Kicking a doll.

Daycare & attachment with Aussie moms? What is the best predictor of secure attachment overall?

Harrison and Ungerer 145 Aussie moms and their firstborns. Attachment solidified by 1 year. 5-12 months separation anxiety and object permanence. Variety of measures ( including: videotape, assessments of maternal/child interaction; Strange situation) Group 1: Return before 5 months: 71.7% secure. Group 2: Return between 5-12 months: 61.5% secure. Group 3: No return by 12 months: 44.7% secure. The best predictor of secure attachment overall is consistently high quality care.

Matthew Effect

High quality environment is important for neural development. Kids enter kidnergarten differentially prepared to learn because for 1 hour a day for 5 years parents were talking, playing games, and reading with them. Kids without high quality interaction are less prepared and if parents don't work with their kids the gap will continue to widen over time.

Permissive

High warmth, low control. Love their kids and want to be their friend.

When has the U.S. done a great job with daycare?

Historically during WW2. Currently on military bases.

Representativeness

How much do your subjects really extend to other people of the whole population; of different cultures, location, religion. How much subjects look like the rest of the world.

Fluid intelligence

How quickly can you learn new terms/ material.

Maternal Death Rate

In the U.S., a woman is about 5 times as likely to die in pregnancy or childbirth as a British woman. The U.S. ranks below every member of the industrialized nations in maternal mortality except Mexico (we're #30 of 31) 23.8 per 100,000 maternal mortality rate in 2014.Tx sudden increase in maternal deaths from 2011-2012. Texas rates in 2010 were 18.6/100,000 births; in 2012 the rate spiked to 37.2/100,000 births. Why? Health clinics (particularly in rural areas) were being shut down (including planned parenthood, whose main patients are low income women and men with no health insurance) CA only steady decline. African-American women die at 2-3 times the rate of Caucasian women. " Doctors erroneously believe that this isn't a problem, and thus health care providers don't recognize (or look for) potentially life-threatening symptoms. " When an emergency does happen, health care providers aren't prepared. o Lack of training o lack of recognition of symptoms o no protocol or standard for what to do if something happens and symptoms are recognized o Hospitals that do have protocols, are often not well-known or practiced o Worse in rural or small hospitals who are less likely to encounter these issues " Many factors related to maternal death, but biggest factors are closely monitored (e.g. preexisting heart conditions, obesity, etc), but 60% of all maternal deaths could be prevented Things to watch for: " Changes in blood pressure " Bleeding " Fever " Headaches " Arm or back aches (or stroke symptoms) " Problems breathing ANY of this can happen during pregnancy, but slightly more at risk directly following birth " Most common, preventable contributors: o Obstetric Hemorrhage (bleeding out during/after pregnancy/childbirth) o Preeclampsia (pregnancy induced high blood pressure) " Implemented evidence-based toolkits to address these issues " Implemented quality improvement initiatives throughout the state

Benefits of education?

Individual benefits- lower drop-out rate, decreased drug use, decreased teen pregnancy rate, increased income, increased self-respect. Societal benefit- less crime, less government assistance, for every $1 invested, we save on average $4.

Stereotype threat

Intelligence has been defined as a characteristic belonging to particular groups like asians and white males. Race and gender impacts how well you perform on a test if you were forced to think about your social stereotype. Black students and women perform worse when they have to mark their gender/ race before a test.

Case Study

Intense, detailed study of a unique sample, often an individual, but it can be a small group. Most theories started at the case study level. For example, the girl who lived in a dark room her whole life and Tarzan (if he was real) Pros: great for unique, bizarre situations. Cons: It's usually a special case that may not apply to everyone, it may not have representativeness.

Erikson's Psychosocial task #1. Trust vs. Mistrust

Is the world a safe place? Or is it full of unpredictable events and accidents waiting to happen? If the care the infant receives is consistent, predictable, and reliable, they will develop a sense of trust which they will carry with them to other relationships, and they will be able to feel secure even when threatened. Can see with children at the older end of this that they don't necessarily want to let other people hold them (not always the parent's fault, some kids are just a little more difficult)

ZPD or Zone of Proximal Development

Just above child's ability. Teachers gave "bloomers" more and more difficult material.

Object permanence

Knowing that objects exist even when we no longer see them. Perception.

Jamaica Intelligence Study

Large % of children have parasitic infection causes lethargy, nausea, and headaches. Company donates shots. Test healthy and sick children on dynamic vs. static testing. One month of meds- clear up infection. Re-test children (dynamic and static) results: sick children's dynamic (ability to learn) scores changed. static stayed the same. Health can greatly impact how well a kid can learn. Cognitive.

Conditioned response

Learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus.

How to know if baby is getting enough to eat

Look at diaper output. 5/6 wet diapers 3/4 stools in 24 hours.

What did Harlow suggest about parenting and love?

Love is more about comfort than just food.

Indifferent/ Neglectful

Low warmth low control. Don't care. Kids have poor outcomes.

Authoritarian

Military type no ifs ands or buts. Doesn't hug/love is strict. Low in warmth high in control. Almost no co-regulation no negotiation/ discussion.

Outcomes of the Authoritarian parenting style?

Mixed. Often successful, controlling, cold in relationships.

Harlow Classical conditioning? Or something more?

More than just classical conditioning. Love is more about comfort than just pairing mom with food.

Thomas and Chess' Temperament Study

NY naturalistic observation longitudinal study. HOME: Home observation for Measure of Environment. Temperament= relatively consistent basic dispositions that underlie and modulate: Activity- how active is the child? Reactivity- How does the child react in changing situations? Emotionality- What types of emotions does the child display? Mostly happy? Crabby? Sociability- Child interact with others well? Found 3 classes of children. Easy (40%), Difficult (10%) Slow to warm-up (15%) Hard to classify (35%)

Post-partum depression what to do?

Needs to be seen by a doctor, won't go away on its own.

How to discourage children from engaging in inappropriate behaviors?

Negative punishment- decrease the likelihood that a behavior will continue; reducing a behavior- time-out, response-cost. Positive punishment- induction, (guilt, not shame) and words, physical

How do we compare cross-culturally?

Now we are okay, we are better than we used to be. Sweden- best in the world- bar none. 15 months, job guaranteed, paid (12 mo @90% next 3 months at 75%) Moms- 75% work-time for first 8 years @ 100% pay. There isn't gender equity. China- Moms get 3 months, full pay; Dads get 15 days. Gender differences. Ensure 2 nursing times/day and onsite daycare.

What is FLSA in the context of parents? What does it provide for mothers in particular

Nursing mothers must be given pumping breaks in non-bathroom, private area that locks. But they still struggle to find time to pump.

Classical conditioning

Pavlov and Watson. Process of learning associations between stimuli and behavioral responses. Conditioning=learning. Pavlov used this by conditioning a dog to salivate at the sound of a bell. Watson and Rayner used this to condition baby Albert to cry when he saw a white rabbit.

Survey

People evaluate their behaviors anonymously. Most cost effective. Ask a group of people questions. Pros: Cheap, easy, quick. Cons: Representativeness and everyone lies.

Low Birth weight risk factors

Poor prenatal care (not taking vitamins/ not eating/ not going to doctors) Poor maternal health, poor maternal nutrition, SMOKING ( biggest factor causes 20% bc lack of oxygen)

Low Birth Weight Categories

Premature (before 37 wks), small for gestational age (check wt compared to what their wt. should be at that age and if it is less than 90% of babies at same age). Low birth weight (full term less than 5lbs 8 oz) Very low birth weight (full term less than 3lbs 4 oz)

Conditioned Stimulus

Previously neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus, now elicits a conditioned response

Primary vs Secondary insufficiency

Primary- issue w/ breast feeding + breast not producing enough milk due to damage/ hereditary. About 5% hereditary. Secondary- not feeding enough/ pumping so breasts stop producing enough milk. Behavioral things like not drinking enough water.

Bowlby

Psychoanalytic and attachment. Types of attachment secure vs. insecure

Adler

Psychoanalytic and parenting styles. behavior results from experiences with parents.

Freud

Psychoanalytic perspective: aiming to explain how and why for human experience. Defense mechanisms. Importance of earlier years. Focus on developments and dynamics of personality, humans being driven by motives and emotions, we are shaped by our earliest life experiences. Discontinuous theorist, nurture theorist, and mechanistic theorist. Pros: first most complete theory, taught us to listen, taught us children are different. Cons: poor science, circular reasoning, not falsifiable, untestable, external validity, development ages are too early or too late.

Strange situation

Put child into strange situation (in a room with a stranger) and measure how the children act when the mom leaves and how they act when their mom comes back.

Skinner

Radical behaviorism. behavior controlled by environment. Operant conditioning, punishment/reinforcement, positive/negative.

Primary circular reactions

Repetitive actions centered on the child's body. A thumb making contact with the mouth.

Accelerated longitudinal

Researchers compare different age groups at the same time and periodically test those people over years. Pros: faster than longitudinal. Cons: all of the cons from longitudinal and cross-sectional.

Cross-sectional

Researchers compare different age groups at the same time on the trait or characteristics they are interested in. Pros: simpler+cheaper than longitudinal. Cons: cohort effects.

Longitudinal Study

Researchers typically select a group of a particular age and periodically test those people over years. (long) Pros: best measurement of change over time. Cons: Take a long time, at least 6 months, expensive, risk of "drop out" because people stop coming to the study, die, etc...

Static intelligence tests

Sick kids static is low. After treatment static is still low. Static- crystallized things you already know stays the same.

Psychology interventions for preterm/ LBW

Social support for mom- hold baby, vacuum, cook Behavioral education for parents- tell them to be gentle and hold baby close "kangaroo care" skin to skin contact. Touch/massage/Rhythmic Motion- skin to skin, holding, talking, helping stretch, swaying, bouncing, putting baby on washer, driving around in car.

Social factors related to breastfeeding/formula feeding

Social support makes it easier to breastfeed. "It's okay just formula feed" women believe that breastfeeding is hard or impossible. Women are scorned for breastfeeding in public.

Punishment

Something that increases the likelihood that a behavior will decrease.

Reinforcement

Something that increases the likelihood that a behavior will increase

Reflexes of a newborn

Startle reflexes in fetuses in response to noise

Neutral Stimulus

Stimulus, that before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest.

Risk factors for SIDS & how to prevent?

Sudden infant death syndrome refers to the unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant, often while sleeping, during the first months of life. Linked to infants being inadvertently smothered. Prevent by having babies sleep on their backs.

Effects of high quality interaction?

Talking, playing games, and reading for 1 hour a day for 5 years put kids ahead of their peers and enter kindergarten differentially prepared to learn.

Erikson's Psychosocial task #2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

The child is developing physically and becoming more mobile. Between the ages of 18 months and 3, children begin to assert their independence, by walking away from their mother, picking which toy to play with, and making choices about what they like to wear, eat, etc... Terrible Two's happen in here- children often want more independence, but don't have the language skills to be able to communicate. Erikson states that it is crucial to encourage and allow them to fail. Aim for parents must be "Self-control without a loss of self-esteem"

Dependent Variable

The dependent variable depends/ changes because of the independent variable.

Independent Variable

The independent variable influences a change in the dependent variable

Situational Variable

These extraneous variables are related to things in the environment that may impact how each participant responds. You change the situation. EX: temperature. You could blast heat or make a room freezing cold to see how it affects someone taking a test.

Crystallized intelligence

Things you already know influenced by environment and upbringing.

External validity

To what extent do your results apply to other people, settings, and over time. Representativeness/ generalizability

How to use physical punishment safely/appropriately?

Use RARELY open hand on fully clothed bottom- no objects, ever. Seriousness of offense should dictate, not anger of parent. Immediately follow offense. Explain offense, why it was wrong, and a suitable alternative. DO NOT FOLLOW UP WITH A REINFORCER.

Experiment

Utilizes an independent and dependent variable, treatment and control groups, and random assignment. Ethics has to be taken into account. If random assignment isn't present, then you did not conduct an experimental study. Pros: can show something caused something. Cons: Expensive, ethics, and time consuming.

Subject Variable

Variables that are determined before the study beings and cannot be changed. Variables which are related to the individual being researched. EX: occupation, gender, or personality type. You want to see how people with different personality types study differently.

Contextual

What is smart for this situation? Can you be smart in this context? Ability to have knowledge and apply it to the real world. "street smarts" common knowledge. What is smart for a certain situation.

Means-end behavior

When the child is able to perform a separate, or different, action to get to a goal.

When should formula feeding be avoided

When there is no clean water. Even if mom is HIV positive breastfeeding is better than dirty water because dirty water will kill baby now, HIV will kill baby later.

Cons of formula

Worse jaw/tooth alignment. HAVE to have clean H2o dirty water will kill baby fast.

Authoritative

best. High in warmth (approval and affection) and high in control (restrictions). Never forgets who parent is. Allows negotiation and flexibility, discussion. Under some circumstances there is NO flexibility. Use of coregulation.

Post-partum depression why?

depression, feelings of worthlessness, cognitive

Bias in relation to IQ tests

do not want; impacting one group different than another group

Co-regulation

explaining why you are giving chore/ grounding. Discuss with child.

What is intelligence G?

general problem solving abilities similar to componential and fluid- ability to learn.

Baby blues what to do?

happens 3-4 days after birth and will lift, lifts better with support.

Rogers

humanistic perspective client-centered therapy. Unconditional positive regard, empathy, clarification

Maslow

humanistic perspective hierarchy of needs.

What is required for language development?

infant directed speech. continually talking to babies. babies need to hear human speech.

Steele & Aronson's Stereotype Threat study

intelligence has been defined as a characteristic belonging to particular groups. Ex: asians, white males. Does race/ gender impact how well you perform on a test because you were forced to think about your social stereotype. 1/2 had to Indicate race/ gender by marking a box the other half didn't. Results: black students that marked race scored significantly lower. those that did not mark race scored the same as white students. Females scored lower when asked to mark sex- social labels do have an impact. Experiment.

Experiential

most important. Automatization- how quickly do you learn. Experts vs. novices. Dynamic vs static- crystallized things you already know impacted by what you've been exposed to/ type of school you went to. Learning potential assessment device cognitive functioning.

Biological perspective

no specific people, but Buss is an evolutionary person that fits (genes) Reaction range, canalization

Findings on cosleeping cross culturally

not common is U.S. more common in other countries. Preschoolers whose parents decided to co-sleep were more self reliant and socially independent. Cosleeping early in life had calming effects, and babies were significantly more able to regulate their own cortisol and had lower baseline cortisol. Cosleeping infants do wake up more at night but get back to sleep faster. Parents who cosleep spend less time in deepest sleep stages but the same number of hours sleeping. Co sleeping is not detrimental to sleep. Cosleeping helps regulate babies breathing.

post-partum depression how many?

not normal. occurs first couple of days after birth 1/10.

How to encourage children to engage in appropriate behaviors?

positive and negative Reinforcement- increase appropriate behaviors. Modeling positive behaviors "do as i do" - children see/ hear far more than we think.

Erikson

psychosocial and psychoanalytic 8 discontinuous stages of development

Post-Partum Depression with psychotic features how many?

rare 1/500 out of the 1/10 w/ PPD within first 6 weeks after birth

Insecure Avoidant

rejecting parent. Child won't cry or reach out for parent, leads to aggression 15%

Generalizability

the extent to which findings can be generalized to those natural settings. Extent to which results apply to others.