Lifespan Psychology Unit 2

16 year old Becky wants to go on a weekend camping trip wit a group of her friends (some of whom are male). She brings up the idea with her parents. As they tend to be authoritative parents, their most likely response is to say,

"Let's sit down and discuss this. We're not sure this is a good idea, but we'd like to hear your views. Then we'll come to some sort of agreement"

The typical first-grader would begin school with a vocabulary of around ______ words

10,000

Krusty's mother paints his face like a clown for Halloween and holds him up to look at himself in the mirror, Krusty laughs and rubs his hands all over his own cheeks making a mess of the paint job. Given his behavior, the youngest you should expect Krusty to be is

18 months

Coercive family environments refer to situations where family members

Are locked in power struggles

US census bureau data indicates that compared with the recent past, there are currently fewer

Caregivers for aging adults

The ______ identity status would best be described as "no conflict, no crisis, and no clue"

Diffusion

After months of consideration, college sophomore Burrhus has just come to the conclusion that a career in psychology is the right thing for him. As a result, he has just switched to a psychology major and has signed up for several psychology courses for the next semester. Concering his career plans, Burrhus appears to be in the ______ status stage

Identity achievement

One-year-old Van Damn's ability to learn the meaning of words has been greatly enhanced by the fact that his dad, Claude, often points and repeatedly names objects that are around Van Damn. Claude's teaching style best reflects the process of

Joint attention

Chomsky asserts that humans have an inborn mechanism for mastering language. He calls this the

Language acquisition device

What is the best conclusion about psychological differences between the sexes

Males and females are far more similar than different

Mark is a member of a teenage gang. He's doing drugs and is into petty crime. On the rare days he shows up at school, he invariably ends up in a fight and leaves early. Mark's behavior is MOST typical of children raised by parents who are

Neglectful

Premature infants who are _______ tend to gain weight faster than those not receiving this stimulation.

Stroked over the entire body

A "coo" is best defined as a _________ sound

Vowel-like

Piaget stated that the preoperational stage of development normally begins around

2 years of age

Who would most likely develop a theory hypothesizing that in order to interpret music, a person would have to hear many versions of the sound?

A constructivist

Temperament is best described as

A genetically based tendency to respond in a predictable way that is first seen in early infancy

Joel reaches up to Daddy with waving outstretched arms and says, "Up!" meaning "Daddy pick me up!" This is an example of

A holophrase

With which of the following tasks would older adults have the LEAST problem?

A memory task where they can use well-practiced memory strategies

The main theme of Vygotsky's theory is that cognitive growth is

A product of the child's social interactions within a cultural and historical context

Five year old Emeril loves watching cooking shows on TV. Emeril's dad is very concerned that by watching these shows, Emeril will become feminine. Which type of theorist would be most likely to agree with Emeril's dad's concern over the impact of television on gender-role development?

A social learning theorist

Perry's (1970) research with cognitive development in college students found that many students tended to be ________ in their thought when they first started college and grow to be _______ thinkers by the end of their college careers

Absolutist; relativistic

Preschool programs that emphasize ________ appear to be of the most benefit to children, especially those from disadvantaged families

Academic skill building and play

The extent to which a parent is supportive, sensitive and willing to provide affection and praise is referred to as the _________ dimension of child rearing

Acceptance-responsiveness

Phillip is moping around because his "steady" girlfriend, Janet, is going on a date with another boys she's interested in. his dad comes up to him and says, "I know just how you feel, son...." Phillip cuts him off, shouting, "You don't know how I feel. No one knows how I feel! Just leave me alone!" Phillip's response demonstrates a phenomenon known as

Adolescent egocentrism

The idea that the letters in printed words represent the sounds in spoken words in a systematic way is referred to as the __________ principle

Alphabetic

Eighteen-month-old Mickey is visiting a theme park for the first time. At the park he sees some zebras, an animal with which he is unfamiliar. Despite this, he looks at the animals and shouts, "Look at the horses!" He had previously formed a mental schema for horses. Piaget would say that Mickey's reaction BEST demonstrates the concept of

Assimilation

According to Dodge's social information processing model, an aggressive teenager who is run into in the hallway will likely

Assume that the event was intentional

Which statement is true?

At five months of age, deaf and hearing children from all cultures make similar sounds

A parent with a _______ style would be most likely to give a child a severe spanking for disobedience

Authoritarian

Six-month-old Barbie watches as two dolls are placed behind a screen. When the screen is removed, Barbie sees either two dolls (possible) or one doll (impossible). Which of the following reactions is the infant likely to show?

Barbie will look longer at the impossible outcome than the possible outcome

Compared to middle class and upper class parents, lower class parents tend to

Be more restrictive

Gutmann's hypothesis regarding "parental imperative" suggests that

Becoming parents pressures males to be more masculine and females to be more feminine

According to Paterson's model of development, antisocial behavior

Begins with poor parental discipline

In the text, habituation is defined as the process of "learning to be ____________"

Bored

When talking to their two-year-old, Steve and Eve typically use short, simple sentences, lots of repetition, and high-pitched voices. This sort of speech is known as

Child-directed speech

Martin and Halverson's gender schema model suggests that

Children are intrinsically interested in learning about objects or activities that fit their own sex-schemas

Which of the following is true regarding children's knowledge of sex and reproduction?

Children's level of understanding is linked to their cognitive development

"I am a boy. Therefore, I want to do the things boys do" This statement is reflective of which theoretical perspective regarding gender-role development?

Cognitive-development

Asked to choose between two cookies of equal size one whole and one broken, Jenny takes the broken cookie, saying that three cookies are better than one. Piaget would say that Jenny lacks

Conservation

Which is the typical order of linguistic attainment (from earliest to latest)?

Coo, then babble, then word, the holophrase

Ester is in a swimming pool. Her nine-month-old son William is sitting on a blanket three feet from the edge of the pool. Ester coaxes her child to crawl to her. If the depth of the water is lower than the top lip of the pool, William is most likely to

Crawl to the edge of the pool and stop

Which infant behavior BEST demonstrates object permanence?

Crying and reaching for a favorite toy you were playing with after it has been put inside a toy box

When mommy is sick in bed, Jenna brings her a pacifier and a rattle, thinking these will help mommy feel better since they always make Jenna feel better. Jenna's behavior BEST demonstrates

Egocentrism

The family systems approach to understanding families suggests that

Every relationship within the system has an impact on every other individual in the system

Research on reinforcement of sex-appropriate behavior indicates

Fathers are more likely than mothers to discourage youngsters for playing with gender-appropriate toys

Gaga's mother and father are both professional singers, as are her two older sisters. Gaga is in college, enrolled in a music curriculum. When asked about her career goals, she states, "I'll be a singer, of course. Everyone in my family is a singer. I've never thought of being anything else." Gaga's identity status is best described in terms of

Foreclosure

In the hypothetical country of Whoville, only females are allowed to cook roast beast. This best exemplifies a _______ difference

Gender

The process by which children become aware of the fact that they are either male of female and that there are different cultural expectations concerning the pattern of behavior for the two sexes is called

Gender typing

If Fay and Ray want their adolescent daughter Kay to "make it" as an independent adult, they should

Gradually relinquish power and control to that their adolescent gains experience in making wise choices

Learning through active involvement in culturally relevant activities with the aid of knowledgeable individuals is referred to as

Guided participation

Linda jingles her keys in front of baby Sam's face and he watches and smiles. Linda continues to bring her keys up and jingle them in front of Sam because he appears to enjoy this game. After a while, Sam seems to lose interest in the game and no longer focuses on the keys when Linda jingles them. This illustrates the process of

Habituation

Gender intensification appears to be driven by

Hormonal changes at puberty and peer pressure to conform to gender roles

On a preferential looking task a researcher measures

How long an infant views each of the objects presented

While Gao never shouts at his wife, Fumi, when their young daughter is present, the shouting does make Kim upset. Sometimes her emotional state following the shouting results in Fumi being verbally aggressive with her daughter. This description demonstrates the

Impact of indirect effects within a family system

Results from cross cultural studies have shown that

In collectivist Asian cultures, parents tend to impose a great number of rules

The goal of the gender role aspect called "agency" is to prepare a person for

Individual achievement

Which of the following is the BEST example of the infant as an intuitive theorist?

Infants show surprise when a ball that is dropped behind a screen is later shown to be suspended in the air

Which is true according to research on parent/child attachments?

Infants who are securely attached to both parents are more socially competent than those who are securely attached to only the mother

Which statement BEST describes Piaget's theory on intelligence?

Intelligence develops as the result of interactions between the biologically based individual and their interaction with their environment

When describing his ideas on language acquisition, Harlan says, "I believe that humans have a natural biological predisposition toward language and that the environment that the child is raised in also impacts the development of language skills." Given this description, Harlan appears to hold a(n)________ perspective concerning the acquisition of language

Interactionist

A person high in negative affectivity would most likely be described as

Irritable

Tyler argues that language is best explained in terms of a baby imitating the speech of her parents and being reinforced by parents for speaking words properly. These arguments best fit with the ______ perspective on language acquisition

Learning

An absolutist believes that truth

Lies in the nature of reality, and that there is only one truth

The information processing approach to learning

Likens the human mind to a computer

Which statement concerning changes in basic processing capacities with age is TRUE?

Limitations in working memory in older adulthood may be due to the slowing of the nervous system

Which best defines a language?

Limited number of signals producing infinite number of messages

Which is true regarding parent adolescent relationships?

Most adolescents respect their parents

Research comparing elderly hearing Americans, deaf Americans, and hearing Chinese demonstrated the effect that _______ can have on memory performance

Negative stereotypes

Research by Morrongiello and Hogg (2004) found that when asked to prevent future risky behavior in a child who had misbehaved in some dangerous way (e.g. bicycling fast down a hill), moms reported that they would

Not intervene with the boys but would set more rules for the girls

In an effort to study the acquisition of speech, Dr. Verball reinforces an infant every time it makes a sound. Given this description, Dr. Verball's research method would BEST be described as a(n)________ task

Operant conditioning

Two-year-old Tonka calls every four wheeled vehicle he sees "truck". This is an example of

Over-extension

Rachel stubs her toe and says "ouch! I hurted myself" This is an example of

Over-regularization

Jamie doesn't worry very much about contracting HIV virus from unprotected sex, saying, "I'm a good guy. It can't happen to me." This is an example of

Personal fable

Exposure to rhyming stories is most likely to enhance the ______ aspect of emergent literacy

Phonological awareness

Ned tells his son Flanders, "for hitting your bother, you need to be disciplined so get ready for a spanking" Ned's parenting approach to moral development best matches with the parenting style referred to as

Power assertion

Four-year-old Jackie often mutters to herself as the builds things with her blocks. Her utterances (e.g. "the blue one goes first") seem to be a running dialogue of her actions that are guiding her behavior. Vygotsky referred to this activity as _______ speech

Private

Mastery motivation tends to be found in children whose parents

Provide sensory stimulation and the opportunity for the child to see that children can control their environment

Cross-modal perception is the ability to

Recognize with one sense an object that was learned through another sense

Seefeldt doesn't understand why his psychology instructor doesn't just tell the class the correct answer. When asked, his instructor says that there is no single correct answer, it depends on each individual's interpretation. Seefeldt's difficulty in accepting his professor's answer would indicate that Seefeldt lacks _______ thinking

Relativistic

Seventy-year-old Ace decides that he cannot remain effective at all types of gambling so he decides to focus only on blackjack, with the hopes that this narrow focus will allow him to perform better in this one area. According to the SOC approach, the decision to abandon other forms of gambling represents

Selection

When Jasmine says, "that song makes me blue." Her friend Rice says, "you don't look like a different color to me." Rice's failure to understand that in certain context the word "blue" in English means depressed illustrates a lack of _______ understanding

Semantic

Kitty and David want their children to grow up to be self-reliant, cooperative, and achievement-oriented. Based on research by Baumrind, Kitty and David should

Set firm limits and enforce them consistently

Research on individuals from the DR who are raised as girls (due to the ambiguous genitalia) but become males following puberty has challenged the Money and Ehrhardt argument that

Socialization during the first three years of life is critical

Research on children who are victims of sexual abuse has indicated that

Some victims can experience symptoms of PTSD

The key element of gender role norms is that within a society, they are viewed as

Stereotypes

The ability to use images of words to stand for objects or experiences is called

Symbolic capacity

Which conservation skills does a concrete operations thinker possess?

The ability to decenter, reversibility, and transformational thought

Which of the following changes in the nature of the American family is true?

The age of marriage has been delayed

The fact that infants elicit more sensitive care from adults than teens is best explained by

The child effects model

Goodness of fit is best defined as

The extent to which the child's temperament is compatible with the social world to which the child must adapt

Research on language acquisition among deaf children has shown that

The sequence of language acquisition between deaf children learning sign and hearing children learning spoken language are quite different

What is the developmental relationship between ideal self, present self, and future self?

The three aspects of self are most similar in the middle-aged years

It was proposed that young children initially segregating themselves into same-sex peer groups because

Their play styles are different from one another, making it difficult for the two groups to play together

Males out-perform females on test of mental rotation

Throughout the lifespan

Catherine Snow and associates' study of Dutch speaking children who watched a great deal of German television demonstrated that

To learn a language, children must be actively involved with the language

When attempting to explain why his son is so violent, Cedrick says, "He seems to have a natural tendency toward violence, and my spanking him has just made the situation worse." Cedrick's explanation best exemplifies_______ model of family influence.

Transactional

Conservation is BEST defined as the ability to

Understand that come properties of an object remain the same even if other properties change

Having a theory of mind indicates that an individual

Understands that mental states exist and guide behavior