Linguistics Quiz 3

Give the phonetic transcription of each word that makes up the minimal pair. Remember to use correct notation, and enter the words in the same order as they appear above:

/day/ /say/

Provide a broad transcription of the word count.

/kawnt/

___ languages may have the same phones but we use them differently ( have different phonemic representation of them )

2

rule of allophony; 1. a vowel is nasalized before a nasal consonant 2. An unstressed vowel may be devoiced between ____ voiceless consonants 3. A stressed vowel is lengthened before word final, voiced consonants and at the ends of words

2

_____ transcription - records phonemes ( allphonic detail) -zommed IN - enclosed in [...] - allophones -focuses on intricate detail -high resolution

Narrow

Match the type of representation on the left with the correct enclosure on the right: broad transcription- /.../ narrow transcription- ____ orthogrpahic representation - either italics or no enclosure optional items- (...)

[...]

Provide a narrow transcription of the word count, showing which, if any, of the four allophonic details featured in RL3 (and highlighted in blue in the slides) occur in this word.

[kʰãwnt]

Copy your narrow transcription for the question above and add any additional details that happen to apply to the word count and are not among the ones featured in RL3, but were mentioned in the slides (those NOT highlighted in blue, namely stress, devoicing, loss of release, glottal replacement, dentalization, or dark-l).

[kʰãwnʔ]

Choose the correct example of a pair of words that constitute a minimal pair. a. die/sigh b. die/dip c. sign/sigh

a. die/sigh

Which one of the following is a minimal pair? a.meet, met b.debt, dent c.best, beat

a.meet, met

- variant pronunciation of phonemes that are never used to distinguish one word from another - prefix "allo" means " other", second part "phone" means sound - surface level variations

allophone

phonological analysis; -determines rules that govern how phonemes are produced at the surface level by investigating the enviornment in which an ____ is produced

allophone

variant pronunciation of phonemes that are never used to distinguish one word from another -Allophonic detail is predictable by rules -Prefix allo- means 'other, alternate'

allophone

_________________ are defined as variant pronunciations of phonemes predictable by rule.

allophones

____ variation; the different level form that a phoneme can take -very systematic -meaning we dont randomly palatize/k/ in some words and not in others; instead we do it in a very systematic way

allophonic

SPecific english rules; ______; -Potential Targets to look for: voiceless stops/p, t. k/ -Where: (a) as first phoneme in a word: pair/per/ → [pʰe:r] (vowel lengthens, too) -OR (b) as first phoneme in a stressed syllable: repare/rəpér/ → [rəpʰé:r] -but NOT: spare, despair[dəspé:r], rapper[rǽpər]

aspiration

____ of voiceless stops; - voiceless stops are aspirated word-intially and at the beginning of stressed syllables es; pot [P(h)at] , top [T(h)ap] , cot [k(h)at] vs spot [spat], stop [ stap] , scot [ skat] -repair [ rəp(h)ér] vs reparátions [rɛpəréšənz] - voiceless affricate of / č/ possible as well - no other words can be aspirated in english es; korean /sh/, hindi , etc /a(h)/ /b(h)/

aspiration

important symbols; ______symbol: [ph] -The little "h" indicates aspiration

aspiration

Narrow transcriptions of consonants; "light vs dark" 2. dental alophones of alveolar 3. ____ of voiceless stops and affricates 4. loss of stop release and reduction to glottal stop 5. devocing of voiced consonants 6. _____

aspiration flapping

____ transcription -low resolution -records sounds of phonemic level - zoomed OUT -enclosed in /.../ - leaves out allphonic details that are predictable by rule - rules are hypotheses that speaks unconciously use to fill in data ,economizing on memory storage - brushstrokes bare bones

borad

Transcription; broad vs narrow; _____transcription; -records moslty at the phonemic level - zoomed OUT view of pronunciation - enclosed in /.../ -leaves out allophonic details that are predictable by rule -Rules are hypotheses that speakers unconsciously use to fill in details, as a way to economize memory storage -gives incomplete picture of pronunciation

broad

In English, an allophonic rule nasalizes any vowel... a. only when it occurs between two nasal consonants b. when it occurs next to a nasal consonant, preceding or following c. only when it occurs before a nasal consonant d. only when it occurs after a nasal consonant

c. only when it occurs before a nasal consonant

___ distribution; where one of the sounds is used ( the enviornment) the other one isn't and vice versa --never occurs in same environment-variation is predictable-all allophones of same phoneme

complementary

________ distribution; No overlap with respect to any one of the types of environments (preceding, following, surrounding)

complementary

____ sounds; - 2 sounds in a language produce a different menaing - a native speaker of the language in which the sounds are used recognizes them as two different distinct sounds and if this is the case , then the sounds must be different phonemes in that language - the way to prove this is to find minimal pairs of words with respect to the sounds in question ex; of contrasive sounds; [k] and [g] examples of minimal pairs that describe contrasive sounds; kull [kʌll] and gull [gʌll] peck [pɛk] and pig [pɛg] bicker [bíkɚ] and bigger [bígɚ]

contrasive

In English, an allophonic rule aspirates word-initial... a. voiced stops b. consonants of all manners of artic. c. stops, both voiced and voiceless d. voiceless stops

d. voiceless stops

____ allophones of alveolars; - alveolars- often but not always pronounced as dentas, before interdental fricatives ex; tenth [ tɛ̩nθ], width [ wɪ̩dθ], health [ hɛ̩lθ] - mnemonic

dental

Vowel _____; - optional rule; Devoice an unstressed vowel between 2 voiceless consonants - faster speech, more likely rule ^ is to apply - stress vowel- lengthened -vowels that are not lengthened in syllables are unstressed or nonword final Allophones of english schwa -Schwa in _____syllable subject=/səbʝɛkt/ = [səbʝɛkt] -wedge is stressed syllable = [səbʝɛkt] Vowel reduction to schwa in unstressed syllable - words that differ in stress placement we see stressed fuy vowes alternatily ustressed schwa - schwa is never stressed

devoicing

____ of voiced consonants; - voiced consonants may be partially / fully devoiced when word-initial, word-final, when adjacent to a voiceless or aspirated consonant ex; [bæd dog], Mont[g]omery, p[l]ease, t[w]ice - final /d/, if devoiced may become [ʔ] just like /t/ ex; /gʊʔ/. /dɪʔnt/

devoicing

important symbols ____ symbol; -The small "o" under the phoneme indicates devoicing

devoicing

rules of allphony-consonants 1. AN/l/ is velarized or vocalized when at the ___ of a syllable 2. an alevolar may become ___ when before an interdental fricative 3. a voiceless stop or affricate is aspirated at the ___ of a word or stressed syllable 4. a stop is often released when at the end of the word or syllable 5. voiced consonant may be devoiced when after a voiceless consonant or at the beginning/ end of the word

end dental beginning

you unconciously and utomatically apply phonological rules depending on the ____

enviornment

Optional Rule: Devoice an unstressed vowel between two voiceless consonants -the ___ the speech rate the more likely the rule is to apply E.g., first vowel of potato [pə̥téɾo] -E.g., the second syllable of Mississippi [mɪsə̥sɪ́pi]

faster

Flapping/Tapping & Stress A flap or tap [ɾ]; -/t, d/ are ___ intervocalically (inbetween Vs) when the following vowel is an unstressed syllable -ex; /pəteɾo/

flap

SPecific english rules; _____/tapping; -potential targets to look for; alveolar stops /t,d/ where; between vowles ( V____V) but only if the vowel is not stressed ex; butter/bə́tɚ/ → [bʌ́ɾɚ],odor/ódɚ/ → [óɾɚ] -but NOT deter/dətɚ́/ → [dətʰɚ́] (aspirates instead), adore /ədɔ́r/ → [ədɔ́r] (no change)

flapping

___ and glottal stop - rule for flapping in north emrican english; - sensitive to syllables and stress's /t,d/ are flapped intervocally ( between vowels) when the following vowel is an unstressed syllable

flapping

To be allophones of same phoneme: -variants must be be-phonetically similar -must occur as predictable phonetic manifestations (complementary distribution)____variants (non-contrastive distribution)

free

___stop replacement - don't confuse flap symbol [ɾ] with glottal stop symbol [ ʔ]

glottal

important symbols _____symbol: [ka:r] -Vowel lengthening is indicated using a colon ( : )

lengthening

"_____ vs_____" allophones - light /l/= a coronal ( alveolar or dental) articuation - dark= added dorsal ( velar or uvelar) articulation ( approx. not stop or fricative) -distribution varies by dialect and idiolect

light dark

Engish nasalization rule; a vowel is nasalized when it occurs before a nasal consonant - color coding indicates parts of schema; - target - change - ___ - trigger ( trigger and location= enviornment)

location

______pairs; -pairs of words or phrases in a particular language, spoken or signed, that differ in only one phonological element, such as a phoneme, toneme or chroneme, and have distinct meanings. They are used to demonstrate that two phones are two separate phonemes in the language. -pairs of words with different meanings that have exactly the same sounds in the same order except for a single difference in sounds -prove contrast between two sounds; contrasive sounds are necessarily different phonemes - created by putting two sounds in the same enviornment ( overlapping) -meaning always changes/contrasts, not members of same classnot variants/allophones of same phonemeone sound segments/phone is responsible for a change in meaningany pairing of words = minimal pair -occur in same environment/context-each may change meaning-members/allophones of different phonemes-minimal pairs

minimal

-when 2 sounds are non-contrastive, we cannot create ___pairs with respect to the two sounds; non contrastive sounds are necessarily allophones of the same phoneme -if 2 sounds cannot be put in overlapping distribution to create aminimal pair, they are ___ distribution

minimal complementary

phonemic analysis process; -begin by looking for ______ pairs in the data set based on two sounds you are analyzing ( ex; [ sound 1] [sound2] ) -before deciding if there are minimal pairs, check to make sure the words are not variant pronunciation of the same word ( if they have two similar meaning then you have found a minimal pair! They are allophones of two separate phonemes! STOP!) -if there are no minimal pairs, attempt to prove that the sounds are allophones of the same phoneme by looking for complementary distribution - tabulate the sounds that are surrounding - compare the sounds immediately preceding and immediately following enviornments of the two sounds you are comparing - if there is an ____ between preceding and following enviornments , look and compare the sounds in the surrounding enviornments - if there is no overlap in sounds in one of the environments ( preceding, following or surrounding enviornment) then the sounds ar in _____ distribution! -next you must check to see if the sets belong to a ____class. - You look for a natural class with respect to the tabulated environments of each sound -If you are able to find a natural class within then the sounds are allophones of the same phoneme -If you are unable to identify a natural class for either of the environments then you have found sounds of two separate phonemes that are in accidental complementary distribution

minimal overlap complementary natura

a pair of distinct words that differ in only one sound ( or in one phonetic feature such as stress and length - results when subsitituing one phoneme for another , creates a new word - this may occur word-medially ( bat /bæt/ ) , word-initially (bat /Bæt/ , pat /Pæt/) or word-finally ( pat /pæT/ ex; beat /bit/ bit /bIt/ bait /bet/ bet /bɛt/ bat /bæt/

minimal pair

a pair of words that differ by one sound in the same position within the word -/bit/ vs. /bɪt/

minimal pair

diacritic mark that resembles a tooth calbeit ( lower tooth not upper)

mnemonic

Transcription; broad vs narrow; ____ trancription; -records phonetic ( allophonic) detail - enclosed in square brackets [...] -zoomed IN view of pronunciation -Allophones = variant pronunciations of phonemes that are never used to distinguish one word from another -focuses on complex detail

narrow

Nasa and oral vowels in french - unpredictable - there are many pair of words that are distinguished only by whether a particular vowel is oral or ____ - no rule

nasal

______; -resonant cavity used in speech - air passes through pharynx, the first resonating chamber ( like hollow body of violin/ wind instrument)

nasalization

Narrow Transcription; __________/nasalized vowels [`v] devoicing vowel[v0] lengthening vowel[v:] ____vowel

nasalization stressed

English Nasalization Rule; In english , a vowel is ___ when it occurs before a nasal consonant -target ( what is being affected by the rule) -change ( the change that is altering the sound) -location ( location in which the rule applies -trigger ( triggers nasalization) - both location and trigger contribute to the enviornment

nasalized

______- vowels; -If velum is ____, allowing nasal airflow through oral and nasal cavity , producing nasal/nasalized speech sounds - 2 languages may have the same phones but use them differently ( have different phonemic representation of them) ; In english it is predictable when a vowel is oral or nasalized -ex; cod [kad], can [kãn], bob [ bab] , [bãm] bomb rule; A vowel is nasalized when it occurs before a nasalized consonant In french, it is unpredictable when a vowel is oral or nasal - no rule as a result of minimal pairs showing the same distribution and environment [a], [ã] correspond to 2 different mental representation ( phonemes)

nasalized

important symbols; _____symbol: [ã]; -The tilde indicated a nasalized phoneme

nasalized

____classes -set of sounds that share one or more features

natural

A set of sounds of a language that share a common feature -E.g., /i, e, u, o/ → stressed vowels

natural classes

set of linguistic entities (here, phones, phonemes, environments) all of whose members share one or more features. -a set of phonemes all of whose members share one or more features. -When we apply this to actual data problems, the standard will be less stringent: -entire natural class need not be instantiated -all we'll need to exclude is another set of sounds gleaned from the data set

natural classes

Specific english rules; vowel ______; -Potential Triggers to look for: nasals/m, n, ŋ/ -Target to look for: a vowel before the nasal: aim/em/ → [ẽ:m] (lengthens, too) -but NOT a vowel after the nasal: may/me/ → [me:] (lengthens, too - see next rule)

nazalization

a pair of words that differ in more than one sound but are almost identical (aside from the two sounds being compared) -E.g., 'pleasure' /plɛžər/ 'leather' /lɛðər/ (In this example the sounds being compared are [ž] and [ð], the words are otherwise nearly identical)

near-minimal pairs

____-contrasive sounds; - native speakers DO NOT recognize phonemes as being two distinct sounds; instead they are precieved as being the same sound eventhough they are on the surface level -2 sounds must be allophonic of the same phoneme - sounds can not be subsituted for eachother to create contrasting meanings - sounds are complementary distribution -differing phones/sounds occur in the same environment, no change in meaning

non

When a word is spoken in isolation (i.e., on its own) it has exactly ____ syllable with primary stress ex; 'hero' /hɪ́ro/

one

____-nasal contrast- -velum ( soft plate) functions as a gate regulating nasal flow Oral vowels; - if velum is ____, blocking nasal airflow, air will only pass through the oral cavity, where ips and tongue can change its acoustic resonance by changing its shape

oral raised

____ distribution; when two sounds are in the same exact. enviornment

overlapping

same enviornment--> ___ distribution-->minimal pair-->___ sounds different enviornment-->___ dsitribution-->no minimal pair-->___sounds

overlapping contrasive complementary noncontrastive

a movement of the place of articulation towards the palate - some are represented with a wedge on the phonetic symbol

palatalization

basic units of phonology →actual pronunciation of speech sounds

phone

basic units of phonetics →mental pronunciation of speech sounds

phoneme

actual representation of speech sounds -psycologica real unit of linguistic sound

phonemes

___ analysis is used to help determine whether two or more sounds belong to the same phoneme or seperate phoneme in a particular language -multistep process

phonemic

_____ analysis chart - the object of a phemic analysis problem is to decide whether two or more sounds belong to the same phoneme or separate phonemes in a aprticular languge 1. locate all occurences of two sounds in the data; try to prove quickly that theyre separate phonemes by looking for a minmal pair - is there a pair of words that differ in only one way, namely, the two sounds in question? • Individual components of phonemic analysis: Search for minimal pair (phoneme substitution creates new word) to prove phonemic contrastIf no minimal pair, keep eye out for near-minimal pair (phonemes in identical surrounding environments)to rule out complementary distribution and hypothesize phonemic contrastIf no near-minimal pair either, Search for complementary distribution to justify a rule hypothesizing allophony

phonetic

study of speech sounds themselves -their production and perception - basic units= phones ( actual representation of speech sounds) -enclosed in square brackets [...] -studies mechanics of speech and perception -concrete phenomena is determined by physical factors of speech and largely dependent on specific lgs. -directly observable data

phonetics

Difference between phonological & phonetic levels of representation, i.e. phonemes vs. (allo)phones _______ deals with the production of speech sounds by humans, often without prior knowledge of the language being spoken. ________ is about patterns of sounds, especially different patterns of sounds in different languages, or within each language, different patterns of sounds in different positions in words etc. ---______ are what you unconciosuly understand at an underlying level -____are variations of psychologoical reality at a surface level

phonetics phonology phonemes allophones

____ analysis ; determines rules that govern how phonemes are produced at the surface level by investigating the enviornment in which each allophone is produced - also determines relationship between sounds

phonological

phonemic analysis cont; -You can predict the sound's distribution by _____ rule, and you can claim the sounds are allophones of the same phoneme -(7) You must back up the claim that they are allophones of the same phoneme; (1) Provide the environment lists that show that complementary distribution... (2) Choose the sound with the most varied set of environments as the underlying (basic, or default) allophone, and... (3) Write the phonological rule that predicts the distribution of the other (derived) allophone -/ ... / → [ ... ] / (location shown by placement blank) + trigger -Ex., /V/ → [+nasal] / _ C [+nasal] means "A vowel becomes nasalized when it occurs before a nasal consonant."

phonological

- study of sound systems -about your knowledge of how to use speech sounds in your language ( pat of mental grammar that concerns speech sounds) -basic unit; phonemes ( mental representation of speech sounds) - inclosed in sashes /.../ - studies systems of contrast among speech sounds and their behavior - abstarct cyber phenomena that may vary lg from lg -must be inferred from phonetic data using scientific method

phonology

Tabulating environments; how to check two sounds' enviornments for complementary distribution 1) the ______ of the phoneme within a word - word initial ( at the beginning of a word) ( subsumed under the absence of Preceding sound) - word-medially ( in the middle of a word) - word final ( at the end of a word) ( subsumed under the absence of following sound) 2) the phoneme's ____ sounds - the preceding sound ( the sound that precedes it, usually immediately) -the following sound ( the sound that follows it, usually immediately)

position surrounding

the enviornment of sound is made up of two main factors; 1. the ___ of the phoneme in a word - word initial ( at the beginning of a word) - word internal ( in the middle of a word) - word final ( at the end of a word 2. the phoneme's ___ sounds - the proceedig sound ( sound that procedes it usualy immediately) -the following osund ( sound that follows it usually immediately)

position surrounding

levels of ____ -what we think of as a single sound can actually be two different sounds at two different levels; underlying ( unconcious and unstated level) and surrounding ( physical level)

representation

levels of _____; - a single sound can be two different sounds at dfferent levels ( underlying and surface )

representation

In some cases _____ are contrasive

sounds

_____consonants that begin stressed syllables are more forcefully articulated, which results in aspiration of voiceless stops (/p, t, k/)

stop

____ is used to indicate emphasize on a particular syllable in a word -syllables are typically longer, louder, higher (lower with questions) than unstressed syllables

stress

_____ - Khrushcheve test- most salient syllable in a words purpose of emphasis - syllables are longer, louder, higher than unstressed syllables - allow more phonemic vowel contrasts than unstressed syllables -stop consonants that begining with stressed syllables are more forcefully articulated resulting in a aspiration of voiceless stops -every word spoken in isolation has 1 syllable with primary stress - placement of stress is indicated with accent mark over stressed syllable vowel ( ex; /'plésmant,/)

stress

important symbols; ____ symbol;(initial stress) - /plésmənt/ →(final stress) - /subjéct/ -Stress is indicated with an accent mark over the vowel in the stressed syllable

stressed

1. In english, some syllables are most prominent than others---> ____ 2. unstressed vowels can be devoiced when between _____ consonants 3. english stressed vowels are lengthened before word-final voiced consonants and at the end of words 4. _____ ( variants) of stressed phonemes ( schwa and wedges) are dependent on stress 5. english vowels are ____ before nasal consonants

stressed voiceless allophones nasalized

___ level - sound becomes physical relatity and can be obsevred ( heard)

surface

syllable structure; ____; a "cycle"/"pulse" of sonority, usually a vowel or diphthong plus any surrounding consonants. English possesses an unusually wide range of possible syllable types -composed of various components, the onset, rhyme, nucleus, and coda ( The onset and coda are optional syllable components (i.e., they are not necessary to constitute a syllable) onset; /n , /š, /sky, /b, /θr, /t nucleus; e,I, o, u, i, i rhyme; m/, p/, d/, t/, / , ð/

syllable

language is very ___

systematic

The phonemes /u, o/ are the natural class of back ___ rounded vowels

tense

True or False: If a minimal pair is found for two sounds in a given language, that tells us those sounds belong to separate phonemes in that language.

true

True or False: Phonemes are the mental representations of speech sounds.

true

True or False? though and woe are a minimal pair.

true

phoneme /p/ has ____ allophones

two

______ level - can be obsevred ( heard) by anyone

underlying

_____level of phonetic form -sound that is in our minds -cannot be observed ( heard) by anyone -Phonological representation at level of phonemes

underlying

Nasal & oral vowels in French; -In French, it's ________when a vowel is oral and when it is nasalized. -There are many pairs of words that are distinguished only by whether a particular vowel is oral or nasal -- minimal pairs -- -These minimal pairs show oral vowels and their nasal counterparts in exactly the same (overlapping) distribution, i.e., sets of environments, -Hence French has ____ rule predicting vowel nasality, -Thus French speakers have no alternative but to memorize which words have [a] and which have [ã]... which means /a/ and /ã/ must be different things in the minds of French speakers. -Conclusion: in _____ the two phones [a] and [ã]correspond to two distinct mental representations (phonemes): /a/ and /ã/.

unpredictable no french

______ stops, glottalization; -stops ( voiced and voiceless) are not audibly releaed at the ends of words or syllables - depends of dialect and idolect - unreleased stops may be glottalized ( simultaneous glottal closure) -unreleased /t/ may be further weakend nothing more than glottal sto [ ʔ] ex; pot {p(h)aʔ] -consonant is formed but not released

unreleased

The phonemes /k, g/ are the natural class of _____ stops

velar