Literatura II, glosario segundo parcial.
handloom weavers
skilled artisans that found themselves degraded to routine process labourers as machines by the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.
Nursery rhymes
used by William Blake in "The Tyger", "Infant Joy"... repeated structures like refrains which are characteristic of traditional expressive forms such as folk songs or folk tales and children's genres such as fairy tales which exploit a child-like form and register.
Waverly novels
were romantic novels written about Sir Walter Scott which were set against the Jacobite Rebellions of 1745 pitting lowland against highland Scottland.
"sans-culottes" or "without breeches"
workers, craftsmen, shopkeepers, smallholders and agricultural labourers that supported the Montagnards, or Mountain faction (led by Maximilien Robespierre)
Robert Browning
Author of : - My Last Duchess - Soliloquy of Spanish Cloister
Anne Brontë
Author of Agnes Grey which explores the opportunities of women.
Charles Dickens
Author of Bleak House.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Author of Conversation Poems, Kubla Khan and Christabel. -A periodical, The Friend. -A tragedy, Remorse -Biographia Literaria, Zapolya. But also the named poems below, included in Lyrical Ballads: -Ancient Mariner -Foster-Mother's Tale -Nightingale -Love
George Meredith,
Author of Essay on Comedy (1873) which develops the theme of equility in terms of genre.
Arden Holt
Author of Etiquette for Ladies and Girls from The Girl's Own PAper (1880)
Herbert Spencer
Author of First Principles of a New System of Philosophy in 1862, in which he applied the idea of evolution to race; more stridently than Darwin relied on the rhetoric of civilised society to make his claims about racial difference.
Sir Walter Scott
Author of Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border (1802-3) and The Lay of the Last Minstrel
Robert Burns
Author of Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect of 1786 that demonstrates a similar interest in humble, rural life and poetic language.
William Hazlitt
Author of The Spirit of the Age (1825)
Robert louis Stevenson
Author of The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde
Robert Louis Stevenson
Author of The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde which reinforces the theme of fragmented, fluctuating idenity.
Matthew Arnold
Author of The Strayed Reveler, his first volume of poetry. He is perhaps better known as a writer of prose, such as Culture and Anarchy (1869) and Friendship's Garland (1871), than as a poet, although individual poems such as "Dover Beach" (1867) continue to be widely popular.
William Makepeache Thackeray
Author of Vanity Fair.
Sarah Stickney Ellis
Author of the book The Women of England: Their Social Duties and Domestic Habits
Religion of humanity
A secular religion created by Auguste Comte, the founder of positivist philosophy. An alternative religion based on scientific principles and humanist values.
The French Revolution
A series of political events commencing with the summoning and meeting of the French Estates-General representing the clergy, the nobility and the third estates (the commoners), to address a series of urgent financial reforms on 5 May 1789.
The Four Zoas
Blake's first attempt to articulate his full myth of humanity's present, past, and future.
Ulro
Blake's hell, the lower state, or limit, of bleak rationality.
Blake's Infant Joy and Infant Sorrow
Blake's paired poems about the joys and sorrows of a childbirth.
the spiritual sense
Blake's term applied to the interpretations about some events of the overall biblical plot of the creation and the Fall.
First generation of Romantic Poets
Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge. For them nature works to purify the mind by stimulating its spiritual and imaginative responses through intense emotional experience, often those of terror. More conservatives than the second generation of poets.
Esther Summerson
Bleak House' heroine
Mrs Jellyby
Bleak House's character linked to British missionary activity and philanthropic impuls to empire. She fails to recognise domestic disarray and distress because her attention is instead focused on the natives of Borrioboola-Gha, of the left bank of hte Niger.
Bewick's History of British Birds.
Book Jane Eyre was reading at the very start of the novel.
Literary Marketplace
Book production machanised, iron platen press replaced the wooden hand press. Lithography (1798) allowed print in colour. Printing business remainded craft requiring special artisans: the engravers, such as William Blake.
Rasselas
Book that Helen Burns was reading when Jane Eyre met her.
Homociality
Same-sex relationships that are not of a romantic or sexual nature, such as friendship, mentorship, or others.
The Women of England
Sarah Ellis's popular work of 1839 which is a manual of inspirational advice now usually classified with more practical books like Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management (1861) as "domestic conduct literature."
Decorum
Principle rejected by Wordsworth in his Preface which required the poet to arrange matters so that the poem's subject and its level of diction conformed to the status of the literay kind on the poetic scale. (neoclassical principle)
Earl Stanhope's iron platen press
Printing press that mechanised the processes of book production. It superseded the traditional printing method of the wooden hand press.
Steam-driven cylinder press
Priting press introduced in the second decade of the nineteenth century.
Great Social Evil
Prostitution became known like that in Victorian England
Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
Queen Victoria's husband.
Grand style
he highest genre of oil painting during the Romantic period, which depicted scenes of national history, figures from the Bible or mythology. Landscape painting also became popular during this period.
urbanisation
phenomenon of the increasing concentration of the population in large cities and towns.
Cajolery
Persuasion by flattery or promises
Condition of England question - The Condition of England novels.
Phrase coined by Thomas Carlyle in 1839 to describe the conditions of the English working-class during the Industrial Revolution. i.e. Charlotte Brontë's Shirley and Charles Dickens's Hard Times
The Study of Poetry
Piece of literary criticism/Essay by Matthew Arnorld whith an interest in exploring and representing subjective states of mind.
I wandered lonely as a cloud
Wordsworth's poem (1807) about nature: "golden daffodils"
Pantheism
'Good is immanent in nature and not transcend', nature as the physical expression of God's power, since nature was created by God, it is a part of Him, He is in it.
Ottava Rima
(Don Juan - Lord Byron) - an eight-line stanza in which the initial interlaced rhymes (ababab) build up to the comic turn in the final couplet (cc) A comic yet devastatingly critical history of the Europe of his own age.
Austen's with its concern with provincial society, its satire of human motives,
...
Socialist movement of 1880
...
the East India Company
...
Romanticism
1780-1830 wide range of ideological and literary sensibilities. The spirit of the age, Romantic, kind of writing defined in opposition to the literature which came before: neo-classicism, violent reaction against the reason of the Enlightenment. Movement which marked a profound shift in sensibility , a violent reaction against eighteenth-century Enlightenment thought with its emphasis on "reason" as the predominant human faculty.
The French Revolution
1789-1799 a period of radical and social political upheaval in France, the end of its ancient régime. Had a major impact and influenced in Europe. The absolute monarchy colapsed in three years and society underwent an epic transformation from feudal to the Enlightenment-based principles of equality, citizenship and inalienable rights.
the Penny Magazine
A 1832 mass-circulation publication.
The Society for the Suppression of Vice (1802)
A 19th-century English society dedicated to promoting public morality. It targeted gambling and drinking as activites to repress.
Benjamin Disraeli
A British Conservative politician (statesman) and writer (novelist) who twice serves as Prime Minister. He was born into a Jewish family and becomes one of Queen Victoria's acknowledged favourites. He opposed to Peel's repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846. He successfully managed the Second Reform Bill. Hi secured a considerable stake in the Suez canal Company and handled the controversy regarding the Turkish Empire. - Coningsby, or the New Generation (1844) - Sybil; or The Two nations (contended that btw the rich and the poor - the two nations - there is no intercourse and no sympathy) - Tancred, or the New Crusade
Robert Peel
A British Conservative statesman, who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 10 December 1834 to 8 April 1835, and again from 30 August 1841 to 29 June 1846.
William Gladstone
A British Liberal politician. In a career lasting over sixty years, he served as Prime Minister four separate times.
Evangelical Revival
A Protestant movement in the late 18th and 19th centuries which included Evangelicals. They possessed a strong belief in the fundamental tenets of Christianity
David Masson
A Scottish literary critic and historian who wrote on realism/romance in the Victorian age.
Pamphlet
A brief booklet; it is an unbound publication that is not a periodical and contains no fewer than 5 and no more than 48 pages, exclusive of any cover. Since polemical and propagandist works on topical subjects were circulated in this form, the word came to be used to describe them.
Stationers' Company
A chartered professional body that regulated the of books and other matters.
The Cockney School of Poetry
A dismissive name for London-based Romantic poets such as John Keats, Leigh Hunt, and Percy Bysshe Shelley. The term was first used in a scathing review in Blackwood's Magazine in October 1817, in which the anonymous reviewer mocked the poets' lack of pedigree and sophistication.
Maenad
A female worshipper who danced frenziedly in the worship of Dionysus (Bacchus)
Jarndyce and Jarndyce
A fictional court case from the novel Bleak House by Charles Dickens, progressing in the English Court of Chancery. The case is referred to throughout Bleak House and is a central plot device / thematic element of the novel. It has become a byword and metaphor for seemingly interminable legal proceedings.
Orlando (1928)
A fictionalised survey of English literature from Elizabethan times to 1928, in which the Victorians are presented in terms of dampness, rain, and proliferating vegetation. Virginia Woolf.
Hungry Forties also known as The European Potato Failure
A food crisis caused by potato blight that struck Northern Europe in the mid-1840s.
Mary Seacole
A free-black Jamaican woman who authored The Wonderful Adventures of Mary Seacole in Many Lands in 1857.
The Indian Mutiny / First War for Independence
A full-scale rebellion, the largest threat to British rule in the nineteenth century.
Act of Union of 1800
A further consequence of the abortive rebellion of 1797-8 by United Irishmen which brought Ireland under the auspices of the British Parliament.
Domestic conduct literature
A genre of books that attempt to educate the reader on social norms. They did emphasize the woman's role, extolling the importance of home as a secure and tranquil oasis in a harsh world, and played a part in the development of the "cult of domesticity" that flourished in the Victorian era.
"Lake School"
A group of poets (Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey) who belonged to the first generation of Romantic poets, lived in the Lake District and formed a coherent school of poetry.
Westmoreland
A historic county in England where Wordsworth served the government in the lucrative sinecure of Distributor of Stamps.
Ignis-fatuus
A light that sometimes appears in the night over marshy ground and is often due to the combustion of gas from decomposed organic matter OR a deceptive goal or hope. In Jane Eyre.
Extravaganza
A literary or musical work (often musical theatre) characterized by freedom of style and structure and usually containing elements of burlesque, pantomime, music hall and parody. It sometimes also has elements of cabaret, circus, revue, variety, vaudeville and mime. It may more broadly refer to an elaborate, spectacular, and expensive theatrical production.
Closet Drama/Mental Theatre
A major Dramatic form for Romantic writers which was drama to be read but not performed. It allowed the writer more freedom to develop ideas. The term was coined by Byron. Stage was censored by the Examiner of Plays.
Sensibility
A middle class and commercial culture which stressed the fineness of feelings and emotion. Associated with radical and reformists politics: too much sensibility might lead to the over-cultivation of the senses at the espense of reason and judgement.
Organic model
A model borrowed from nature by romantic poets to help them to explain human society by rejecting materialist and mechanistic philosophies.
the Oxford Movement
A movement of High Church members of the Church of England which eventually developed into Anglo-Catholicism in the Oxford University.
Deism
A movement or system of thought advocating natural religion, emphasizing morality, and in the 18th century denying the interference on the Creator in the laws of the universe.
The Victorian Multiplot Novel
A multi-volume work casting its representational net over a panoramic ast of characters. i.e. Vanity Fair, Bleak House and Middlemarch
Internal rhyme
A rhyme created by two or more words in the same line of verse.
Novel
A new tale of fresh interest. A fictious narrative differing from the Romance, in as much as the incidents are accommodated to the ordinary train of events and the modern state of society. We allow in the prose Romance a greater ideality than in this genre.
Penny dreadful
A pejorative term used to refer to cheap popular serial literature produced during the 1860s. The term typically referred to a story published in weekly parts, each costing one (old) penny. The subject matter of these stories was typically sensational, focusing on the exploits of detectives, criminals, or supernatural entities.
The Yellow Book
A periodical that ran from 1894 to 1897, is generally taken to represent the aestheticism of the nineties.
The Ache of Modernism
A phrase occurred in Tess of d'Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy when Angel remarks that Tess has it, referring to the dislike for the repercussions of the industrial revolution, the extinction of rural life, the implacable roles of caste, gender, and morality in Victorian england.
spending a penny
A phrase referred to the charge exacted to use the public bathrooms in the Crystal Palace during the Great Exhibition.
The Irish Question
A phrase used mainly by members of the British ruling classes from the early 19th century until the 1920s. It was used to describe Irish nationalism and the calls for Irish independence.
The Oyster Question
A phrase used to describe the struggle for control of the Chesapeake Bay's oyster industry.
The Woman Question
A phrase usually used in connection with a social change in the latter half of the nineteenth century which questioned the fundamental roles of women.
Pantomime
A play performed at Christmas time, usually based on a popular fairy tale, with music, dancing, comedy etc. The Juan legend was a popular subject.
Cato Street conspiracy
A plot to murder Lord Liverpool's cabinet at dinner in February 1830
Mannerism
A principally Italian movement in art and architecture between the High Renaissance and Baroque periods (1520-1600) that sought to represent an ideal of beauty rather than natural images of it, using characteristic distortion and exaggeration of human proportions, perspective, etc. Tennyson was influeced by this movement.
Modernism
A radical break with the past; it describes the change in thought and modes of expression that took place towards the end of the nineteenth century and into the twentieth century. Confidence in an all-powerful Creator God was breaking down, and as people saw their traditional ways of life being eroded by industrial innovation they turned away from many of the ideas and assumptions that had underpinned previous generations. Literature, music, art and architecture all reflected this shift.
The New Woman
A recognisable literary figure and a social reality long before the novelist Sarah Grand used the term in an essay in the North American Review in 1894. The term is used to reject the assumptions of separate spheres ideology that consigned women to the home and circumscribed her power to that space.
Methodist Revival
A religious movement marked by the John Wesley's open-air preaching in the colliers of Kingswood Chase. Under the learship, at first of George Whitefield and afterwards of Wesley.
Three-deckers
A standard form of publishing for British fiction during the nineteenth century. It was a significant stage in the development of the modern Western novel as a form of popular literature. It was called by Henry James as a "large loose and baggy monster", that is, a multi-volume work casting its representational net over a panoramic ast of characters.
A water-sprite / / water-snakes
A supernatural being that supervises the natural elements in the Rime of the Ancient Mariner.
New journalism
A term that went on to define an entire genre of newspaper history at 1880s that relied upon haphazard presentation of short, often sentsational, items.
Burlesques
A type of theatre entertainment in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that had funny acts and a striptease (= a performance in which someone removes their clothes)
Ministering angel
A very kind person, usually a woman, who takes care of people who are ill
indenture
A written contract with two or more parties, typically used for an apprentice to serve a master.
Thomas Henry Huxley
Agnostic attended the British Association 1860 meeting in Oxford and defended Darwin's theories agains Wilberforce.
Egotistical sublime
According to John Keats, a memorable phrase/idea connoting a poetics that seeks to absorb the world's otherness into the self.
the Great Reform Act
Act of Parliament of 1832 which introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of England and Wales. Includeed Earl Grey resigning.
Slave trade
Activity sat between 1680 and 1783 in which more than two million African slaves were transported to the British colonies.
Cambridge Apostles
Also known as the Cambridge Conversazione Society, an intellectual secret society at the University of Cambridge founded in 1820
The New Poor Law
Amendment Act of 1834, which dramatically changd how welfare was provided to those in need of public assistance.
The Byronic hero
An antihero who is a romanticized but wicked character. Conventionally, the figure is a young and attractive male with a bad reputation. He defies authority and conventional morality, and becomes paradoxically ennobled by his peculiar rejection of virtue. Many of Lord Byron's protagonists (hence the name) are antiheroes. Another literary example is Heathcliffe. Byronic heroes are associated with destructive passions, sometimes selfish brooding or indulgence in personal pains, alienation from their communities, persistent loneliness, intense introspection, and fiery rebellion.
St. Elmo's fire - "The death-fires"
An atmospheric electricity on a ship's mast or rigging, referenced in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Peterloo massacre
An attack against a large but peaceful crowd on August 1819 resulted in 400 dead at St Peter's Field, Mancherster.
Sentimental Novel
An eighteenth-century or early nineteenth-century novel emphasizing pathos rather than reason and focusing on an optimistic view of the essential goodness of human nature. Examples include Laurence Sterne's A Sentimental Journey, Oliver Goldsmith's The Vicar of Wakefield, and Henry Mackenzie's The Man of Feeling.
Hannah More
An eminent member of the Blue Stocking Circle. Her schools were financed by the Clapham Sect.
The Spirit of Age
An expression used to describe the hold innovation, intese individualism and questioning of neoclassicism tha characterised Romantic poetry. WILLIAN HAZLITT chosethis phrase as the title of a collection of essays.
Florence Nightingale
An icon not only as "the Lady with a Lamp" who cared for Britain's soldiers during the Crimean War but as a leader for all sorts of reforms addressing issues such as training for army doctors.
Mona Caird
An important participant in the New Woman movement, who collected a series of articles exposing the problems of marriage laws, The Morality of Marriage (1897).
the London Corresponding Society
An radical organization founded in London that agitated for universal manhood suffrage.
Wye Valley
Area around Tintern Abbey.
Immanuel Kant
Argued that notions of God, freedom and eternity were likewise part of the trascendent realm, which allowed an important role for the artistic imagination, that had been restrained under empiricism.
Oscar Wilde
Aurthor of The Importance of Being Earnest which mocks the insidious asssumption that with the upper classes resides the ability and repsponsibility to model explary values and behaviour to those who work for them.
John Ruskin
Author of the essay "Of Queens' Gardens" (1865) which asserts that men and women "are in nothing alike, and the happiness and perfection of both depends on each asking and receiving from the other what the other can only give": the powers of "a true wife," he felt, made the home "a sacred place."
Christina Rossetti
Author of the long narrative poem, "Goblin Market," originallyntitled A Peep at the Goblins where two sisters are tempted by evil goblin merchants. Undr the pseudonym of Ellen Alleyn
Alfred Tennynson
Author of the poem In Memorian which expresses the resilience of faith in the face of uncertainty. Many see it as witness to the homoerotic desire the poet experienced in his youth for Arthur Henry Hallam, the subject of his elegy. Also author of The Princess (1847), the fantasy of a women's college from whose precincts all males are excluded.
Percy Bysshe Shelley
Author of: - Laon and Cythna - The Necessity of Atheism ( a colaboration with Thomas Jefferson Hogg) - Address to the Irish People - Prometheus Unbound - The Cenci (a tragedy) - The Mask of Anarchy (a visionary call for a proletarian revolution) - Peter Bell, the third (a witty satire on Wordsworth) - A Philosophical View of Reform (a penetrating political essay) - A defence of Poetry - Epipsychidion (a rhapsodic vision of love as a spiritual union beyond earthly limits) - Adonais (an elegy on the death of Keats) - Hellas (a lyrical drama evoked by the Greek war for liberation from the Turk). - Adonais
Charlotte Brontë
Author of: - Jane Eyre - Shirley (it exemplifies many of the techniques and ideals associated with Codition of England literature)
John Keats
Author of: - On First Looking into Chapman's Hoer -Sleep and Poetry - Endymion (rich allegory) - Hyperion - The Fall of Hyperion - Ode to a Nightingale - Ode on a Grecian Urn - To Autumn
Thomas Hardy
Author of: - Under the Greenwood Tree - The Return of the Native - Jude the Obscure (1895), his heroine justifies leaving her husband by quoting the passage from Mill's On Liberty (1859) - Tess of the d'Urbervilles
John Henry Newman
Author's Track for the times
Samuel Wilberforce
Bishop of Oxford who, having coached by the well-known anatomist, Sir richard Owen, excoriated Darwin's theories.
Battle of Trafalgar in 1805
Battle in which Nelson annihilated the French fleet, receding the threat of French invasion.
An Albatross - "hanged round his neck" by his shipmates
Bird shot by the ancient mariner.
Erasmus Darwin
British physician, the chief proponent of the evolutionary hypothesis who published The Loves of the Plants (1789), The Economy of Vegetation (1791) and his treatise Zoonomia (1794)
Dramatic monologue
Browning invente that form in which the speaker does not represent the poet and, therefore, his statements were certainly not those that the poet himself believed. i.e. My Last Duchess
Ferndean
Building buried deep in the woods where Mr Rochester lived with old servants, John and Mary, after turning blind.
Second Generation of Romantic Poets
Byron, Shelly, Keats. It was a liberal circle who maintained a faith in reformist politics.
Turkish tales
Byron's Oriental tales in the Romantic period that describe exotic lands and featured glooming and tormented byronic heroes, and the glamorous object of their love. I.e. The Giaour
"Foulweather Jack"
Byron's grandfather nickname
Don Juan
Byron's masterpiece. The longest satirical poem, and indeed one of the longest poems of any kind, in English. Its hero, the Spanish libertine, had in the original legend been superhuman in his sexual energy and wickedness.
Second generation of Romantic poets
Byron, Shelly, Keats. The younger generation of Romantic poets born after the French Revolution, while maintaining many romantic ideals, such as passion, the celebration of the sublime nature and spontaneity in poetry, reacted against the older poets in a number of ways. They maintained a faith in liberal and reformist politics, while they felt that their predecessors were a bunch of "turncoats."
Sartor Resartus (1833-34)
Carlyle's hybrid work of fiction, social criticism and biography.
Inspector Bucket
Central figure of the detective novel Bleak House.
Land and landscape
Changes in rural and urban landscapes were reflected in the writing of the time. In the Ballads Wordsworth draws attention to low and rustic life, describing the plight of people who are on the very margin of existence: shepherds, rural labourers, the old and infirm...and to the industrial process, which led to the sufferings of the rural people. See sublime and picturesque, above.
Gothic demonism
Characteristic of Coleridge's poetry. i.e. Christabel
Romanticism
Characteristics: creative powers of imagination, new looking to nature, preference for the sublime (mountains, glaciers, exotic settings, communion with nature means the unity of being or the trascendence, indiidual experience, artist described as a sage, philosopher, prophet and religious saviour.
The Pickwick Papers - The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club
Charles Dickens's first novel which owed something to the popularity of sproting-life stories, most notably Robert Surtee's Jorrocks, Jaunts and Jollities.
Redeemer
Christ, who has saved humankind from the effects of sin. Character in Blake's mythmaking.
Evangelical religion
Christian religion that grew in the latter half of the eighteenth century. Its commitment to good works and strict morality competed against the culture of sensibility, with its concomitant attempt at the reformation of manners.
Della Cruscans
Circle of European late-18th-century sentimental poets (including Mary Robinson and Hannah Cowley) founded by Robert Merry. They wrote rhetorically ornate and emotional poems of sensibility. Some critics believed the exerted an influence over the young Romantics.
the "Saints"
Claphamites' nickname who exerted a powerful influence on the governing circles of English society and in part, responsible for the reformation of manners that occurred within the Regency period.
Nonfictional prose
Clumsy and not quite exact term used to distinguish these prose writers from the novelists and also, to indicate the centrality of argument and persuasion to Victorian intellectual life. Walter Pater argue it was more readily than verse to convey the chaotic variety and complexity of modern life.
Dejection: An Ode" (1802
Coleridge' poem expressing his despairing farewell to health, happiness, and poetic creativity.
Geraldine
Coleridge's character from his Christabel which features an ambiguously beautiful woman rescued by the young girl of the poem's title. She reveals her true nature to her before the two women sleep together. Feminist critics have accused Coleridge of demonising female sexuality with such obvious hints of lesbianism.
Lyrical Ballads with a Few Other Poems
Collection of poems anonymously published in 1798 which contains much quintessential Romantic poetry: Rime of the Ancient Mariner - Coleridge Titern Abbey - Wordsworth The Thorn The Idiot Boy Simon Lee Mad Mother Forsaken Indian We are Seven The Brothers Two April Mornings The Fountain The Old Man Travelling The Two Thieves Poor Susan Childless Father
The Committee for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade
Committee formed by various opponents of the slave trade in 1787 for the speedy abolition of the trade.
John Henry Newman
Controversialist of great skill. In his spiritual autobiography, Apologia Pro Vita Sua, he traces the principal stages of his religious development from the strongly Protestant period of his youth to his conversion to Roman Catholicism. He was recognized as the leading figure of whatwas known as the Oxford movement. Author of The Idea of a University that shows the Victorian engagement with the role of education in society.
The Angel in the House (1854)
Coventry Patmore's narrative poem which is an idealised account of Patmore's courtship of his first wife, Emily, whom he believed to be the perfect woman.
Thomas Clarkson
Creator of a provincial abolitionist network, after spending the autumn of 1787 in collecting reliable first-hand information against the slave trade.
Goblins
Creatures of Rosetti's poem
Bertha Mason
Creole woman and first wife of Rochester, character of the madwoman in the attic. Nemesis and alter ego of Jane Eyre. Character connected to a broad enquiry into themes of responsibility, subservience and rebellion
The Origin of the Species
Darwin's 1860 treatise devoted to the topic of evolution which has acquired legendary status in the history of science.
13 Vendémiaire
Date of the year IV (5 October 1795), in which the young general Napoleon Bonaparte crushed the Royalists who tried to seize power in Paris. First month in the French republican calendar.
A Walk in a Workhouse
Dicken's essay about pauperism.
Great Expectations
Dickens's work that highlights the intrinsic contradictions and debilitatting consequences of the gentlemanly ideal through its heart-wrenching evocation of the way Pip abandons his loving father-figure, Joe Gargery, in his ascent to gentility and thereby becomes engulfed in guilt adn, ultimately, tainted with the criminal.
Separate spheres
Doctrine of a traditional view of male and female roles. Victorian society was preoccupied not only with legal and economic limitations on women's lives but with the very nature of woman.
Donna Julia
Don Juan's lover with Moorish origin and "large and dark" eyes.
Epic Satire
Don Juan, satiric poem by Lord Byron, The poem is in eight line iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme ab ab ab cc - often the last rhyming couplet is used for a humour comic line or humorous bathos. The rhyme scheme of each stanza is known as ottava rima
Literary Reviews
EDINBURG REVIEW and QUARTERLY REVIEW. Thy would review around 15 works per quarter. The rather conservative Quarterly Review was supportive of the LAKE SCHOOL, but attacked the COCKNEY SCHOOL.
Daguerreotype photographs
Early 1840s, invention made from polished copper plates coated with iodine vapour and heated.
Leigh Hunt
Editor of The Examiner's and a leading political radical poet
Orientalism and Culture and Imperialism
Edwar Said's works especially influential in exposing the pernicious effects of a predominantly Western view of Eastern cultures and nations as fundamentally primitive and passive.
Peter (Aga) Jekyns
Elizabeth Gaskell's character of Cranford who return from India with fantastical stories aplenty to entertain and scare Miss Matty and other Cranfordians.
Jacobin novels
Employed plots where innocent individuals are pursued and imprisoned under an unjust social system; several have strong female characters.
William Benbow
Energetic activist, pirate and publisher who claimed that publishers had established a monopoly to restrict the spread of knowledge from the lower classes by inflating the price of the books.
The Royal Academy
English institution founded in 1768 by Sir Joshua Reynolds for the visual arts, which organised an annual exhibitionn of paintings, sculture and drawings in Somerset House.
John Locke
English philosopher who wrote Essay concerning Human Understanding (1690) in which he states that the human mind is originally passive, and knowledge is arrived at by relating the ideas left in the mind by sensation.
Alfred, lord Tennyson
English poet, often regarded as the chief representative of the victorian age in poetry. He was the author of: - In Memoriam (1850), a chiefly elegiac work which reflects the Victorian struggle to reconcile tradicional religious faith with the emerging theories of evolution and modern geology. - Enoch Arden (1864), a fisherman who is shipwrecked and, he returns home after ten years in a desert island. - Maud, experimental monologue (1855) in which a morbid narrator who falls in love with Maud. - Idylls of the King, a large-scale epic. Poetic treatment of the Arthurian legend.
Joseph Priestley
English scientist who attempted to purge Christianity of its "corruptions" and re-establish a pure Christianity which was fully compatible with the dictates of reason.His work was propoundly influential on the early Coleridge.
George Elliot's Silly Novels by Lady Novelists
Essay published in the Wetminster Review in October of 1856 which condemns novels in which "the pious, or the pedantic predominate"
Familiar Essay
Essays about experiences in he wider world, providing information and advice on topics such as courtship, health and domestic economy. Ideal means to write about own's personal experience.
Abolitionism
European and American social, political and cultural movement directed against the British Atlantic trade in slaves.
William Blake
Expressed his radical free-thinking ideas in a series of visionary poems during the 1790s. Developed a technique of engraving and printing his own designs to accompany his poetry. His 'French Revolution' transformed the political events in France into a visionary apocalypse. Songs of Innocence (1789) The French Revolution (1791) Songs of Innocence and Experience (1794) Europe America The Four Zoas, Milton (1804) Jerusalem
the silver-fork novels
Fashionable subgenre in the late-1820s and 1830s, despicting the high society.
Coketown
Ficticious city including in Charles Dickens's Hard Times
Angel Clare
Fictional character, the idealistic husband of the title character in Tess of d'Urbervilles (1891) by Thomas Hardy. He is disillusioned by Tess's revelations to hism, but he eventually come to terms with his love for her.
Elizabeth Gaskell
Fictional writer on contemporary social topics that stimulated considerable controversy. Her first novel, Mary Barton (1848), presents a sympathetic picture of the hardships and the grievances of the working class. Another early novel, Ruth (1853), portrays the seduction and rehabilitation of an unmarried mother. - - Cranford, presents a delicate picture of the small events of country village life - Wives and Daughters - North and South (1855), brings together the two worlds of her fiction in the story of Margaret Hale, a young woman from a village in the south of England who moves to a factory town in the north. - Life of Charlotte Bronte (1857) is a masterpiece of English biography and one of her finest portrayals of character.
White Terror
French Revolution in which feminist thought and organizing flourished, including antifeminists elements.
William Morris's design company
Furnishings and decorative arts manufacturer and retailer where Dante Gabriel Rossetti was working.
Loco-descriptive or prospect poem
Genre of poetry that describes and often praises, a landscape or place. i.e. Wordsworth's Tintern Abbey.
Middlemarch
George Elliot's novel that urges readers to sympathy with a cast of characters who are diminished by the pretty or hypocritical values of those with whom their ow lives are entanged
New rythm or sprung rhythm
Gerard Manley Hopkins' term for a complex and very technically involved system of metrics which he derived partly from his knowledge of Welsh poetry. It is opposed specifically to "running" or "common" rhythm, and provides for feet of lengths varying from one syllable to four, with either "rising" or "falling" rhythm.
God's grandeur
Gerard Manley Hopkins's Italian sonnet - contains fourteen lines divided into an octave and a sestet, which are separated by a shift in the argumentative direction of the poem. The meter vary somewhat from the iambic pentameter lines of the conventional sonnet.
Immanuel Kant
German philosopher who is said to have effected a"Copernican revolution" in European thought and laid the foundations for the Romantic idealism of Coleridge, Thomas de Quincey and Thomas Carlyle in Britain.
Romantic novel
Gothic was the most popular genre at that time, but by the 1790's the novel form was deployed to participate in the political debate of the time
Lake Shool Poets
Group of poets who, at one time or another, all lived in the Lake District of north-west England and formed, in some way, a coherent school of poetry. Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey were grouped together by Francis Jeffrey in 1817.
Pisan circle
Group of political conspirators seeking to end the Austrian Empire's control over northern Italy. In addition to the Gambas included Byron's friends Thomas Medwin and Edward and Jane Williams, as well as the Greek nationalist leader Prince Mavrocordatos, the picturesque Irish Count Taaffe, and the adventurer Edward Trelawny, a great teller of tales. Leigh Hunt, the journalist and essayist, joined them, drawing Byron and Percy Shelley into his plan to make Italy the base for a radical political journal, The Liberal. This circle was gradually broken up.
Blake 's methods of multiple dialects
His thematic and stylistic aspects are defined in relation to its contrastive pair creating further tensions and mutually illuminating analogues......
Domestic Ideology
Idea that supported that women were by nature weaker, more prone todisease and debility, and suited to quiet lives within the domestic sphere.
The Ilustrated London News
Ilustrated periodical, which began publication in 1842 alments.and reproduced thirty-two woodcut illustrations in each of its sixteen-page inst
Critique of Pure Reason (1781)
Immanuel Kant's work in which argued that all knowledge derives from experience yet it is dependent on "transcendental" structures in the mind, such as the concepts of space and time.
Blackwood's Edinburh Magazine (1817-1980)
Important journal for the development of the Romantic prose essay (notably De Quincey) as well as for its translation of German Romantic and idealist philosoyphy. Sympathetic to the Tory cause.
Blank confusion
In "The Prelude" Wordsworth's characterisation of the experience of living amidst the bustle and perpetual whirl of London.
John Kay
In 1733, this man patented his flying shuttle allowing weaving to proceed more quickly.
Urthona
In Blake's The Four Zoas, the unfallen state of Eden.
The Fall
In Blake's mythmaking, a falling apart of primal people, it is the event in which the original sin is what Blake calls "Selfhood"
Beulah
In Blake's mythmaking, the three successively lower "states" of being in the fallen world, where the unions of the sexes are ideal and urestricted. The realm of the subconscious, the source of poetic inspiration and of dreams.
Tarquin
In Don Juan: A member of a legendary family of Roman kings noted for tyranny and cruelty; perhaps a reference specifically to Lucius Tarquinus, the villain of Shakespeare's The Rape of Lucrece.
Feinagle
In Don Juan: a German expert on the art of memory, who had lectured in England in 1811
My First Acquaintance with Poets
Inmortalization of Coleridge's talk called the Sage of Highgate's conversation
Agamemnon
In Homer's Iliad the king commanding the Greeks in the siege of Troy. Appeared in a line od Don Juan, translated from a Latin ode by Horace.
Wordsworthian stages of growing up
In Tintern Abbey, what Wordsworthian describes as selves which mutate and evolve in correspondence with the landscape and the moment. This is geography, and time, as self.
Bildungsroman
In literary criticism, a novel of formation / education / culture or coming-of-age story (though it may also be known as a subset of the coming-of-age story). It is a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood (coming of age) in which character change is extremely important. i.e. Charlotte Brontë's novels
Sorcerer/Sorceress
In stories, a man/woman who has magical powers and who uses them to harm other people.
Pantomime
In the 1840s was a genre of low comedy and was often used to convey social values. A play performed at Christmas time, usually based on a popular fairy tale, with music, dancing, comedy etc
Natural philophy
In the eighteenth century, the body of thought and practices that enquiry into the powers and phenomena of the natural world.
Farce
In theatre, a comedy that aims at entertaining the audience through situations that are highly exaggerated, extravagant, and thus improbable.
Prelapsarian
In theology, or poetic and literary use, characteristic of the time before the Fall of Man; innocent and unspoilt. This concept is related to Blake's poems Infant Joy.
Literary Journals
Included essays, reviews, poetry, parliamentary reports ans so on. Different were created regarding different political ideals (Whigs and Tories). Such journals indicated the growing level of class consciousness that began to emerge.
Armida
Including in Don Juan: the sorceress in Torquato Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered (1581) who seduces Rinaldo into forgetting his vows as a crusader.
Mina Harker
Influential New woman literary figure in Bram Stoker's Dracula
Nora and Hedda Gabler
Influential New woman literary figures in Ibsen's A Doll's House
Thomas Carlyle
Inspiring the socialist mvmnt of 1880s. He is associated to the early generation of Victorian writers. Author of Sartor Resartus, an account of the life and opinions of an imaginary philosopher, Professor Diogenes Teufelsdrockh. - The French Revolution 1845 - Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell - The History of Friedrich II of Prussia - Past and Present (1843) - Latter-Day Pamphlets (1850)
The British Institution
Institution founded in 1805 to showcase the works of contemporary British artists.
Paddy figures
Irish Hooligans that may characterise Stevenson's Mr Hyde.
False consciousness
It displaces all the problems and difficulties of an agricultural society in the early throes of industrialisation into the realm of the artistic and imaginative. Act that functions to maintain the present system of society by directing people's discontent not into the area of the political but into the realm of the transcendent and the natural. i.e. Tintern Abbey.
Lyrical Ballads with a Few Other Poems
It is a collection of poems by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge,but first published anonymously in 1798. Most of the poems in the 1798 edition were written by Wordsworth, with Coleridge contributing only four poems to the collection, including one of his most famous works "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner".The volume contains much quintessential Romantic poetry. It was reissued in 1800 under Wordworth's name which included the famous Preface defending the poets' use of the 'language really used by men' and the rustic nature of their subjects. It became and remains a landmark, changing the course of English literature and poetry. Wordsworth's attack on 18th century poetic diction, marked out his and Coleridge's poetry from that of their contemporaries. After Napoleon's invasion, they drifted to more conservative positions. Other poems inside: -Simon Lee -We are seven -The Thorn -Tintern Abbey
Songs of Innocence and of Experience (1794)
It manifests Blake's concern with the dialectic of two extages of life, through which the individual must pass. It contains many of Blake's most famous lyrics: London, The Tyger, THe Chimmeney Sweeper', The Fly, The Lamb, and Holy Thursday.
Board of Agriculture
It was an institution established by Arthur Young in 1793 to promote the new scientific agriculture.
The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations - "the first world's fair"
It was an international exhibition that took place in Hyde Park, London, for five months. It was the first in a series of World's Fair exhibitions of culture and industry that became popular in the 19th century. It was organised by Prince Albert and Henry Cole.
The New Morality
James Gillray's satire, in which British reformers and radicals worship at the shrine of the new trinity, Philanthropy, Sensibility and Benevolence, established by Enlightenmet and revolutionary idology.
Eliza, John and Georgiana Reed are the cousins. Sarah Reed is the aunt.
Jane Eyre's relatives.
The Vampire (1819)
John Polidori's novella that mischievously made Byron its model for the title character. Earlier Byron had in his writings helped introduce the English to the Eastern Mediterranean's legends of bloodsucking evil spirits.
Edinburgh Review (1802-1929)
Leading literary review of the nineteenth century, sympathetic to the Whig, professional and liberal intellectual audience. Its editor, Francis Jeffrey, was a liberal secular progressive.
The Christian Observer
Journal financed by the Claphamites.
The London Magazine
Journal that printed some of the best prose of Hazlitt, De Quincey and Lamb.
Annals of the Fine Arts
Keat's book published in Haydon, including Ode on a Grecian Urn..
Progress, expansion, mobility
Keynotes of Victorian history and culture that evoke in their different ways a society keenly attuned to and preoccupied with transformations in nearly every arena of daily life.
Quarterly Review (1809-1967)
Leading literary review of the nineteenth century, sympathetic to the conservative and Tory cause, regarding itself as the "literary police" It was supportive of the "Lake School" of Wordsworth, Southey and Coleridge, and vituperative about both the "Cockney School" of Leigh Hunt, and the "Satanic School" of Byron.
Mystics
Label under the German Romantics were loosely grouped by Carlyle. The second most important influence on his life and character
Critical Review (1756-90)
Literary journal for the Romantic period, appealing to a conservative Tory readership
Monthly Review (1749-1845)
Literary journal for the Romantic period, appealing to a liberal Whig readership
Henry Mayhew
London Labour and the London Poor (1861—62), the journalist created a portrait of working London by collecting scores of interviews with workers.
The Mirror of Literature, Amusement and Instruction (1822-49)
Mass-produced journal for the working classes which emerged in 1822.
Lithography
Mechanical proccess invented in 1798 in which the printing and non-printing areas of the plate are all at the same level. It allowed the printing of pictures in colour.
Intaglio and relief processes
Mechanical processes in which the design is cut into the printing block.
Duns Scotus
Medieval philosopher followed by Gerard Manley Hopkins.
Tractarians
Members of the Oxford Movement
Clothes Philosophy
Methaphor used by Carlyle in developing his views of religion.
Method of multiple dialectics
Method used by William Blake whereby a given thematic or stylistic aspect is defined in relation to its constrastive pair. i.e. Dialectical relationship of the two speakers in "Infant Joy" is developed and defined in "Infant Sorrow"
Illuminated printing
Method used to produce most of Blake's book of poems, which works directly on a copper plate with pens, brushes, and an acid-resitant medium. The pages printed from such plates were colored by hand in water colors.
Thornfield
Mr Rochester's home.
Pantisocracy
Name coined by Coleridge and Robert Southey applyied to an ideal democratic comunity in America, signifying an equal rule by all.
Supermen
Name given by Bernard show to the Carlyle's "heroes" who, according to him, must be leaders of the happy followers. Liberals and democrats, however, might call them dictators.
Albion
Name given by William Blake to a giant man, symbol of universal humanity, who is a sort of God and the whole cosmos. This universal man was self divided first into the the four Zoas, the four primal faculties or chief powers and component aspects of humanity: Tharmas, Urizen, Luvah and Urthona.
Satanic School of poetry
Name given to Byron and Shelley by Robert Southney in the Quarterly Review. They were really different kinds of poet but they shared an Enlightenment scepticism and a liberal oppositional stance to the Tory government of their day, as well as a strong predilection for movements for national independence, notably in Greece.
Chartism
Name given to groups who supported the petition, emerged with the activism surrounding the movement for repeal of the Corn Laws and was propelled by anger over the realities of the workhouses created by the New Poor Law. Poets of this movement expressed working-class consciousness or conveyed concern for working-class conditions.
Crompton's mule
Name given to the machine created by Samuel Crompton in 1779 that combined the Jenny and the water frame, which produced quantities of good, strong yarn.
English Jacobins
Name given to those who supported the French Revolution and reform.
Elegiac of Sonnets
Name of Charlotte Smith's poems (1784)
Fourteen Sonnets
Name of Lisle Bowles's poems (1789)
Punch
Name of the most famous of the political cartoons at first thirty years of the victorian period.
the grand style
Name that Reynolds gave to the highest genre of oil painting, the history painting.
Wordsworth (memorialized in Byron's Don Juan as "Wordy") or Keats (a shabby Cockney brat)
Names given to Wordsworth and Keats by Lord Byron
Newgate novels
Narratives of criminal life published in England from the late 1820s until the 1840s.
John Boydell's Shakespeare Gallery
Notable gallery, opened in 1786 in Pall Mall, exhibiting new paings from Shakespeare.
Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness
Novel which focuses on the moral degradation of those who exploit African resources and people.
George Eliot
Novelist, author of Adam Bede. In most of her novels, she evokes a preindustrial rural scene or the small-town life of the English Midlands, which she views with a combination of nostalgia and candid awareness of its limitations. Her real name was Marian Evans. She is, perhaps, the greatest English realist who wrote a number of essays, including "Margaret Fuller and Mary Wollstonecraft" and "Silly Novels by Lady Nov- elists," which she contributed to various periodicals in addition to the Westminster Review. - Middlemarch - The Mill on the Floss and Daniel Deronda
"Social-problem" novels
Novels that use the condicion of the governeesss to stage critiques of the political, economic and social conditions that restrict women. ie. Brontë sisters' novels.
Romance
Originally meant anything in prose or in verse written in any of the Romance language. Currently, generally mean a fictitious narrative, in prose or verse, which interest turns upon marvellous and uncommon incidents.
Hemlock
Ode to a Nightingale: A poisonous herb, not the North American evergreen tree; a sedative if taken in small doses.
Dryad
Ode to a Nightingale: a tree nymph
Medieval Revival
Old forms such as the ballad and romance were adapted to modern sophisticated use, usually set in the distant past or faraway places with a medieval setting for events that violate our sense of realism and the natural order. COLERIDGE AND KEATS.
Lincoln's Inn
One of four Inns of Court in London to which barristers of England and Wales belong and where they are called to the Bar. It is situated in Holborn, in the London Borough of Camden. It's named at the beginning of Dicken's Bleak House.
Josiah Wedgwood
One of the men who revolutionised the producion and sale of pottery.
The Father Book of Modern Verse
One of the most influential anthologies of the century, published in 1936, featuring poets such as W.H.Auden, Dylan Thomas, T.S. Eliot, and Gerard Manley Hopkins.
Gothic Revival
One of the most influential styles of the 19th century. Designs were based on forms and patterns used in the Middle Ages.
the Web
One of the most prominent metaphors of George Elliot's Middlemarch
The Fabian Society
Organisation comitted to political and economic reform in the light of the socialism.
The Germ: Thoughts Toward Nature, Poetry, and Art
PRB's magazine, including critical statements on their values as well as reviews, poems and stories. Provide a moder for many magazines in the 1890s.
Agrarian Justice
Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1796 which claimed that land rights derived from commonality and argued for a land tax to militate against rural poverty.
Currer Bell
Pen name of Charlotte Brontë
Vitalists
People who hold that the presence of energy in the world was, in itself, a sign of the godhead. E. Carlyle
Ode to the West Wind (1809)
Percy Shelley's poem with many methaphors. The chief metaphor, linked with the cycle of the seasons, is presented as the correspondent in the external world to an inner change, a burst of creative power.
Victorian Age
Period btw 1830 and 1901.
Reign of Terror
Period involving the arrest of at least 300,000 suspects of being royalists by Robespierre and the Committe of Public Safety
Industrialism
Period portrayed by novels such as Elizabeth Gaskell's Mary Barton (1848) and North and South (1855) and Charles Dickens's Hard Times (1854). In the opposite, Past and Present (1843) and Unto This Last (1860), Carlyle and Ruskin advocated a nostalgic and conservative ideal, in which employers and workers returned to a medieval relationship to craft and to authority and responsibility.
Byronic hero
Personage arch-Romantic; he is first sketched in the opening canto of Childe Harold. In his developed form, as we find it in Manfred, he is an alien, mysterious, and gloomy spirit, superior in his passions and powers to the common run of humanity, whom he regards with disdain. He harbors the torturing memory of an enormous, nameless guilt that drives him toward an inevitable doom. And he exerts an attraction on other characters that is the more compelling because it involves their terror at his obliviousness to ordinary human concerns and values. This figure, infusing the archrebel in a nonpolitical form with a strong erotic interest, was imitated in life as well as in art and helped shape the intellectual and the cultural history of the later nineteenth century. The literary descendants of this model include Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights, Captain Ahab in Mohy-Dick, and the hero of Pushkin's great poem Eugene Onegin.
Marsh End or Moor House
Place owned by the Rivers where Jane arrived after fleding from Thornfield.
South Pole - "The ice was here"
Place toward where the ship was driven by a storm in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Thomas Gray's Sonnet on the Death of Richard West
Poem included in the Lyrical Balads' Preface
Shelley
Poet who was more of an optimist about humanity's capacity for improvement than the more pessimistic Byron and this shows in the visionary nature of much of his writing. He was also one of the greatest lyric poets of the age, producing some of the most accomplished Romantic shorter poems, including "To a Skylark and "Ode to the West Wind." He developed his political ideas in a number of works. His "Ode to the West Wind" envisions the autumnal wind as a cleansing force, removing the diseased and corrupt and transforming the world for a new spring and awakending.
William Wordsworth (1770-1850)
Poet who wrote the famous Preface for "Lyrical Ballads with a Few Other Poems" (1798), defending the poets use of the language rally used by men and the rustic nature of their subjects. Other works: -Descriptive Sketches (1793) -Poems, in Two Volumes -The Excursion (1814) -Ode to Duty (1804) -Surprised by Joy -Extempore Effusion
Elizabeth Barret Browning
Poet who wrote: - Aurora Leigh (1856) - Sonnets from the Portuguese - The Cry of the Children (1843) that expresses her horrified response to an official report on child labor. - The Runaway Slave at the Pilgrim's Point -Casa Guidi Windows.
Gerard Manley Hopkins
Poet whom first publication of poems was in 1918, twenty-nine years after his death. Also characteristic of this poet was his need to back up his poetic practice by a theory which demonstrated the immanence of God in his poems
Synecdoche
Poetry device used when part of of something is used to refer to the whole thing.
Visionary poetry
Poetry that translates spiritual landscapes that we discover through an inner journey undertaken by intuition or meditation. Blake and Coleridge wrote this kind of poetry.
Giant forms
Reading bodies in William Blake's "Jerusalem" and "The Four Zoas, Milton", which came to constitute a complete mythology. i.e. "Los"
Unity of Being
Refers to the nature itself, but not to the subject's union with it as a way to spiritual fulfilment or trascendence. - Both the concepts of Pantheism and this term are integral to the Romantic worldviewer, but cannot be identified as synonimous.
Orientalism
Reflect a revival of interest in the history, literature, and antiquities of non-European cultures. i.e. Robert Southey's oriental tale The Curse of Kehema which explored Aztec, Celtic and Hindu mythology.
Wesleyan Methodist Church
Relating to the teachings of the English preacher John Wesley. The main branch of the Methodist Church founded after the separation of the English Church in 1795. In religious thought there was a renewed stress on the individual's personal relation to God.
The Bairam's feasts
Religious festival performed in the tale The Giaour.
Methodism
Religious movement founded by John Wesley, separated from the Church of England in 1798. Characteristics: open-air preaching, fervid emotionalism, stress on the individual's personal relation to God, appealed to the industrial poor areas. Linkened to the feelings and passions found in canonical Romantic poets.
Commercial Circulating Libraries
Rented out books to mostly middle class patrons. Three-volume duodecimo format was the mmost rented. The most popular author was Scott (Waverley novels)
A report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Poppulation
Report publishd in 1842 by Edwin Chadwick that led to Public Health Act of 1848.
Céline Varens, Giacinta, and Clara
Rochester's three mistresses
Gender and sexuality
Romantic poetry contains several alluring and destructive females. They feature prominently in Coleridge's verse, including the "Nightmare of Life in Death" in the "Rime of the Ancient Mariner" and Christabel, where an ambiguously beautiful woman rescued by the young girl of the poem's title subsequently preys on her and takes over her mind, like a vampire.
Lowood Institution
School for poor orphands girls where Jane Eyre is carried to.
High Church
Segment of the Church of England which valued the traditions, sacraments and rituals associated with Catholicism. They believed that the authority of the Church derived from God and was transmitted by the apostolic succession of bishops.
Henry Mackenzie's The Man of Feeling (1771)
Sentimental novel published in 1771 written by an scottish author who feared that men were becoming increasingly feminised as a result of consumerism and the spread of fashionable sensibility.
Hours of Idleness
Slim and conventional volume of lyric verses published in 1807 by Byron. This was treated so harshly by the Edinburgh Review that Byron was provoked to write in reply his first important poem, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers, a vigorous satire in which he incorporated brilliant ridicule
European skylark
Shelley's poem; a small bird that sings only in flight, often when it is too high to be visible.
Skeptical idealism
Shelley's thought: hope in a redemption from present social ills is not an intellectual certainty but a moral obligation. I.e. Mont Blanc," express his view of the narrow limits of what human beings can know with certainty and exemplify his refusal to let his hopes harden into a philosophical or religious creed.
Make them wonder
Stevenson's mantra
Social Darwinism
Term used to refer the idea that people, like plants and animals, are subject to the processes of natural selection. Works related to this concept: The Descent of Man (1871), and Selection in Relation to Sex.
Two consciousnesses
Wordsworth's term applied to himself as he is now and himself as he once was.
Water-snakes
Supernatural creatures in the Rime of the Ancient Mariner
The Giaour
The first of the Byron's Eastern tales; the "Infidel" has an affair with one's of the the Hassan's slaves, Leila. Hassan punishes her and eventually, the Infidel kills him. Like other Byron's Turkish tales, this poem exploits the taste for exotic landspe and local color.
Arturian epic
Tennyson's The Idylls uses the body of this legend to construct a vision of civilization's rise and fall.
The past
Tennyson's great theme
Shallower brain
Tennyson's ironic phrase used to express that women naturally deserved a dependent role as it was accepted their brain was less valuable as it was more lightweight.
Philistines
Term adapted and applied by Matthew Arnold to describe the social attitude of anti-intellectualism that undervalues and despises art, beauty, spirituality, and intellect.
Weariness - "hours of weariness"
Term applied by Wordsworth in Tintern Abbey, associated with the materialism of city or urban life.
Affective individualism
Term applied to a change in family life in which authoriatarian and patriarchal family gave way to a more closely entwined unit held together by values based on respect, loyalty and filial obedience.
Low Church
Term applied to an Evangelical wing within the Church of England. They emphasised spiritual transformation of the individual by conversion and a strictly moral Christian life.
Instress
Term coined by Hopkins: the apprehension (percepción) of an object in an intense thrust of energy toward it that enables one to realise its specific distinctiveness. By this term, he means either the force of being which holds the inscape together or the impulse from the inscape which carries it whole into the mind of the beholder.
Inscape
Term coined by Hopkins: the distinctive design that constitutes individual identity. He means the unified complex of characteristics that give each thing its uniqueness and that differentiate it from other things.
Scientist
Term coined by William Whewell as a professional investigator of the natural world.
Penny press
Term designating affordable and usually popular sensational fiction. Also known as "penny dreadfuls" and "shilling shockers".
Unity of being
Term introduced by romantic poet in which the possibility of transcendence can be achieved through communion with nature.
Doppelgänger tale
Term referring to a story that either revolves around two central characters functioning as doubles of one another, or alternatively, to a fiction aboun an indidual whose personality is divided. ie. Stevenson's Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde
Fenianism
Term sometimes used by the British political establishment in the 1860s for any form of mobilisation among the lower classes or those who expressed any Irish nationalist sentiments.
Culture
Term used by Arnold to capture the qualities of an open-minded intelligence (as described in "The Function of Criticism")—a refusal to take things on authority.
Victorian period
Term used to describe the period from about 1837 to 1901
Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (PRB)
Term which refers first and foremost to John Everett millais, William Michael Rossetti, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, James Collinson, Thomas Woolner, Ford Madox Brown and William Holman Hunt - painters, poets and sculptors - banded together in 1848. They were committed to the close study of nature to counter what they believed was the Royal Academy's slavish deference to the formalism typified by the late Renaissance masters who followed Raphael. Simplicity in their vision and sincerity in their religion devotion.
"middling sorts"
Term with which is referred to professional people, merchants and rural and urban workers at the beginning of the Romantic period.
Picturesque
Termed by Arthur Henry Hallam as a kind of poetry that combines visual impressions in such a way that they create a drawing that carries the dominant emotion of the poem. i.e. Tennyson's poems.
Karl Marx
The Communist Manifesto of 1848
Frederic Engels
The Conditoion of the Working Class (1845) described the conclusions the author drew in the twenty months he spent observing industrial conditions in Manchester.
Lizzy and Laura
The Goblins Market's two central players.
1814 Copyright Act
The act that extended copyright to twenty-eight years from the date of publication, or until the end of the author's lifetime providing authors with greater protection for their works.
Copyright Act of 1710
The act that protected copyright for a maximum term of twenty-eight years which, in practice, ensured that this was virtually perpetual.
Charles Lamb
The author of Essays of Elia (1833) and Tales from Shakespeare (1807)
Albert Hancock
The author of a study in historical criticism published in 1899: 'The French Revolution and the English Poets'.
Pantheistic philosophy of nature
The belief that God exists in and is the same as all things, animals, and people within the universe. Phylosophy developed in many of Wordsworth's lyrical poems.
Solipsism
The belief that only your own experiences and existence can be known.
Michelmas Term
The first academic term of the academic year in a number of English-speaking universities and schools, especially in the United Kingdom.
Megalonosaurus
The first dinosaur ever mentioned in popular media. It appeared in the opening lines of Charles Dickens's 1852 novel Bleak House
Ballad stanza
The four-line stanza, known as a quatrain, most often found in the folk ballad. This poetic form appears in Coleridge's The Ancient Mariner. Coleridge sometimes expands the stanza to six lines or more.
Gateshead
The home of Jane Eyre's relatives, the Reeds.
Matthew Boulton
The man who built the first factory which employed more than six hundred workers, and installed a steam engine in 1762.
Thomas Newcomen
The man who built the first modern steam engine in 1705, used to eliminate seepage in tin and copper mines.
James Watt
The man who changed Newcomen's engine from an atmospheric to a true "steam engine"
Gentleman's Magazine (1731-1818)
The most important literary journal in the eighteenth century.
Clapham Sect
The most significant Evangelical group within the Anglican Church, centred on the church of Clapham in south London. Many of its members, included John Venn, the Rector, William Wilberforce, Henry Thornton, James Stephen and Zachary Macaulay, were Members of the Parliament
the "treason trials" of 1794
The name applied to the proceedings against a number of leading radicals for alleged high treason.
Poetical Sketches
The only book of Blake's to be set in type according to customary methods.
Queen Victoria
The only daughter of Edward, Duke of Kent. She reigns, during sixty-four years, embodying domestic virtue and imperial power.
"Romantic period" writing
The period as covering the years between the 1780s and the 1830s. The work that is written, published or read in the period 1780-1835.
British Association for the Advancement of Science
The peripatetic body founded in 1831 with the intention of co-ordinating the work of the separate societies of applied science. It has been important in promoting public awareness of science.
Whitcross
The place in which Jane descends from the coach; she has left her baggage and money in the coach and now has nothing
Evangelicalism
The renewed faith in a Gospel-based Christianity. In the Romantic period there were sects of Evangelicals within the Anglican church, such as the CLAPHAM SECT who had representation in the Parliament and were in favour of abolitionism, prison reform... They were wealthy, conservative and appealed to the rich. Nicknamed the 'Saints.'
Melodrama
The primary form of theatre during the 19th century, despite other influences, becoming the most popular by 1840 characterised by using music to increase emotions or to signify characters and a simplified moral universe
Enclosure
The process or policy referring to the conversion of common land and strip-based open-field farming into compact and contained holdings enabling more efficient and sustained farming. Between 1762 and 1844, it contributed vastly to the increase in agricultrual productivity. The poetry of Clare, Goldsmith, Crabbe, and Wordsworth articulates a strong dissatisfaction with the process.
Evangelicalism
The renewed faith in a Gospel-based Christianity.
Sycamore
Tree named in Tintern Abbey
National Constituent Assembly
The revolutionary assembly, which sat from July 1789 until 1791, formed by members of the Third States. The Asssembly decreed the abolition of the feudal regime, introduced the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, and tried to create a monarchical regime in which the legislative and executive powers ere shared between the King and an assembly.
Blake's Tyger Studies
The rich history of the poem's reception; it is a visionary apocalypse presenting an enigmatic and sublimely terrifying creature at a moment of cataclysmic metamorphosis.
the Crystal Palace
The temporary structure where took place the Great Exhibition.
Tableaux vivants
The term, borrowed from the French language, describes a group of suitably costumed actors or artist's models, carefully posed and often theatrically lit. Throughout the duration of the display, the people shown do not speak or move. The acting out, typically in "freeze frames", of scenes from famous paintings.
Reproductive imagination, Productive imagination and Aesthetic imagination
The three kinds of power of imagination distinguished by Kant. This threefold distinction corresponds to Coleridge's famous division of the powers of the mind in chapter XIII of Biographia Literaria into fancy, the primary imagination and the secondary imagination.
Romanticism
The unprecedent centrality of the natural world and landscape. Main English representants William Blake or Jane Austen.
Theory of the "asssociation of ideas"
Theory developed by John Locke, by which knowledge of an object is built up from the simple ideas of perception.
Chesnut tree
Tree under which Rochester proposed Jane, and that a lightning split, foreshadowing the separation that will soon befall Jane and Rochester.
Labouring poets
There were opportunities for working class people to publish and address a wider public. Patrons looking for unschooled genius were always on the lookout for promising candidates like Robert Burns, the "poetical ploughman."
Women poets
They were publishing huge amounts of poetry at the same time as their male counterparts, although they don't fit in the aesthetic of Romanticism. Ana Leticia Barbauld, Mary Robinson, Anna Seward, Charlotte Smith, Helen Maria Williams, L.E.L. (Laetitia Elizabeth Landon) to name a few. Women tended to write about their own sensibility, feminine instinct and female duty. They were more interested in the "quotidian" or "domestic" than in male introspection. There were female sub-genres, such as the "flower" verse
Jude the Obscure.
Thomas Hardy himself is sometimes credited with having written the first modern novel.
The Age of Reason
Thomas Paine's book which demystified Christian orthodoxy, seeking to establish a pure deism.
stamp duty
a type of taxation on paper and vellum (pamphlets and newspapers)
Moral beauty
To see the beauty of virtues in others (and perhaps in ourselves)
Two-part prelude
Two books of blank verse describing Wordsworth's early childhood in the northern Lake District.
Matthew Boulton and Josiah Wedgwood
Two important figures in the designing and development of cheaper products and were pioneers of advertising. They both promote consumerism and the commercial society in the eighteenth century at Britain.
Hannah More and William Cowper
Two of the literary writter who wrote poems in opposition to the trade.
Circularity and repeated structures (as refrains)
Two techniques charecteristic of traditional expressive forms such as folk songs, and childre's genres such as nursery rhumes used by William Blake's poems.
Sensation and reflection
Two types of experience that John Locke distinguished.
Richard Brothers and Joanna Southscott
Two vulgar prophets who promoted the survival of superstitions and beliefs.
Keats
Unlike Byron and Shelley, he was not an aristocrat. He was from a humble, though not poor, background. He was educated to be a surgeon and apothecary, but gave it up to be a poet. In 1819 he wrote what many consider to be his greatest works and ones which have become synonymous with Romanticism: the Odes and Lamia. He criticized contemporary science's tendency to demystify the world. He famously died of consumption at the age of twenty-five.
William Hayley
Wealthy amateur of the arts supporter of William Blake and Charlotte Smith.
Jos Sedley
Vanity Fair's character who sends his sister chashmere shawls from India but who fails to summon the courage to help his fellow British soldiers defeat the French at Waterloo.
Governess novel
Victorian novels connected with the nineteenth-century anxiety concerning middle-class female employment in general, and with the women who lived with a family and teached their children at home in particular: they occupied a uniquely awkward position in the Victorian household, because they were neither servants nor yet members of the host family. They had a middle-class background and education, yet was paid for their services. i.e Jane Eyre and Agnes Grey
Grasmere
Village of Cumbria where Wordsworth composed many of his greatest lyrical poems, including The Brothers, Michael, Resolution and Independence and the "Ode (Intimations of Immortality)"
The Pacific - "water, water, every where"
What is the "slimy" sea sailed by the ancient mariner?
Myth of nature
What modern critics call Wordsworth's growth of his mind to maturity, a process unfolding through the interaction betweeen the inner world of the mind and the shaping force of external Nature.
Cumbrian statesmen
Wordsworth's term used as a representation of the independent smallholder (often idealised as the "yeoman" class). i.e Wordsworth's Michael from his Lyrical Ballads
"Quintessential Romantic poem"
Wordsworth began the process of composing the long poem that would become " The Prelude" after his death and which would come to be regarded by many as quintessential Romantic poem. The 'spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings is Wordsworth's definition of good poetry in the Preface of the Lyric Ballads.
Lectures on Physiology (1819)
Work in which is developed the anology between humans and animals by the anatomist and surgeon William Lawrence.
Preface to Lyrical Ballads, with Pastoral and Other Poems (1802) - The Subject and Language of Poetry.
Wordsworth's " assertions about the nature of poetry and its language, on which he bases his attack on the "poetic diction" of eighteenth-century poets. It denies the traditional assumption that the poetic genres constitute a hierarchy.
Preface of 1800
Wordsworth's apologia for his poems in which he defended the serious treatment of rustic subjects. It could be seen as a manifesto for a revolutionary kind of poetry.
The Prelude
Wordsworth's autobiographical poem that he had written in two parts in 1799.
Emotion recollected in Tranquillity
Wordsworth's credo used in his poetry. Concept of poetry creation.
Dove Cottage
Wordsworth's house at Grasmere.
Conversational Poetry
Wordsworth's idea of using common, everyday language to express profound poetic images and ideas which highly influenced on Coleridge.
The Excursion (1814)
Wordsworth's long philosophical poem (184) which presented a conservative philosophy.
Romantic
Word that refers to a kind of writing which has been defined in opposition to the literature of the eighteenth-century neo-classicism. It was not used in the way we use it today by the writers of the time ,for whom it meant something pertaining to "romance"
The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1790)
William Blake's book in which he repudiated Swedeborgian teachings.
Catherine Boucher
William Blake's wife
The Task
William Cowper's long blank verse poem which dealt with simple homely subjects.
Enquiry Concerning Political Justice
William Godwin's radical treatise of 1793 which was not prosecuted for sedition because of its high price of 3 guineas.
Glorious renovation
William Wordsworth's expression making reference to the French Revolution, as a promise to improve the British society.
Frontiniac or sherry
Wine named in the Preface of Lyrical Balads.
Christina Rossetti
Woman, member of PRB who also began publishing (pseudonymously) in the Germ. Her first volume of poetry, Goblin market and Other Poems, contain all the different poetic modes that mark her achievement: pure lyric, narrative fable, ballad, and the devotional verse.
Robert Southey
Writer associated to the Tory Quarterly Review from about 1810 onwards. Thalaba the Destroyer (1801) Madoc (1805) The Curse of Kehema (1810),
George Crabbe
Writer who attacked the idealisations of rural life in his The Village of 1783. Author of Poems (1807) which employed the heroic couplet: The Parish Register, and the Borough (1810)
Chinamania
a craze for porcelain that swept England in the 1720s, when consumer goods became avaliable to the middle classes.
The Cockney School of poets
a pejorative term by the Tory Quarterly suggesting a middle-class, suburban and metropolitan kind of writing. Where Keats became one of his members.
The Byronic hero
a series of highly popular Eastern/ Oriental Tales ( " The Giaour", "The Corsair"). Byron developed this romantic persona of the alienated "hero" which presents an idealised, but flawed character whose attributes include: great talent; great passion; a distaste for society and social institutions; a lack of respect for rank and privilege (although they possess both); being thwarted in love by social constraint or death; rebellion; exile.
Romance novel
a very fluid genre, romances are often characterized by a tripartite structure of social integration followed by disintegration involving moral tests and often marvellous event, itself the prelude to reintegration in a happy ending, frequently of marriage
Oxymorons
combines contradictory terms. Appear in a variety of contexts, including inadvertent errors such as extremely average and literary oxymorons crafted to reveal a paradox. The most common form of oxymoron involves an adjective-noun combination of two words.
The Byronic hero
first appears in Byron's semi-autobiographical epic narrative poem Childe Harold´s Pilgrimage".
Satirical-Conversation novels
form developed by Thomas Love Peacock which employs both the dialogue and the chorus (from drama) within novelistic discourse.
In medias res
lit. "into the middle things", opens in the midst of action.
The Giaour is Byron's Eastern Tale
is not a simple linear narrative, rather a series of disjointed fragments told from differing points of view. It tells the tale of the Giaour, of Infidel, from the court of a Turkish despot, Hassan. The Giaour has had an adulterous affair with a slave of Hassan's harem, the beautiful Leila. Hassan has Leila sewn into a sack and drowned, and the Giaour exacts his revenge by ambushing and killing Hassan, but he is later haunted by his acts. The Giaour is a Byronic figure, with his "evil eye", a "demon in the night."
Tintern Abbey
is one of the most celebrated and discussed poems of the Romantic Era. Greater Romantic lyric, a meditative poem in measured blank verse which deals with the inner life of the poet. It is intensely personal, being hard to separate the speaker from poet in this case and is concerned with the growth and development of his moral and imaginative self. It celebrates Wordsworth's rediscovery of the capacity of feel. Wordsworth is restored mentally, morally and socially by the power of nature.
Prose poetry
is poetry written in prose instead of using verse but preserving poetic qualities such as heightened imagery and emotional effects. "Impassioned prose," such as Suspiria de Profundis a collection of short essays in psychological fantasy — what De Quincey himself called "impassioned prose," and what is now termed prose poetry.
Orientalism
the European fascination with an East that was magical, paradisial, sensual but also cruel and despotic, the influence of this movement can be observed among other romantic works in Coleridge's Kubla Khan.
Byronism
the personality cult of the most popular of the English Romantics who enjoyed not only commercial success but also celebrity and notoriety that were unprecedented and spread all over Europe.
The Industrial Revolution
the application of power-driven machinery to the manufacturing of goods and commities in the eighteenth century. This period created a new working class of industrial workers included all the men, women and children labouring in the textile mills, pottery works and mines.
the water frame
the name given to a water-powered spinning frame created by Richard Arkwright.
Sublime
the powerful depiction of subjects that are vast, obscure, and powerful, of greatness that is incomparable or unmeasurable. The term is related for instance to the romantic portrayal of nature. Wordsworth stressed the importance of the sublime natural scenery in developing his spiritual, moral and imaginative nature. Nature works to purify the mind by stimulating its spiritual and imaginative responses through intense emotional experience, often those of terror.
Orientalist text
the recurrence of recognizable elements of Asian an African place names historical and legendary people, religions, philosophies, art etc in the writings of the British romantics. "It uses the East to explore western concerns." (not sure this is the answer they are looking for, it could also be Oriental Renaissance).
Terza rima
three-line rhyme scheme employed by Dante in his Divine Comedy. In the three-line terza rima stanza, the first and third lines rhyme, and the middle line does not; then the end sound of that middle line is employed as the rhyme for the first and third lines in the next stanza. The final couplet rhymes with the middle line of the last three-line stanza. Thus each of the seven parts of "Ode to the West" by Percy Shelly follows this scheme: ABA BCB CDC DED EE.
Illuminating printing
was a method of relief etching that Blake used to produce most of his books of poems. The process was laborious and time-consuming. He worked directly on a copper plate, writing the text in reverse and the illustration. Then the plate was etched in acid to eat away the untreated copper and leave the design standing in relief. The pages printed from such plates were coloured by hand in water colours and stitched together to make up a volume.
Slave narrative
was a special and popular form of autobiography. Several important life stories by former slaves were published during the Romantic era. Many Romantic period writers wrote against the transatlantic slave trade. Blake's "Little Black Boy" raises issues about the representation of slaves and the limits of the abolitionists' sympathy. Mary Wollstonecraft's equation between women and slavery was not shared by all, but did indicate a female sensitivity to the slave trade.
"The Picturesque"
was an eighteenth-century theory which stressed notions such as variety, irregularity, ruggedness, singularity and chiaroscuro (patterns of light and dark) in the appreciation of landscape. Landscape should be viewed as a painting.
Shelley
was something of a scandalous figure for Regency England; he was famously expelled from Oxford as a consequence of his pamphlet The Necessity of Atheism and his first wife committed suicide after he notoriously eloped with Mary Godwin. He was drowned a month before his thirteeth birthday in a boating accident off the coast of Italy.
National Convention on 9 Thermidor
year II in the dating of the new revolutionary calendar (27 July 1794). Robespierre and the Committe of Public Safety were executed the following day.
