Liver A&P

Biliary Tree:

A branched structure of tubes carrying bile throughout liver and gallbladder into the intestines.

Carbohydrates

Blood entering through the hepatic portal vein rich in glucose from digested food. Hepatocytes store much of glucose as glycogen. The absorption and release of glycogen helps to maintain homeostasis and protects the rest of the body from dangerous spikes and drops in the blood glucose level.

The human body uses amino acids to make proteins to help the body:

Break down food Grow Repair body tissue Perform many other body functions

dmp dis

D: Digestion M: Metabolism P: Production D: Detoxification I: Immunity S: Storage

"dmp diS" Storage summary

Glycogen Fatty Acids Vitamins A, D, E, K, and B12, Iron and Copper

Detoxification

Hepatocytes monitor the contents of the blood and remove many potentially toxic substances before they can reach the rest of the body. Enzymes in hepatocytes metabolize many of these toxins such as alcohol and drugs into their inactive metabolites. And in order to keep hormone levels within homeostatic limits, the liver also metabolizes and removes from circulation hormones produced by the BODY'S OWN glands.

Digestion

Hepatocytes produce Bile Fat Emulsification Kupffer cells destroy RBCs Hepatocytes metabolize hgb

stercobilin

Intestinal bacteria convert bilirubin into the brown pigment , which gives feces their brown color.

"dmp dIs" Immunity Summary

Kupfer cells capture and digest: worn-out blood cells, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and cellular debris.

Kupffer cells

Kupffer cells in the liver catch and destroy old, worn out RBCs and pass their components on to hepatocytes which metabolize hemoglobin into the components heme and globin Heme: is converted into the pigment bilirubin and added to bile to be excreted from the body. * Globin: protein broken down and used as energy source

"dmp dIs" Immunity

Kupffer cells play an important role by capturing and digesting worn-out blood cells, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and cellular debris. The large volume of blood passing through the hepatic portal system and the liver allows Kupffer cells to clean large volumes of blood very quickly.

"dmp Dis" Detoxification Summary

Liver removes toxins by Metabolizing toxins to inactive metabolites Metabolizes hormones fm body's own glands

Lobes of the Liver

Lobes of the Liver 1 and 2. The left and right lobes are the largest lobes and are separated by the falciform ligament. The right lobe is about 5 to 6 times larger than the tapered left lobe. 3. The small caudate lobe extends from the posterior side of the right lobe and wraps around the inferior vena cava. 4. The small quadrate lobe is inferior to the caudate lobe and extends from the posterior side of the right lobe and wraps around the gallbladder.

"dMp dis" Metabolism Summary

Metabolism of carbs, lipids, proteins Conversion of glucose to glycogen -Absorbs/releases glycogen - homeostasis Metabolize fatty acids to energy (ATP) Amino Acids broken down to -Ammonia, then Urea - excreted in urine -Remaining parts converted to ATP energy or to -Glucose (gluconeogenesis) Glycerol converted to glucose Production of useful lipids

Blood Supply

Nutrient rich blood coming from the bowel flows into the liver through the portal vein oxygen-rich blood flows into the liver through the hepatic artery Bile flows out of the liver through the bile duct Blood flows out of the liver through 3 hepatic veins into a big vein called the Vena Cava

"dmP dis" Production Summary

Produces coag factors: prothrombin and fibrinogen Produces albumin- maintains isotonic environment of cells

"dmP dis" Production

Produces vital protein components of blood plasma: prothrombin, fibrinogen, and albumins. Prothrombin and fibrinogen - coagulation factors involved in the formation of blood clots. Albumins are proteins that maintain the isotonic environment of the blood so that cells of the body do not gain or lose water in the presence of body fluids.

Lobules

The internal structure of the liver is made of around 100,000 small hexagonal functional units known as lobules. Each lobule consists of a central vein surrounded by 6 hepatic portal veins and 6 hepatic arteries. These 6 hepatic portal veins and 6 hepatic arteries are connected by many capillary-like tubes called sinusoids. Each sinusoid passes through liver tissue containing two main cell types: Kupffer cells and hepatocytes.

Biliary Tree: Bile travel

bile canaliculi left and right hepatic ducts common hepatic ducts common joins cystic duct common bile duct

Metabolism

carbs lipids and proteins glucose to glycogen Fatty acids to energy Amino acids break down: ammonia, then urea and excreted convert to energy glucose glycerol to glucose produce useful lipids

Hepatocytes metabolism

convert Glycerol into glucose produce lipids like cholesterol, phospholipids, and lipoproteins that are used by other cells throughout the body. Much of the cholesterol produced by hepatocytes gets excreted from the body as a component of bile

Hepatcoytes

cuboidal epithelial cells that line the sinusoids and make up the majority of cells in the liver. Hepatocytes perform most of the liver's functions - digestion,metabolism,production of bile, detoxification, immunity, and storage

Bilirubin

gives bile its distinctive greenish color.

Lipids: Fatty acids

in the blood passing through the liver are absorbed by hepatocytes and metabolized to produce energy in the form of ATP.