Love Justice quiz 16

Critics of genetic engineering are typically not critical of a. genetic enhancement. b. GMOs. c. genetic therapies. d. CRISPR-cas9.

genetic therapies.

What does GMO stand for? a. germline modified organism b. genetically modified organism c. germline modification only d. genetic modification only

genetically modified organism

Objections to GMO technology that say that making GMOs is bad in itself are a. both A and b b. neither A nor b c. extrinsic. d. intrinsic.

intrinsic

Which argument relies on the claim that genetic engineering will enable those who are wealthier to become even better looking, immune to various diseases, and more intelligent? a. the conservative argument b. the inequality argument c. the benefits argument d. the authenticity argument

the inequality argument

Which of the following cases was offered as a counterexample to the claim that if a practice undermines our authenticity, it is immoral? a. A person is bored and decides to become a drug addict. b. A totalitarian regime lobotomizes political prisoners. c. An employee quits his job because he is being asked to compromise on his moral beliefs. d. A prisoner is forced to take personality-altering drugs so that she will be less resistant to her captors.

A person is bored and decides to become a drug addict.

Which of these concerns does Millstein think provides sufficient reason to justify someone in abstaining from GMOs? a. We need GMOs to feed the world. b. GMOs change the DNA of people who consume them in ways we do not yet understand. c. GMOs may pose significant risks to the environment. d. It is anti-science to consume GMOs.

GMOs may pose significant risks to the environment.

How does Comstock respond to the "playing God" objection to GMOs? a. He argues that genetic engineering is not "playing God" because it does not enable us to shift genes around between individuals and species. b. He claims it would be a successful objection if God existed but argues that God does not exist. c. He suggests that perhaps God would endorse the aim of creatively improving our world through GMOs. d. He argues that the notion of "playing God" relies on a misunderstanding of GMO technology.

He suggests that perhaps God would endorse the aim of creatively improving our world through GMOs.

What response do proponents of genetic engineering offer to the authenticity argument? a. Part of living authentically is learning to accept who you are rather than trying to change who you are. b. We can never know whether it's more authentic to receive genetic enhancement or to abstain from genetic enhancement. c. It is not morally bad to live in authentically. d. Part of living authentically is choosing how to move forward in our lives and how to change ourselves in desirable ways.

Part of living authentically is choosing how to move forward in our lives and how to change ourselves in desirable ways.

How good is the evidence for GMO safety, according to Millstein? a. There is not enough uncertainty about the studies of GMOs to make it reasonable for individuals to want to decide for themselves whether to eat GMOs or not. b. The evidence strongly suggests that GMOs are unsafe, but it is inconclusive. c. The evidence demonstrably reveals GMOs to be safe. d. There is enough uncertainty about the studies of GMOs to make it reasonable for individuals to want to decide for themselves whether to eat GMOs or not.

There is enough uncertainty about the studies of GMOs to make it reasonable for individuals to want to decide for themselves whether to eat GMOs or not.

On what grounds do reasonable opponents challenge genetic engineering? a. They claim that genetic engineering has substantial potential harms. b. none of the above c. They claim genetic engineering does not yield benefits. d. They claim that genetic engineering is not possible.

They claim that genetic engineering has substantial potential harms.

What is Comstock's response to the objection that GMO technology is problematic because it is world-changing? Select one: a. GMO technology is not truly new. b. We should refrain from implementing new GMOs, but we should continue using the ones that have already been implemented. c. We shouldn't judge an action wrong simply because it hasn't been performed before. d. none of the above

We shouldn't judge an action wrong simply because it hasn't been performed before.

Millstein argues that GMOs should be labeled so that people can avoid GMOs out of concern for Select one: a. the welfare of farmers b. potential health harms c. potential environmental harms d. all of the above

all of the above

On the understanding of playing God considered in this chapter, which of these people would count as playing God? Select one: a. all of the above b. parents who intend to conceive a child c. an emergency room doctor who makes life and death decisions d. a soldier who sacrifices himself to save his comrades

all of the above

Sandel argues that __________ is disturbingly close to eugenics. a. hyper-parenting b. praising effort over gifts c. genetically modifying crops d. accepting love

hyper-parenting

Some critics of genetic enhancement argue that genetic enhancement is immoral because there is a fundamental difference between genetic enhancement and a. changing one's personality or character. b. genetic engineering. c. artificial selection. d. improving oneself through hard work.

improving oneself through hard work.

Sandel suggests that technology that enables genetic engineering may have arisen not as a byproduct of medical research, but as an expression of Select one: a. our obsession with certain aesthetic traits. b. our desire for immortality. c. all of the above d. our resolve to see ourselves as masters of our nature.

our resolve to see ourselves as masters of our nature.

For Sandel, acknowledging the giftedness of life requires recognizing that Select one: a. all of the above b. our talents and powers are not wholly our own doing. c. everything in the world is open to whatever use we might desire. d. we can remake nature.

our talents and powers are not wholly our own doing.

It may not always be morally wrong to change things that have natures because __________ things that have natures are __________. a. some; good b. some; bad c. all; bad d. all; good

some; bad

Savulescu argues that we should accept genetic enhancement if we accept a. the moral importance of luck. b. that our traits are gifts. c. that dietary supplementation cannot alter biology. d. the treatment of disease.

the treatment of disease.

Sandel argues that it is morally problematic for parents to show too much __________ love and neglect __________ love. a. passive; active b. caring; shaping c. unconditional; nurturing d. transforming; accepting

transforming; accepting

Personal cosmetic enhancement via plastic surgery a. typically violates people's rights. b. typically does not violate anyone's rights. c. is a form of genetic engineering. d. is a form of artificial selection.

typically does not violate anyone's rights.

A key premise in the benefits argument is a. If a practice provides great benefits to many people and harms very few, then it is morally legitimate. b. If a practice is morally legitimate, it provides great benefits to many people. c. If a practice provides great benefits to many people and violates no one's rights, then it is morally legitimate. d. If a practice is morally legitimate, it violates no one's rights.

If a practice provides great benefits to many people and violates no one's rights, then it is morally legitimate.

Which of the following is an example of genetic engineering? Select one: a. all of the above. b. Dog breeders select for favored traits by carefully choosing which dogs have the opportunity to reproduce. c. Through many generations, a species of birds naturally evolve sharper beaks. d. A farmer manipulates the DNA of his corn crop to make it grow faster.

A farmer manipulates the DNA of his corn crop to make it grow faster.

Which of the following is not a concern about the effect of GMOs on farmers? a. GMO seeds tend to be more expensive than other seeds. b. Some GMO technologies have been poorly explained to farmers. c. Farmers cannot save or trade GMO seeds without facing lawsuits. d. Farmers cannot be competent in GMO technology without college degrees.

Farmers cannot be competent in GMO technology without college degrees.

What is the distinctive idea in the new "liberal eugenics" Sandel discusses? a. Unlike previous eugenics programs, the state will not be neutral about what sort of children are designed b. Parents will have the liberty to design children with any traits they want, as long as those traits maximize diversity in the population. c. Government will provide a standardized list of acceptable genetic enhancements, and parents will not have a particular say in what traits their children will have. d. Government may not tell parents what sort of children to design, and parents may engineer in their children only those traits that improve their capacities without biasing their choice of life plans.

Government may not tell parents what sort of children to design, and parents may engineer in their children only those traits that improve their capacities without biasing their choice of life plans.

According to Savulescu, what was objectionable about the historical eugenics movement? a. The movement afforded too much free choice to parents. b. The movement was focused on what was good for individuals rather than what was good for society as a whole. c. It aimed to bring about a state vision of a healthy population through coercion. d. It was not unified by a single clear vision.

It aimed to bring about a state vision of a healthy population through coercion.

Savulescu notes that biological enhancement has which of these potential benefits? Select one: a. It could make humans immortal. b. It could make humans morally better. c. It could make humans more antisocial. d. none of the above

It could make humans morally better.

Which of the following is not a potential problem of human genetic engineering discussed in this chapter? a. It might lead to eugenics. b. It might deepen inequalities that already exist, such as those between the rich and the poor. c. It might eliminate genetic disorders such as high-functioning autism that are beneficial to society. d. It is likely to make humans more susceptible to immune deficiencies.

It is likely to make humans more susceptible to immune deficiencies.

If parent genetically engineer their children, what would follow, according to Sandel? a. Parenthood would no longer involve an openness to the unbidden. b. Parenthood would no longer involve shaping who the child becomes. c. Parenthood would involve greater passivity. d. Parenthood would involve greater appreciation of children as gifts.

Parenthood would no longer involve an openness to the unbidden.

Which of the following is a version of the unnaturalness objection considered by Comstock? Select one: a. To engage in genetic engineering in agriculture is to commodify life. b. all of the above c. To engage in genetic engineering in agriculture is to play God. d. To engage in genetic engineering in agriculture is to illegitimately cross species boundaries.

all of the above

According to the playing God argument, genetic engineering involves a kind of a. genius. b. selfishness. c. arrogance. d. omnipotence.

arrogance

Millstein argues that the question about whether GMOs should be labeled is fundamentally a question about what? a. how skilled the public is at evaluating scientific evidence b. the certainty of the scientific research on GMOs c. the public's right to know what they are eating and the right to decide what they eat d. whether the label will convey the message that GMOs are more harmful than current research suggests

the public's right to know what they are eating and the right to decide what they eat