LS 7C Week 2 Review Questions

A. the orchid might produce a pheromone similar to that produced by female wasps

A botanist working in the Amazon rain forest discovers a new species of orchid. Interestingly, males but not females of a certain wasp species keep visiting the flowers of these orchids. Why? A. the orchid might produce a pheromone similar to that produced by female wasps B. male wasps are likely attracted to the bright colors of the orchids' flowers C. male wasps are likely attracted by paracrine signals produced by the orchid D. male wasps are likely attracted to the sweet nectar produced by the orchid E. male wasps are likely attracted by growth factors produced by the orchid

E. LH and FSH are released cyclically in females but nearly continuously in males

A key difference between hormonal regulation of the reproductive systems of males and females is that: A. LH is released in males and FSH is released in females B. LH and FSH are released only in females C. LH and FSH are released only in males D. LH is released continuously in males and FSH is released cyclically in females E. LH and FSH are released cyclically in females but nearly continuously in males

D. a steroid hormone

A new hormone has been isolated from an organism. Although the structure of the hormone has not yet been determined, the hormone is known to exert its effects by forming a hormone-receptor complex that acts as a transcription factor within target cells. What type of hormone is this MOST likely to be? A. a peptide hormone B. either an amine or a peptide hormone C. either a steroid hormone or an amine hormone D. a steroid hormone E. either a steroid or a peptide hormone

E. changes in metabolism

A newly developed drug works by blocking thyroid hormone receptors throughout the body. Which of the following would be expected to occur in a patient who is taking this drug? A. production of more dilute urine B. decreased resorption of bone C. inability to release cortisol D. increased uptake of glucose by body cells E. changes in metabolism

D. fibrinogen growth factors (FGFs)

A researcher is working with mutant mice that demonstrate defects in the formation of connective tissue. These mice likely carry a mutation in a gene encoding what type of growth factor? A. histamine B. neurotransmitters C. nerve growth factors (NGFs) D. fibrinogen growth factors (FGFs) E. bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)

D. aldosterone is lipid-soluble and, therefore, easily crosses the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane

Aldosterone, in the figure below, is a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex, and insulin is a peptide secreted by the pancreas. When aldosterone contacts a target cell, it binds to an intracellular receptor and migrates to the nucleus; insulin binds to extracellular receptors on the plasma membrane. What is the MOST likely reason for this difference? A. insulin is too large to interact chemically with DNA B. aldosterone is too small to bind extracellular receptors on the plasma membrane C. aldosterone is hydrophilic and, therefore, must enter the aqueous environment of the cytoplasm to have an effect D. aldosterone is lipid-soluble and, therefore, easily crosses the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane

D. higher; cortisol

An individual who is experiencing a prolonged period of stress would likely have _____ levels of circulating _____ than an individual who was not experiencing stress. A. lower; ACTH B. higher; ADH C. lower; cortisol D. higher; cortisol E. lower; ADH

C. amniotic egg

Animals faced challenges when moving from water to land. What was the single most important adaptation that led to the uncoupling of reproduction and the need for an aquatic habitat? A. internal fertilization B. flagellated sperm C. amniotic egg

A. synaptic signaling specifically involves neurotransmitters that are released from neurons

How is synaptic signaling different from paracrine signaling? A. synaptic signaling specifically involves neurotransmitters that are released from neurons B. synaptic signaling acts over a longer distance than paracrine signaling C. all of these choices are correct D. synaptic signaling is longer in duration than paracrine signaling E. synaptic signaling requires receptors to elicit a response in the target cell

B. the adrenal glands would not release cortisol

If secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is inhibited, then which of the following will result? A. the anterior pituitary gland would not release TSH B. the adrenal glands would not release cortisol C. the thyroid gland would not release thyroid hormone D. none of the answer options is correct E. the posterior pituitary gland would not release ADH

C. testosterone

In response to LH and FSH, testes secrete: A. TDF B. estrogen C. testosterone D. ejaculate E. sperm

A. hypothalamus

In vertebrates, the nervous system directly interacts with the _________ to control endocrine function in the body. A. hypothalamus B. anterior pituitary C. posterior pituitary D. adrenal cortex

D. the hypothalamus

In vertebrates, which of the following frequently serves as the first intermediary between the areas of the brain that perceive sensory stimuli and the rest of the endocrine system? A. the anterior pituitary gland B. the posterior pituitary gland C. the adrenal glands D. the hypothalamus E. the thyroid gland

E. luteinizing hormone

Ovulation is triggered by a surge of which of the following hormones? A. follicle stimulating hormone B. estrogen C. testosterone D. progesterone E. luteinizing hormone

B. decrease kisspeptin synthesis

Kisspeptin is a protein in humans that has an important role in initiating secretion of the releasing factor gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Endocrinologists are finding that the protein kisspeptin and its receptor are central to sexual maturation at puberty. Neurons that release kisspeptin carry estrogen receptors. If this is a negative feedback system, high levels of estrogen would be expected to: A. neither increase nor decrease kisspeptin synthesis because steroid hormones do not affect protein synthesis B. decrease kisspeptin synthesis C. increase kisspeptin synthesis

B. birth-control pills maintain constant levels of estrogens and/or progesterone so there is no surge in LH and ovulation does not occur

Many birth-control pills release a constant amount of synthetic estradiols and progesterone for 21 days, followed by 7 days when no hormones are ingested. Which of the following statements MOST accurately describes the effects of birth-control pills? A. birth-control pills maintain constant levels of estrogens and/or progesterones and mask the release of the oocyte from the follicle B. birth-control pills maintain constant levels of estrogens and/or progesterone so there is no surge in LH and ovulation does not occur C. birth-control pills inhibit the development of the uterine lining so implantation of a fertilized oocyte cannot occur D. the 7 days with no hormones does not allow a thick enough uterine lining to form so a fertilized oocyte cannot implant

B. ovaries

Oocytes are produced in which of the following structures? A. cervix B. ovaries C. uterus D. fallopian tubes E. vagina

D. the uterus has receptors for oxytocin, but not for cholecystokinin

Oxytocin and cholecystokinin are transported through the bloodstream and arrive at the uterus at the same time. Oxytocin causes the uterus to contract, whereas cholecystokinin has no effect. Why? A. oxytocin alters gene expression patterns, whereas cholecystokinin does not B. oxytocin blocks the activity of cholecystokinin C. oxytocin can diffuse through the plasma membrane of uterine cells, whereas cholecystokinin cannot D. the uterus has receptors for oxytocin, but not for cholecystokinin E. oxytocin is at a higher concentration in the bloodstream than cholecystokinin

C. all of these choices are correct

Positive feedback loops: A. move the system farther and farther away from the set point B. cause a response in the same direction as the initial stimulus C. all of these choices are correct D. continue until interrupted or broken by an external signal E. are activated by a stimulus

true

T or F: Pheromones are generally detected by the vomeronasal organ in most mammals, reptiles, and amphibians.

B. the posterior pituitary only

The hypothalamus uses action potentials to directly stimulate hormone release from: A. the anterior pituitary only B. the posterior pituitary only C. both the anterior and posterior pituitary D. neither the anterior nor the posterior pituitary

C. the barrier would block hormone secretion

The pituitary gland and a part of the hypothalamus are among only a few parts of the brain that are not protected by the blood-brain barrier. One explanation for this could be: A. they are not actually part of the brain B. they cannot produce sufficient hormone quantity without a blood supply C. the barrier would block hormone secretion D. the toxic substances blocked by the barrier do not affect them E. they developed from epithelial cells, not neurons

B. amine/peptide hormones and steroid hormones

The two main classes of hormones are: A. nucleic acid hormones and lipid hormones B. amine/peptide hormones and steroid hormones C. steroid hormones and lipid hormones D. lipid-soluble hormones and water-soluble hormones E. polysaccharide hormones and protein hormones

C. act on other endocrine organs

Tropic hormones: A. are released from the thyroid gland B. regulate the metabolic state of the body C. act on other endocrine organs D. suppress the immune system E. suppress the appetite

B. negative feedback mechanisms return a system to a set point; positive feedback mechanisms amplify a response

What is the difference between negative feedback and positive feedback mechanisms? A. negative feedback mechanisms stabilize a system at a set point; positive feedback mechanisms change the set point B. negative feedback mechanisms return a system to a set point; positive feedback mechanisms amplify a response C. negative feedback mechanisms move a system away from a set point; positive feedback mechanisms stabilize a system at a set point

D. alcohol decreases the release of ADH

When a person has a few drinks containing alcohol, they often feel the need to urinate. This response suggests interplay between alcohol and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Which of the following could explain how alcohol and ADH interact? (note: ADH causes a decrease in urine production) A. alcohol facilitates the binding of ADH to receptors in the brain, so individuals "feel" the need to urinate B. alcohol inhibits the binding of ADH to receptors in the brain, so individuals "feel" the need to urinate C. alcohol increases the release of ADH D. alcohol decreases the release of ADH

A. calcium; inhibited

When circulating _____ levels are too high, production of parathyroid hormone would be _____. A. calcium; inhibited B. cortisol; inhibited C. glucose; inhibited D. glucose; stimulated E. calcium; stimulated

B. the anterior pituitary gland is under the control of the hypothalamus C. the posterior pituitary gland is under the control of the hypothalamus D. the pituitary gland acts as the control center for most other endocrine glands in the body

Which of the following are correct descriptions about the pituitary gland? Select all that apply. The general chemical nature of a hormone can be used to predict: A. the pituitary gland controls signaling from the hypothalamus B. the anterior pituitary gland is under the control of the hypothalamus C. the posterior pituitary gland is under the control of the hypothalamus D. the pituitary gland acts as the control center for most other endocrine glands in the body E. even though the anterior and posterior pituitary have distinctly different functions, they formed from the same embryonic tissue

A. the action of the neurons from the hypothalamus is direct for the posterior pituitary, that is, the neurons extend from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary where the axon terminal releases hormones that go directly into the blood C. neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus secrete releasing factors that enter the anterior pituitary via a portal system to cause release of hormones from the anterior pituitary

Which of the following are true for the hypothalamus and pituitary gland? Select all that apply. The general chemical nature of a hormone can be used to predict: A. the action of the neurons from the hypothalamus is direct for the posterior pituitary, that is, the neurons extend from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary where the axon terminal releases hormones that go directly into the blood B. the action of the neurons from the hypothalamus is indirect for the anterior pituitary, that is, the action potentials in the neurons in the hypothalamus cause formation of new action potentials in different neurons in the anterior pituitary C. neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus secrete releasing factors that enter the anterior pituitary via a portal system to cause release of hormones from the anterior pituitary D. release factors from neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus cause release of hormones into the blood from the posterior pituitary gland E. release factors from the posterior pituitary stimulate release of specific hormones into the blood from the anterior pituitary

B. the hypothalamus connects the nervous system to the endocrine system

Which of the following best describes the function of the hypothalamus? A. the hypothalamus produces the hormones that make up the endocrine system B. the hypothalamus connects the nervous system to the endocrine system C. the pituitary gland is that part of the hypothalamus that produces hormones D. the hypothalamus has endocrine hormone receptors that trigger the action potentials of the neurosecretory cells

A. steroid hormones can change which mRNAs are produced in a cell B. steroid hormones have their primary effects in the cell's nucleus

Which of the following correctly describe(s) the functioning of steroid hormones in the animal endocrine system? Select all that apply. A. steroid hormones can change which mRNAs are produced in a cell B. steroid hormones have their primary effects in the cell's nucleus C. in general, peptide hormones are slower to act than steroid hormones and their actions last longer than those of steroid hormones D. steroid hormones bind to cell-surface receptors, which then trigger second messengers

D. progesterone levels increase to high levels

Which of the following does NOT occur during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle? A. all of these choices are correct B. the uterine lining is shed C. FSH levels increase D. progesterone levels increase to high levels E. ten to twelve oocytes begin to mature

D. seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

Which of the following is the CORRECT path taken by sperm from site of production to site of ejection? A. seminiferous tubules, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, epididymis, urethra B. vas deferens, epididymis, seminiferous tubules, ejaculatory duct, urethra C. epididymis, seminiferous tubules, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra D. seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra E. epididymis, seminiferous tubules, vas deferens, urethra, ejaculatory duct

A. they give birth frequently

Which of the following statements about K-strategists is FALSE? A. they give birth frequently B. they evolve in environments with intense competition for limited food C. there is a lot of parental investment in the offspring D. they evolve in stable environments E. they produce few offspring

C. the corpus luteum is maintained first by FSH and then by hCG

Which of the following statements about the corpus luteum is FALSE? A. if the egg is not fertilized then the corpus luteum degenerates B. none of the other answer options is false C. the corpus luteum is maintained first by FSH and then by hCG D. it is composed of follicle cells that remain in the ovary following ovulation E. progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum maintains the uterine lining

A. insulin and glucagon are good examples of peptide hormones B. most peptide hormones act on cells by binding to receptors on cell surfaces and triggering signaling cascades inside the cell D. the action of peptide hormones can cause changes in gene expression or can affect the function of metabolic enzymes in cells

Which of the following statements correctly describe(s) peptide hormones? Select all that apply. A. insulin and glucagon are good examples of peptide hormones B. most peptide hormones act on cells by binding to receptors on cell surfaces and triggering signaling cascades inside the cell C. enzymes modify cholesterol compounds to produce peptide hormones D. the action of peptide hormones can cause changes in gene expression or can affect the function of metabolic enzymes in cells E. peptide hormones bind to intracellular receptors and the peptide-receptor complex acts as a transcription factor

A. how soluble the hormone is in water B. whether the hormone will be able to move through the cell membrane C. whether the hormone interacts with receptors on the cell membrane D. whether the hormone interacts with receptors inside the cell

Which of the following statements correctly describe(s) the relationship between the classes of hormones and their behavior or function? Select all that apply. The general chemical nature of a hormone can be used to predict: A. how soluble the hormone is in water B. whether the hormone will be able to move through the cell membrane C. whether the hormone interacts with receptors on the cell membrane D. whether the hormone interacts with receptors inside the cell E. no whether the hormone will increase or decrease a specific cell function

C. responsive cells express a receptor specific for the hormone

Why are some body cells responsive to a particular hormone, whereas others are not? A. whether or not a cell responds to a hormone depends entirely on what type of cell it is (liver cell vs. fat cell vs. nerve cell), because hormones only activate one type of cell B. responsive cells are located closer to the gland that releases the hormone C. responsive cells express a receptor specific for the hormone D. all of these choices are correct E. responsive cells have complex signal transduction pathways, whereas cells that do not respond to a particular hormone lack these pathways

B. peptide or amine hormone

You are working with a team of scientists who are investigating the biochemical control system involved in how animals digest fats in their meals. You have evidence that there must be a signal molecule involved that is released soon after the fats are consumed. When this signal molecule is present it triggers activation of appropriate digestive enzymes and cellular uptake transporters until the meal has been fully digested. Based on this information, what type of signal molecule would you predict is involved in this process? A. hydrophobic hormone B. peptide or amine hormone C. cAMP D. steroid hormone E. protein kinase

C. pheromones

_____ are chemical signals that, instead of being secreted into the bloodstream, are introduced by animals into their habitats. They can be used to attract mates and mark territories. A. hormones B. neurotransmitters C. pheromones D. growth factors