LS HW 18

____ endocarditis is a rapid onset infection of the inner heart lining, usually due to an overwhelming blood-borne infection

Acute

The 2 variations of infectious endocarditis are _____ endocarditis and _____ endocarditis

Acute and subacute

The vector responsible for the spread of yellow fever, chickungunya, and dengue fever is _____

Aedes

____ is the condition which fungi are found in the bloodstream

Fungemia

Animals become infected by Bacillus anthracis by ____

Grazing on grass contaminated with endospores

Subacute endocarditis usually occurs due to a defect in or damage to a _____ _____

Heart valve

Viral infections characterized by fever and internal bleeding are known as ____

Hemorrhagic fevers

In the industrialized world, the overall rate of ____ infection has increased dramatically in the past several years

Heterosexual

The newer recommendations call for treatment of HIV-infected individuals to begin as soon as AIDS develops

False

The defining symptoms of brucellosis is ____

Fluctuating fever

The main symptom of brucellosis is a characteristic ____ fever

Flunctuating

______ is a zoonotic disease also known as "rabbit fever." It is caused by an intracellular bacterial parasite that is extremely varied in its portals of entry and disease manifestations

Tularemia

Most cases of endocarditis involve the ___ of the heart

Valves

_____ is a systemic infection associated with microorganisms multiplying in circulating blood

septicemia

Brucellosis is also known as

- Bang's disease - Malta fever - undulant fever

For a patient to have a diagnosis of AIDS, they must have a positive test for HIV, a _____ count of fewer than 200 cells per mm3 or less than 14% of all _____ and at least one AIDS-defining ___

- CD4 - Lymphocytes - illness

Vessels is the _____ system move fluid in a cyclic pattern, whereas vessels in the _____ system transport fluid in only one direction

- Cardiovascular - lymphatic

How do transmission of hepatitis B and HIV differ?

- HIV is more sensitive to heat and disinfectants - Hepatitis B is transmitted through saliva, while HIV is not

In addition to a lipid envelope with transmembrane spikes and knobs, HIV has three enzymes: protease, _____, and reverse ____

- Integrase - transcriptase

The signs and symptoms of both forms of endocarditis include

- abnormal heartbeat - anemia - fever - chest/ abdominal - petechiae

____ endocarditis has a rapid onset and a short duration

Acute

A positive AIDS test is recommended to be repeated three to six months later just to confirm the result

False

HIV multiplication cycle (steps in order)

- adsorption, endocytosis, and uncoating - reverse transcription of RNA into DNA - integration of DNA into host genome - reactivating of the provirus genes - production of viral mRNA and translation of HIV mRNA into viral components - assembly and budding of new virions

Treatments for HIV can:

- diminish symptoms - prolong life

Effective treatment for Lyme disease is a two-week course

- doxycycline - amoxicillin

Which of the following represent the typical signs and symptoms of septicemia?

- fever - low blood pressure - gastrointestinal symptoms - altered mental state - increased breathing rate

The main treatments for infectious mononucleosis consist of relief of _____ and sore _____, as well as rest

- fever - throat

Anthrax infections can exhibit their primary symptoms in which systems of the body?

- integumentary system - respiratory system - digestive system - central nervous system

Due to the presence of ____, the blood is highly protected from infection

- lymphocytes - phagocytes - leukocytes

Which cell types are destroyed by HIV?

- macrophages - B-cells - helper T-cells - monocytes

Sexually active partners can reduce their risk for contracting HIV through ____

- maintaining a monogamous sexual lifestyle - using a condom for every sexual encounter - screening potential sex partners

Posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome can last for weeks or months and is characterized by _____

- muscle and joint pain - fatigue

Prosthetic valves are often involved in the development of endocarditis because they ___

- must be surgically implanted which can introduce infection - encourage the attachment of bacteria long after the surgical procedure

The three types of plague infection are _______, ______, and _____ plague

- pneumonic - bubonic - septicemic

Which of the following body fluids have significant levels of free HIV and infected white blood cells?

- semen - vaginal secretion - blood

The colonization of bacteria on the valves of the heart can result in which of the following?

- septicemia - impaired valve function - emboli

The two main modes of transmission for HIV are ___

- sexual contact - transfer of blood/blood products

The lymphatic system is responsible for which of the following functions in the body?

- source of immune cells for immune response - filter tissue fluids and return to blood

Sign and symptoms of infectious mononucleosis include high fever, fatigue, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, rash, and leukocytoosis. In addition, many patients experience an enlarged _______ and ______

- spleen - liver

Which of the following do not represent the typical signs and symptoms of septicemia?

- stiff neck - high blood pressure - subcutaneous hemorrhage

How are the lymphatic and cardiovascular system alike?

- they have a direct connection between them - they both have vessels extending into most body areas - immune cells are found within their fluids

Which of the following are NOT challenges to effective treatment for HIV?

- to treat uninfected adolescents prophylactically - to develop new viral enzymes

Prevention of Chagas' disease includes _____

- use of pesticides - improved building materials in houses

People who have had possible exposure to HIV but have a negative test result should be retested in ____

3-6 months

Since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic, it is estimated that _____ million people have died worldwide

35

Effective treatment for Lyme disease is _____

A two-week course of doxycycline or amoxicillin

Bacillus ____ is the causative agent of anthrax

Anthracis

The organism illustrated here causes the disease ____

Anthrax

Most HIV test rely on detecting the presence of ____ in serum or other body fluids

Antibodies

_____ is the best prevention for HIV infection

Avoidance

The mere presence of viable bacteria in circulating blood is referred to as

Bacteremia

The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood is known as ____

Bacteremia

The majority fo the nonhemorrhagic fever diseases are caused by _____

Bacteria

Which general category of microorganisms is usually the cause of septicemia?

Bacteria

Anthrax has once again become an important disease due to the threat of ___

Bioterrorism

Which of the following is least likely to be an underlying cause of septicemia?

Birthing process

The main diagnostic tool for identifying septicemia is ____

Blood culture

The main mode of transmission for subacute endocarditis is ____

Breaks in the skin/ membranes

Infants can be infected with HIV in utero, during the birthing process, and through infected _____ ____

Breast feeding

Septicemia is usually treated with a _____ spectrum antibiotic until the causative agent is identified

Broad

Symptoms of bubonic plague include fever, chills, nausea, weakness, and characteristic lesions in the lymph node called ____

Bubo

Which type of plague enter local lymph nodes due to the bite of a flea?

Bubonic

The target cells of HIV are leukocytes and tissue cells that possess the _____ receptor and co-receptor

CD4

The presence of lymphocytes, phagocytes, antibodies, complement, and other components of the immune system makes the ____ system highly protected against microbial infection

Cardiovascular

The causative agent of _____ is Trypanosoma cruzi

Chagas' disease

Treating mothers with an anti-HIV drug has significantly _____ the rate of transmission of HIV from mothers to infants

Decreased

_____ cells are the first cells to become infected with HIV

Dendritic

Any type of inflammation of the inner lining of the heart is called ____

Endocarditis

______ ______ is characterized by a massive drop in blood pressure caused by the release of endotoxin from gram-negative bacteria

Endotoxic shock

Yersinia pestis is a member of the family ____

Enterobacteriaceae

The ______ virus is linked to infectious mononucleosis and Burkitt's lymphoma

Epstein-Barr

To reduce the risk of contracting Lyme disease from the bite of an infected tick, anyone engaged in outdoor activities should wear protective clothing and use a(n) ______ ______

Insect repellent

Septicemia is mainly transmitted via the _____ route

Intravenous

Infectious mononucleosis is also known as "mono" and the " _______ disease"

Kissing

Gram-negative bacteria can cause shock when they release which of the following into the blood?

Large amounts of endotoxin

Which of the following represents the most dangerous sign of septicemia?

Low blood pressure

The main function of the ____ system is to collect fluid that has left blood vessels, filter it of impurities and infectious agents, and return it to the blood

Lymphatic

_____ diseases are characterized by a high fever but without any hemorrhagic symptoms

Nonhemorrhagic fever

Individuals who are antibody positive for HIV but remain free of the disease are called _____

Nonprogressor

Most of the causative agents of subacute endocarditis have low pathogenicity and originate in the ____ ____

Oral cavity

Acute endocarditis is most commonly transmitted via the _____ route

Parental

______ and _____ are two important types of leukocytes that circulate in the blood

Phagocytes and lymphocytes

Which presentation is used in susceptible persons to decease the likelihood of subacute endocarditis?

Prophylactic antibodies

Babesia is a(n) _____ that infects red blood cells

Protozoans

Coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of ____

Q fever

The group of RNA viruses that have the capacity to convert their genome into a double strand of DNA that can be inserted in to a host cell's genome are the ____

Retroviruses

Retroviruses contain a specialized enzyme that copies RNA to DNA called ____

Reverse transcriptase

Infectious mononucleosis is often referred to as the "kissing disease" because the EBV virus is transmitted in _______, although transfer through blood transfusions, sexual contact, and organ transplants can also occur

Saliva

As plague progresses, it leads to massive bacterial growth in the blood known as ____ plague

Septicemic

HIV can be transmitted through blood and blood products and _____ contact

Sexual

IV drug users can reduce the likelihood of contracting HIV through not ____ needles

Sharing

The most common causative agent for acute forms of endocarditis is ____ ___

Staphylococcus aureus

Barrelia burgdorferi evades the immune system by _____

Switching surface antigens in different hosts

The treatment for infectious mononucleosis is most normal cases involves ____

Symptom relief

A(n) _____ infection is an infection that invades many different organs throughout the body via the cardiovascular system

Systemic

An infection that involves the bloodstream is known as a ____ infection

Systemic

The normal biota of the cardiovascular system includes

There are no normal biota

Preexposure prophylaxis, or PrEP, is recommended for ___

Those at risk of HIV infection

Microbes may be transiently present in the bloodstream of lymphatic fluid without actual infection resulting

True

No vaccine exists for Chagas' disease

True

For HIV to infect a human cell, its surface glycoprotein GP-120 must contact receptors on ____

White blood cells

The presence of viruses in the bloodstream is referred to as ____

viremia