LS HW 18
____ endocarditis is a rapid onset infection of the inner heart lining, usually due to an overwhelming blood-borne infection
Acute
The 2 variations of infectious endocarditis are _____ endocarditis and _____ endocarditis
Acute and subacute
The vector responsible for the spread of yellow fever, chickungunya, and dengue fever is _____
Aedes
____ is the condition which fungi are found in the bloodstream
Fungemia
Animals become infected by Bacillus anthracis by ____
Grazing on grass contaminated with endospores
Subacute endocarditis usually occurs due to a defect in or damage to a _____ _____
Heart valve
Viral infections characterized by fever and internal bleeding are known as ____
Hemorrhagic fevers
In the industrialized world, the overall rate of ____ infection has increased dramatically in the past several years
Heterosexual
The newer recommendations call for treatment of HIV-infected individuals to begin as soon as AIDS develops
False
The defining symptoms of brucellosis is ____
Fluctuating fever
The main symptom of brucellosis is a characteristic ____ fever
Flunctuating
______ is a zoonotic disease also known as "rabbit fever." It is caused by an intracellular bacterial parasite that is extremely varied in its portals of entry and disease manifestations
Tularemia
Most cases of endocarditis involve the ___ of the heart
Valves
_____ is a systemic infection associated with microorganisms multiplying in circulating blood
septicemia
Brucellosis is also known as
- Bang's disease - Malta fever - undulant fever
For a patient to have a diagnosis of AIDS, they must have a positive test for HIV, a _____ count of fewer than 200 cells per mm3 or less than 14% of all _____ and at least one AIDS-defining ___
- CD4 - Lymphocytes - illness
Vessels is the _____ system move fluid in a cyclic pattern, whereas vessels in the _____ system transport fluid in only one direction
- Cardiovascular - lymphatic
How do transmission of hepatitis B and HIV differ?
- HIV is more sensitive to heat and disinfectants - Hepatitis B is transmitted through saliva, while HIV is not
In addition to a lipid envelope with transmembrane spikes and knobs, HIV has three enzymes: protease, _____, and reverse ____
- Integrase - transcriptase
The signs and symptoms of both forms of endocarditis include
- abnormal heartbeat - anemia - fever - chest/ abdominal - petechiae
____ endocarditis has a rapid onset and a short duration
Acute
A positive AIDS test is recommended to be repeated three to six months later just to confirm the result
False
HIV multiplication cycle (steps in order)
- adsorption, endocytosis, and uncoating - reverse transcription of RNA into DNA - integration of DNA into host genome - reactivating of the provirus genes - production of viral mRNA and translation of HIV mRNA into viral components - assembly and budding of new virions
Treatments for HIV can:
- diminish symptoms - prolong life
Effective treatment for Lyme disease is a two-week course
- doxycycline - amoxicillin
Which of the following represent the typical signs and symptoms of septicemia?
- fever - low blood pressure - gastrointestinal symptoms - altered mental state - increased breathing rate
The main treatments for infectious mononucleosis consist of relief of _____ and sore _____, as well as rest
- fever - throat
Anthrax infections can exhibit their primary symptoms in which systems of the body?
- integumentary system - respiratory system - digestive system - central nervous system
Due to the presence of ____, the blood is highly protected from infection
- lymphocytes - phagocytes - leukocytes
Which cell types are destroyed by HIV?
- macrophages - B-cells - helper T-cells - monocytes
Sexually active partners can reduce their risk for contracting HIV through ____
- maintaining a monogamous sexual lifestyle - using a condom for every sexual encounter - screening potential sex partners
Posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome can last for weeks or months and is characterized by _____
- muscle and joint pain - fatigue
Prosthetic valves are often involved in the development of endocarditis because they ___
- must be surgically implanted which can introduce infection - encourage the attachment of bacteria long after the surgical procedure
The three types of plague infection are _______, ______, and _____ plague
- pneumonic - bubonic - septicemic
Which of the following body fluids have significant levels of free HIV and infected white blood cells?
- semen - vaginal secretion - blood
The colonization of bacteria on the valves of the heart can result in which of the following?
- septicemia - impaired valve function - emboli
The two main modes of transmission for HIV are ___
- sexual contact - transfer of blood/blood products
The lymphatic system is responsible for which of the following functions in the body?
- source of immune cells for immune response - filter tissue fluids and return to blood
Sign and symptoms of infectious mononucleosis include high fever, fatigue, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, rash, and leukocytoosis. In addition, many patients experience an enlarged _______ and ______
- spleen - liver
Which of the following do not represent the typical signs and symptoms of septicemia?
- stiff neck - high blood pressure - subcutaneous hemorrhage
How are the lymphatic and cardiovascular system alike?
- they have a direct connection between them - they both have vessels extending into most body areas - immune cells are found within their fluids
Which of the following are NOT challenges to effective treatment for HIV?
- to treat uninfected adolescents prophylactically - to develop new viral enzymes
Prevention of Chagas' disease includes _____
- use of pesticides - improved building materials in houses
People who have had possible exposure to HIV but have a negative test result should be retested in ____
3-6 months
Since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic, it is estimated that _____ million people have died worldwide
35
Effective treatment for Lyme disease is _____
A two-week course of doxycycline or amoxicillin
Bacillus ____ is the causative agent of anthrax
Anthracis
The organism illustrated here causes the disease ____
Anthrax
Most HIV test rely on detecting the presence of ____ in serum or other body fluids
Antibodies
_____ is the best prevention for HIV infection
Avoidance
The mere presence of viable bacteria in circulating blood is referred to as
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood is known as ____
Bacteremia
The majority fo the nonhemorrhagic fever diseases are caused by _____
Bacteria
Which general category of microorganisms is usually the cause of septicemia?
Bacteria
Anthrax has once again become an important disease due to the threat of ___
Bioterrorism
Which of the following is least likely to be an underlying cause of septicemia?
Birthing process
The main diagnostic tool for identifying septicemia is ____
Blood culture
The main mode of transmission for subacute endocarditis is ____
Breaks in the skin/ membranes
Infants can be infected with HIV in utero, during the birthing process, and through infected _____ ____
Breast feeding
Septicemia is usually treated with a _____ spectrum antibiotic until the causative agent is identified
Broad
Symptoms of bubonic plague include fever, chills, nausea, weakness, and characteristic lesions in the lymph node called ____
Bubo
Which type of plague enter local lymph nodes due to the bite of a flea?
Bubonic
The target cells of HIV are leukocytes and tissue cells that possess the _____ receptor and co-receptor
CD4
The presence of lymphocytes, phagocytes, antibodies, complement, and other components of the immune system makes the ____ system highly protected against microbial infection
Cardiovascular
The causative agent of _____ is Trypanosoma cruzi
Chagas' disease
Treating mothers with an anti-HIV drug has significantly _____ the rate of transmission of HIV from mothers to infants
Decreased
_____ cells are the first cells to become infected with HIV
Dendritic
Any type of inflammation of the inner lining of the heart is called ____
Endocarditis
______ ______ is characterized by a massive drop in blood pressure caused by the release of endotoxin from gram-negative bacteria
Endotoxic shock
Yersinia pestis is a member of the family ____
Enterobacteriaceae
The ______ virus is linked to infectious mononucleosis and Burkitt's lymphoma
Epstein-Barr
To reduce the risk of contracting Lyme disease from the bite of an infected tick, anyone engaged in outdoor activities should wear protective clothing and use a(n) ______ ______
Insect repellent
Septicemia is mainly transmitted via the _____ route
Intravenous
Infectious mononucleosis is also known as "mono" and the " _______ disease"
Kissing
Gram-negative bacteria can cause shock when they release which of the following into the blood?
Large amounts of endotoxin
Which of the following represents the most dangerous sign of septicemia?
Low blood pressure
The main function of the ____ system is to collect fluid that has left blood vessels, filter it of impurities and infectious agents, and return it to the blood
Lymphatic
_____ diseases are characterized by a high fever but without any hemorrhagic symptoms
Nonhemorrhagic fever
Individuals who are antibody positive for HIV but remain free of the disease are called _____
Nonprogressor
Most of the causative agents of subacute endocarditis have low pathogenicity and originate in the ____ ____
Oral cavity
Acute endocarditis is most commonly transmitted via the _____ route
Parental
______ and _____ are two important types of leukocytes that circulate in the blood
Phagocytes and lymphocytes
Which presentation is used in susceptible persons to decease the likelihood of subacute endocarditis?
Prophylactic antibodies
Babesia is a(n) _____ that infects red blood cells
Protozoans
Coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of ____
Q fever
The group of RNA viruses that have the capacity to convert their genome into a double strand of DNA that can be inserted in to a host cell's genome are the ____
Retroviruses
Retroviruses contain a specialized enzyme that copies RNA to DNA called ____
Reverse transcriptase
Infectious mononucleosis is often referred to as the "kissing disease" because the EBV virus is transmitted in _______, although transfer through blood transfusions, sexual contact, and organ transplants can also occur
Saliva
As plague progresses, it leads to massive bacterial growth in the blood known as ____ plague
Septicemic
HIV can be transmitted through blood and blood products and _____ contact
Sexual
IV drug users can reduce the likelihood of contracting HIV through not ____ needles
Sharing
The most common causative agent for acute forms of endocarditis is ____ ___
Staphylococcus aureus
Barrelia burgdorferi evades the immune system by _____
Switching surface antigens in different hosts
The treatment for infectious mononucleosis is most normal cases involves ____
Symptom relief
A(n) _____ infection is an infection that invades many different organs throughout the body via the cardiovascular system
Systemic
An infection that involves the bloodstream is known as a ____ infection
Systemic
The normal biota of the cardiovascular system includes
There are no normal biota
Preexposure prophylaxis, or PrEP, is recommended for ___
Those at risk of HIV infection
Microbes may be transiently present in the bloodstream of lymphatic fluid without actual infection resulting
True
No vaccine exists for Chagas' disease
True
For HIV to infect a human cell, its surface glycoprotein GP-120 must contact receptors on ____
White blood cells
The presence of viruses in the bloodstream is referred to as ____
viremia