LS23L FINAL

Choose the false statement concerning information from the Research Information Sheet. - All demographic information and performance results will be kept strictly confidential. - You may opt out of answering any question on the pre-test questionnaire. - Your specific scores on the test will not be accessible to you or anyone else. - The database will provide you with demographic information about all subgroups as long as they contain at least 2 people. - The purpose of this study is to build a database with which to practice experimental design.

- The database will provide you with demographic information about all subgroups as long as they contain at least 2 people.

A good experimental group should have _______ variable(s) introduced when compared to the control group. - 3 - 1 - A maximum of 2. - 2 - 0

1

You are trying to determine the subunit composition of a protein that weights 195 kD in it's native state. You run it on an SDS-PAGE gel and get the following results. What is the subunit composition of your protein? - 1 subunit of 15 kD, 1 subunit of 40 kD, and 1 subunit of 100 kD - 2 subunit of 15 kD, 1 subunit of 40 kD, and 1 subunit of 100 kD - 1 subunit of 15 kD, 1 subunit of 40 kD, and 2 subunit of 100 kD - 1 subunit of 15 kD, 2 subunit of 40 kD, and 1 subunit of 100 kD

1 subunit of 15 kD, 2 subunit of 40 kD, and 1 subunit of 100 kD

1 milliliter (ml) is equal to how many microliters (μl)? - 0.1 - 1000 - 10 - 100 - 1

1000

What is the maximum volume you can safely and accurately pipet with a p1000 pipetter? - 2 μl - 1000 μl - 100 μl - 20 μl - 200 μl

1000 μl

What is the maximum volume you can safely and accurately pipet with a p20 pipetter? - 1000 μl - 200 μl - 2 μl - 20 μl - 100 μl

20 μl

What is the maximum volume you can safely and accurately pipet with a p200 pipetter? - 2 μl - 200 μl - 20 μl - 100 μl - 1000 μl

200 μl

The picture below shows the volumeter window for a p200pipetter. What volume will be pipetted with these settings? 0 2 5 (0 starting top to 5) - 25 microliters (ul) - 0.25 millileters (ml) - 2.5 milliliters (ml) - 25 milliters (ml) - 2.5 microliters (ul)

25 microliters (ul)

__________ is the optimum wavelength of UV light absorbed by DNA, while __________ is the optimum wavelength or UV light absorbed by protein. - 280, 500 - 260, 495 - 500, 495 - 260, 280 - 280, 260 - 495, 500

260, 280

Nucleic acid absorbs light mostly at __________, where each absorbance unit is equal to __________ of DNA. - 280nm, 0.050 mg/ml - 260nm, 50 mg/ml - 240nm, 50 µg/ml - 280nm, 50 µg/ml - 260nm, 0.050 mg/ml

260nm, 0.050 mg/ml

You have run gel electrophoresis, and upon visualizing your results, you see that your ladder has four bands. You know that the ladder has bands at 150 kD, 200 kD, 275 kD and 350 kD. Further, you notice that your sample has run until it is as far as the third ladder band from the well. Order the ladder bands from least to furthest travelled and determine the size of your sample. - 150 kD, 200 kD, 275 kD, 350 kD; sample is 200 kD. - 350 kD, 275 kD, 200 kD, 150 kD; sample is 275 kD. - 150 kD, 200 kD, 275 kD, 350 kD; sample is 275 kD. - 350 kD, 275 kD, 200 kD, 150 kD; sample is 200 kD.

350 kD, 275 kD, 200 kD, 150 kD; sample is 200 kD.

How many goldfish will your group collect prior to starting the Metabolism in Goldfish experiment? - 4 - 2 - 8 - 6

4

How many rounds of handshaking will the epidemiology exercise have?

4

At which wavelength will we measure the optical density (OD) of our samples in order to calculate the beta-galactosidase activity? - 600 - 800 - 570 - 300 - 420

420

Based on the simple set of rules for primer design, guanine and cytosine (G and C) should make up __________% of the total base pairs in a primer. - 50 - 60 - 55 - 80 - 5 - 3 - 20 - 30

50 - 60

For this lab, what size do we expect our PCR product to be when running it on an agarose gel? - 549 bp - 510 bp - 548 bp - 511 bp

549 bp

At which wavelength will we measure the optical density (OD) of our samples to determine the cell density? - 300 - 570 - 420 - 800 - 600

600

In a P1000 pipetter, the numbers read 094 from the top down. How many microliters is this? - 940 - 0.94 - 94 - 9.4 - 9400

940

What absorption ratio will indicated good nucleic acid purity in lab? - <50 - >50 - <1.8 - >1.8

> 1.8

What type of blank should be used for the b-galactosidase activity assay? - A DI water blank - A Z buffer blank - The provided LB blank - A "b-gal blank" made by your group - An ONPG blank

A "b-gal blank" made by your group

A p-value is _______ - A measure of how much evidence there is against the hypothesis - Always greater than the significance level - A probability with a value ranging from 0 to 1 - Calculated from the significance level - A parameter in the null hypothesis

A probability with a value ranging form 0 to 1

B-mercaptoethanol is __________ and disrupts __________. - Polar, van der waals interactions - Polar, hydrogen bonds - An oxidizing agent, covalent bonds - A reducing agent, peptide bonds - A reducing agent, disulfide bonds

A reducing agent, disulfide bonds

Why is scientific writing so critical?

A study must have a rationale - no one will fund a study that doesn't make sense or one that is receptive

What type of gel is show below, and what type of sample will you load onto this gel? - Polyacrylamide (PAGE), protein - Agarose, DNA - Agarose, protein - Polyacrylamide (PAGE), DNA

Agarose, DNA

What is the purpose of PCR? - Reverse transcribing RNA into DNA - Amplifying proteins - Copying plasmids - Digesting proteins - Amplifying DNA

Amplifying DNA

According to the lab safety sheet, which of the following is a potential hazard that will be present in the lab room during the Epidemiology & Laboratory Techniques lab? - None of these potential hazards will be present - Air reactive chemicals - Mutagens - Bacterial cultures - Water reactive chemicals

Bacterial cultures

When collecting a sample from a population, the sample must: - Be a selection of a particular group in the population. - Include the entire population. - Include 10% of the population. - Represent the population. - Be a nonrandom selection of individuals.

Be a selection of a particular group in the population.

Why is ONPG an ideal substrate to assay for B-galactosidaseactivity? - Because it is a chromogenic substrate that cleaves B-galactosidase. - Because it is a substrate analog of lactose, which inactivates the repressor protein of the lac operon. - Because it is cleaved by B-galactosidase into galactose and o-nitrophenol, a yellow compound. - Because it is cleaved into yellow o-nitrophenol, which promptly disrupts B-galactosidase activity. - Because it binds to B-galactosidase in an enzyme-substrate complex that accounts for the OD420 absorbance.

Because it is cleaved by B-galactosidase into galactose and o-nitrophenol, a yellow compound.

In this lab, DNA will be collected from: - Blood - Urine - Cheek cells - Bone marrow - Skin

Cheek cells

According to the LS Core Lab Safety Sheet for this lab, which of the following is a potential hazard you will face in the DNA Isolation lab? - Chemicals causing eye irritation - Water reactive chemicals - Carcinogenic (cancer causing) chemicals - Corrosive chemicals - Flammable chemicals

Chemicals causing eye irritation

According to the lab safety sheet, which of the following is a potential hazard you will face in the Agarose and Polyacrylamide Gels lab? - Water reactive chemicals - Chemicals causing respiratory tract, eye and skin irritation - Corrosive chemicals - None of these - Carcinogenic (cancer causing) chemicals

Chemicals causing respiratory tract, eye and skin irritation

Resampling Method

Compares two groups and determines if they are statistically different from each other. This method works for data with a distribution of any shape, unlike the t-test. - Can be paired/unpaired, and is always two tailed

The sequence of the reverse primer is identical to the sequence of the __________. - Complement strand - Reference strand - Hyper-variable strand - Forward primer

Complement strand

The forward primer binds to the __________ and extends in the __________ direction. - Reference strand, 3' to 5' - Complement strand, 3' to 5' - Complement strand, 5' to 3' - Reference strand, 5' to 3'

Complement strand, 5' to 3'

In an experiment testing the effect of red meat on cholesterol levels, what is a reasonable null hypothesis? - Consumption of red meat will increase cholesterol levels. - Consumption of red meat will decrease cholesterol levels. - The relationship between consumption of red meat and cholesterol levels is statistically significant. - Consumption of red meat will have no effect on cholesterol levels. - Consumption of red meat may affect cholesterol levels.

Consumption of red meat will have no effect on cholesterol levels.

In lab, DNA will move through the gel towards the positive electrode because... - The DNA is treated with SDS, which creates a uniformly positive charge in the molecule that is attracted to the positive electrode. - The DNA is treated with SDS, which creates a uniformly negative charge in the molecule that is attracted to the positive electrode. - DNA is naturally negatively charged and the negative charge is attracted to the positive electrode. - DNA is naturally positively charged and the positive charge is attracted to the positive electrode.

DNA is naturally negatively charged and the negative charge is attracted to the positive electrode.

Effect size

Difference in medians between the groups e.g. absolute (137-138) = 1

According to the lab safety sheet, the water used for the fish is treated with all of the following chemicals except: - All of these chemicals are used - EDTA - Aliphatic amine salts - Sodium bicarbonate - Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate

EDTA

A p-value greater than 0.01 indicates that you should... - Retain the alternate hypothesis. - Fail to reject the null hypothesis. - Run a different statistical analysis. - Reject the null hypothesis.

Fail to reject the null hypothesis.

The lac-repressor... - Binds to the lac-operator when lactose is present. - Falls off the lac-operator when lactose is present. - Never binds to the lac-operator. - Falls off the lac-operator when glucose is present.

Falls off the lac-operator when lactose is present.

True or False: According to the Research Information Sheet, you are required to participate in the Memory Interference Test (MIT) in order to satisfactorily complete this course.

False

Which of the following is not an experimental variable that will be available to you during the Metabolism in Goldfish lab? - Salinity - Fish food - Darkness - Warm water

Fish food

What is the scientific method ?

Formulation of a logical hypothesis (prediction) subject to testing by experimental methods Objective evaluation of the hypothesis on the basis of experimental results (statistical tests)

ONPG, which is a derivative of lactose, is cleaved by beta-galactosidase into which of the following two compounds? - Galactose and o-nitrophenol - Galactose and glucose - Glucose and o-nitrophenol - Lactose and glucose - Galactose and Lactose

Galactose and o-nitrophenol

The Memory Interference Test (MIT)... - Has two types of test stimuli. - Has 10 different questionnaire lists - The user name used to access the MIT is "science". - Has two distinct dependent variables and experiments

Has two distinct dependent variables and experiments

Which of the following is false regarding the lac operon. - Repressor protein has two binding sites one for operator and one for the inducer. - Promoter is the region that binds RNA polymerase. - The three genes Z, Y, and A encodes for three different enzymes. - In the absence of inducer (lactose), the operon is turned on. - The repressor protein has the control of the system and it can turn the operon off.

In the absence of inducer (lactose), the operon is turned on.

Which sugar is cleaved by beta-galactosidase? - Lactose - Sucrose - Galactose - Glucose

Lactose

Skewed Distributions

Left- Skewed (negative skewness) Mean > Median > Mode - not t-test - use Media +/- MAD Right- Skewed (positive skewness) Mode > Median > Mean - Median +/- MAD - not t-test Normal (no skew) Mode = Median = Mean - Mean +/- SD - t-test

Which of the following is not a possible substrate nor product of B-galactosidase? - Maltose - Lactose - Glucose - Galactose - ONPG

Maltose

If our data is non-parametric (not normal distribution) we use: - Mean - Median - Mode - MAD - Standard deviation

Median

MAD stands for...

Median Absolute Deviation

After the treatment of proteins described in the lab manual, all proteins used in this lab should carry an overall __________ charge. - Positive - Neutral - Negative

Negative

A closed system used in the oxygen chamber for the metabolism lab ensures that: - No gases are exchanged in order to monitor the production or concumption of oxygen within the system. - Enough gases are exchanged between different systems. - No gases are exchanged in order to monitor how the organism reacts in a low oxygen condition. - The organism has enough chemicals in order to live. - Extends the life of an organism.

No gases are exchanged in order to monitor the production or concumption of oxygen within the system.

In the graph below, is the data parametric or non-parametric? - Non- parametric, because the data is skewed - Parametric, because the data is not skewed - Parametric, because the data is skewed - Non-parametric, because the data is not skewed

Non-parametric, because the data is skewed

Of the pipetters you used in lab, which would you use to measure 0.5 ml? - P0.5 - P500 - P200 - P1000 - P20

P1000

The t-test assumes parametric data...

Parametric statistics includes parameters such as the mean, median, mode, standard deviation (SD), variance, etc. data is assumed to fit a normal distribution

Why is it most important to learn to use pipetters correctly? - Pipetters are utilized in every person's every day life - Other individuals in a laboratory will expect you to know how to use pipetters. - Pipetters are an important and omnipresent piece of equipment in biology laboratories - Incorrect usage of pipetters can result in a low grade in LS23L - Pipetters can measure any volume with 100% accuracy

Pipetters are an important and omnipresent piece of equipment in biology laboratories

What type of gel is show below, and what type of sample will you load onto this gel? - Agarose, protein - Agarose, DNA - Polyacrylamide (PAGE), DNA - Polyacrylamide (PAGE), protein

Polyacrylamide (PAGE), protein

Which of these rules for designing a primer pair is incorrect? - Primers should consist of about 40% A-T pairs and 60% G-C pairs. - Primers should have similar melting temperatures to each other and to the temperature at which double-stranded DNA dissociates into single strands. - Primers should end their 3' ends with A or T, or AT, or TA. - Primers should not have long runs of the same base in a row, because this can lead to mispriming. - Primers that are too long will have difficulty binding fully to the DNA, and primers that are too short will not bind to the DNA with enough specificity.

Primers should end their 3' ends with A or T, or AT, or TA.

When loading a gel, why is it important to only push to the first stop of the pushbutton on the pipetter? - Pushing to the second stop may cause you to overdeliver the volume of your sample. - Pushing to the second stop may cause your sample to pull back into the tip. - Pushing to the second stop may cause you to jab a hole into the bottom of the gel. - Pushing to the second stop may cause bubbles to blow your sample out of the gel well.

Pushing to the second stop may cause bubbles to blow your sample out of the gel well.

The sequence of the forward primer is identical to the sequence of the __________. - Complement strand - Hyper-variable strand - Reference strand - Reverse primer

Reference strand

The reverse primer binds to the __________ and extends in the __________ direction. - Complement strand, 5' to 3' - Reference strand, 5' to 3' - Reference strand, 3' to 5' - Complement strand, 3' to 5'

Reference strand, 5' to 3'

According to the Lab Safety Sheet provided for this week, which of the following is a potential hazard you will face in the b-galactosidase assay lab? - Risk Group 1 bacteria - Radioactive materials - Water reactive chemicals - Corrosive chemicals - Chemicals causing respiratory tract, eye and skin irritation

Risk Group 1 bacteria

Select the most appropriate experimental set up for the Metabolism in Goldfish lab activity. - Run 1st - Trial 1 control condition Run 2nd - Trial 2 control condition Run 3rd - Trial 1 experimental condition Run 4th - Trial 2 experimental condition - Run 1st - Trial 1 experimental condition Run 2nd - Trial 1 control condition Run 3rd - Trial 2 experimental condition Run 4th - Trial 2 control condition - Run 1st - Trial 1 experimental condition Run 2nd - Trial 2 experimental condition Run 3rd - Trial 1 control condition Run 4th - Trial 2 control condition - Run 1st - Trial 1 control condition Run 2nd - Trial 1 experimental condition Run 3rd - Trial 2 control condition Run 4th - Trial 2 experimental condition

Run 1st - Trial 1 control condition Run 2nd - Trial 1 experimental condition Run 3rd - Trial 2 control condition Run 4th - Trial 2 experimental condition

A scientist decides she wants to determine the effect of being housed in groups or separately on the learning ability of the common mouse, Mus musculus. She sets up her experiment in the lab by having two sets of mice: two large cages with three mice each, and six smaller cages each containing only one mouse. She keeps them in the same room and gives all the mice equal access to food and water, and periodically runs the mice in a maze to assess learning ability. What is the flaw, if any, in her experimental design? - She should have given the mice in solitude less food than those who lived in groups. - She should have kept the mice in solitude in a separate room. - There is no problem with her experimental design. - She should have kept the cage size uniform for the mice in solitude and the mice in groups; thus, she inadvertently altered more than one variable. - She should have given the mice in solitude extra

She should have kept the cage size uniform for the mice in solitude and the mice in groups; thus, she inadvertently altered more than one variable.

Based on what you know about the Metabolism in goldfish lab, select the chart that looks most similar to what you predict your data will look like in lab.

Should have a constant decease over time, a decreasing line starting from 7. 3 of Dissolved Oxygen to heading towards 600 seconds. - \

A student wants to determine his egg-parental lineage. He swabs his cheeks to isolate mitochondrial DNA, adds it to a solution of Chelex and uses PCR to amplify a target sequence. Why was Chelex used? - Using Chelex increases the chances that PCR will occur. - Chelex inhibits DNAases directly to prevent DNA degradation in the cheek cell swab. - Chelex will prevent the DNA from melting at high temperatures. - Chelex is an enzyme that greatly increases the rate of the PCR reaction. - Since DNAases use magnesium as a cofactor, Chelex binds to all the magnesium ions in the cheek cell extract to prevent DNA degradation.

Since DNAases use magnesium as a cofactor, Chelex binds to all the magnesium ions in the cheek cell extract to prevent DNA degradation.

Why is it important to identify the lowest expected mutation and highest expected mutation for your predicted haplogroup prior to creating primer pairs? - So we are able to avoid placing our primers on hypervariable sites. - So we are able to avoid amplifying the region of mtDNA containing any mutations. - So you know which region of mtDNA you need to amplify to detect all the mutations of your individual's predicted haplogroup. - The location of the lowest expected mutation and highest expected mutation are the ideal spots for primers to anneal.

So you know which region of mtDNA you need to amplify to detect all the mutations of your individual's predicted haplogroup.

Is this hypothesis specific and testable? "The null hypothesis is that there is no difference in reaction time on the word MIT between people who smoke one pack a day and people who do not smoke." The alternative hypothesis is that there is a significant difference in reaction time on the word MIT between people who smoke one pack a day and people who do not smoke." - Not specific or testable - Specific and testable - Not specific but testable - Specific but not testable

Specific and testable

Conduct an Experiment

Start: Observations - Patterns in space or time Model - Explanation of theories Hypotheis, H1 - Explanation of theories HO Null Hypothesis - Patters in space or time Experiment - Critical test of Ho Interpretation - Publication

What is the purpose of ONPG in this lab? - Inducer for the lac repressor - Provides nutrients for bacteria growth - Separates the bonding between enzyme subunits - Substrate that gives a yellow color when cleaved - Provides an optimum pH for enzymatic reaction

Substrate that gives a yellow color when cleaved

In the Metabolism in Goldfish experiment, the probe attached to the metabolic chamber measures: - The temperature of the water. - The amount of dissolved oxygen in the water. - The activity of the goldfish. - The amount of waste excreted by the goldfish. - The amount of dissolved carbon dioxide in the water.

The amount of dissolved oxygen in the water.

Which of the following best describes relative metabolic rate? - The amount of energy an individual expends per unit of body weight per unit of distance traveled - The amount of energy an individual expends per unit of body weight per unit of time - The amount of energy an individual expends while exercising - The amount of energy an individual expends while sleeping

The amount of energy an individual expends per unit of body weight per unit of time

What is science ?

The observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, theoretical explanation of natural phenomenon

What would most likely happen if only one oligonucleotide primer was used in PCR? - The primer would amplify both strands, but only produce half as much DNA as if two primers were used. - The primer would amplify only one strand so that double stranded DNA would not be produced. - The primer would be unable to anneal and would not amplify any DNA. - The primer would be denatured by the high temperatures used to melt the DNA. - The primer would amplify both DNA strands, producing the same amount of DNA as if two primers were used.

The primer would amplify only one strand so that double stranded DNA would not be produced.

Which of the following statements best describes the p-value in hypothesis testing? - The probability of observing a test statistic less extreme than the one observed, assuming the null hypothesis is true. - The probability of observing a test statistic is less extreme than the one observed, assuming the null hypothesis is false. - The probability of observing a test statistic as extreme as, or more extreme than, the one observed, assuming the null hypothesis is false. - The probability of observing a test statistic as extreme as, or more extreme than, the one observed, assuming the null hypothesis is true.

The probability of observing a test statistic as extreme as, or more extreme than, the one observed, assuming the null hypothesis is true.

Transcription is... - The process of making RNA from DNA. - The process of making protein from DNA. - The process of making DNA from DNA. - The process of making protein from RNA.

The process of making RNA from DNA.

SDS-PAGE was performed on a sample treated with a reducing agent, and the resulting gel contains one band. Upon comparing this band to the ladder values, you determine that the band has a molecular weight of 200 kD. Which of the following is notpossible? - The protein is composed of four subunits, each with a molecular weight of 50 kD. - The protein is composed of two subunits, each with a molecular weight of 200 kD. - The protein is composed of four subunits, each with a molecular weight of 200 kD. - The protein has a total molecular weight of 800 kD. - The protein has a total molecular weight of 200 kD.

The protein is composed of four subunits, each with a molecular weight of 50 kD.

What type of blank should be used for measuring cell density? - An ONPG blank - A Z buffer blank - A DI water blank - A "b-gal blank" made by your group - The provided LB blank

The provided LB blank

We run a virtual PCR after creating a primer pair in lab to confirm that our primers will amplify... - The non-control region of the mtDNA sequence. - The entire control region of the mtDNA sequence. - Multiple different regions of the mtDNA sequence. - The region of mtDNA containing all the expected mutations from our predicted haplogroup.

The region of mtDNA containing all the expected mutations from our predicted haplogroup.

Metabolism is defined as: - The amount of oxygen present in a sample of water. - The sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions in an organism. - The rate at which an animal breathes. - A process that only happens in mammals. -The effects that the environment has on an organism.

The sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions in an organism.

The MAD in a dataset is a measure of... - The measurement of relatively great concentrations within the dataset - The directionality within the dataset. - The variability and spread within the dataset - The central tendencies of the variables within the dataset.

The variability and spread within the dataset

What part of the pipetter is indicated by the label "B" in the diagram below? - The shaft - A disposable tip - The volume adjustment ring - The ejector - The pushbutton

The volume adjustment ring

What is the trend for animals regarding the ratio between body volume and body surface area? - The volume to surface area ratio does not change as volume is increased. - Surface area is not affected by volume change. - The volume to surface area ratio increases as volume is increased. - Volume is not affected by surface area change. - The volume to surface area ratio decreases as volume is increased.

The volume to surface area ratio increases as volume is increased.

Which of the following is false regarding ectotherms? - They cannot maintain a stable body temperature intrinsically. - Some ectotherms lay out in the sun for maximum exposure to warm up. - They have relatively high metabolic rates. - Their body temperature fluctuates with changes in the surrounding temperature. - They absorb heat from their surroundings.

They have relatively high metabolic rates.

In the metabolism lab, why is it important that after securing the oxygen chamber you wait two to three minutes before collecting data? - To allow the probe to warm up. - To allow the fish to acclimate to the new environment. - To allow excess oxygen to escape the probe. - All of these - To give the experimental variable time to take effect.

To allow the fish to acclimate to the new environment.

We use BLAST to align our virtual PCR product to the RSRS... - To identify the mutations present in the amplified PCR product. - To identify the mutations present in the X chromosome. - To identify the mutations present in the RSRS. - To identify the mutations present in the non-control region.

To identify the mutations present in the amplified PCR product.

Which of the following animals is a poikilotherm? - Giraffe - Whale - Otter - Toad

Toad

According to the lab safety sheet, cotton swabs, gloves, sponges and petri dishes potentially contaminated with bacteria must be placed in the autoclave waste container.

True

The maximum volume for a pipetter can be found on the pushbutton.

True

One tailed vs. Two-tailed testing

Two-tailed means we are looking for a difference in either direction (cannot specify better or worse in your hypothesis, just different) - It is safer to look for a difference in either direction, so that you don't miss something!

Which of the following pieces of information does not need to be included when you label your plate for the epidemiology exercise? - Date - Region - Section Number - Your Age - Name

Your Age

Translation is... - The process of making RNA from DNA. - The process of making protein from RNA. - The process of making DNA from DNA. - The process of making protein from DNA.

the process of making protein from RNA