LSM Chapter 5. Carbohydrates

Which non-nutritive sweetener should not be consumed by individuals with phenylketonuria? (PKU)

Aspartame

Which of the following is consider a non-nutritive sweetener yet it contains 4 kcal per gram?

Aspartame

Which of the following foods consists of predominantly carbs?

Baked potatoes, fruits, table sugar

In metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated?

Blood pressure, triglyceride, fasting glucose

Which US agency regulates the approval and usage of artificial sweeteners?

FDA

Who is expected to have higher HDL levels with respect to risk of developing metabolic syndrome?

Females

Glycemic index is influenced by which of the following?

Fiber content, starch structure, food poisoning

Which of the following are traditional symptoms of diabetes?

Frequent urination, extreme thirst, blurred vision

Sucrose is made up of two monosaccharides

Glucose and fructose

Which grouping contains all monosaccharides?

Glucose, fructose, galactose

Individuals with type 1 diabetes have to be treated with which approach?

Insulin

Match the hormone to its effect on blood glucose

Insulin: decreases blood glucose Glucagon: increases blood glucose

Which of the following is true about aspartame?

It loses its sweetness when healed

Which of the following are true concerning tagatose?

It yields only 1.5 kcal/g, it can be used in cooking and baking

Which of the following foods are useful for managing blood glucose levels?

Kidney beans, whole grain bread

Which of the following conditions may be present in a person with metabolic syndrome?

Low HDL cholesterol, high fasting glucose, high blood triglycerides, large waste circumference, hypertension

Which of the following are true about cellulose?

Made of glucose molecules, linked by beta bonds, insoluble fiber

Which disaccharide plays an important role in the production of alcoholic beverages?

Maltose

What are some natural sources of sucrose?

Maple tree sap, sugar beets

Uncontrolled diabetes can be prevented through which of the following strategies?

Medications, diet, exercise

What is a major source of lactose?

Milk

Which of the following non-nutritive sweeteners are currently available in the food supply in the US?

Neotame, acesulfame-K, aspartame. NOT cyclamate because it got banned in the US

Which compelx carbohydrate has 3 to 10 simple sugar unites and cannot be broken down by the body's digestive enzymes?

Oligosaccharides (where oligo means few)

Which of the following are soluble fibers?

Pectins, gums, mucilages

Which type of carbohydrate is formed by linking many of glucose units together?

Polysaccharides

What are other names for complex carbohydrates?

Polysaccharides, starch

Which type of hypoglycemia occurs 2 to 5 hours after eating?

Reaction hypoglycemia; Fasting hypoglycemia occurs 8 hours after

Which of the following alternative sweeteners was once believed to cause bladder cancer but has been since proven safe

Saccharin

Why can't fiber be absorbed in the small intestine?

The human GI tract lacks the enzymes to break down fiber

Which of the following patients may or may not require the use of insulin?

Type 2 diabetics

Stevia is an alternative sweetener derived from

a South American shrub

The monosaccharides glucose and galactose are absorbed by a

active process

Eating fibrous foods can

aid in weight loss, help us feel full

The polysaccharide, _____, is used in many frozen foods because it remains stable over a wide temperature range

amylopectin

of the following polysaccharides, which is digested most rapidly?

amylopectin, offer more site for enzyme action and is digested faster than amylose

Because of its branded polysaccharide structure, ______ is digested more rapidly than ______

amylopectin; amylose

Name the long, straight-chain type of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch

amylose

Vegetables, beans, breads, pasta, and rice are common food source of

amylose

neotame has a chemical structure similar to ______

aspartame

At what age can type 1 diabetes occur?

at my age

(Glycemic Index x Grams of _____)/100 = glycemic load

carbohydrate

Patients with hypoglycemia may need to regulate

carbohydrates

Individuals with type 2 diabetes or those with poor blood glucose regulation are at an increased risk of

cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, blindness

Which cells in the body or body tissue derive almost all their energy from glucose?

central nervous system, red blood cells

Sucralose is made by substituting 3 ______ for 3 hydroxl groups to sucrose

chlorines

adequate fiber and water help prevent

constipation

Soluble fiber ____ the absorption of cholesterol & cholesterol-rich bile acids into the blood.

decreases

Place the hyphen correctly in the word disaccharide to indicate the prefix and the word stem

di-saccharide

When a person's fasting blood glucose levels are equal to or rise above 126 mg/dl, they are classified as having

diabetes

Because of its chemical structure, cellulose

does not dissolve in water

Which of the following areas can be permanently damaged by poorly controlled diabetes?

eyes, kidneys, heart

Hypoglycemia occur when an individual's blood sugar level

falls (hypo = less)

Hemicellulose is a form of

fiber

Which of the following are examples of polysaccharides?

fiber, amylopectin, amylose

Which monosaccharide compound is commonly found as a component in fruit

fructose

Maintaining good blood ______ control is critical to prevent the long-term diabetes-related complications

glucose

Name the most abundant monosaccharide

glucose

Which of the following is true about pre-diabetes?

glucose levels are elevated but not high enough to indicate diabetes

Which of the follow are examples of simple sugars?

glucose, galactose, fructose

The advantage of the branched structure of ____ is that it allows multiple enzymes to attach to its structure and break it apart quickly

glycogen

the liver and muscles are major storage sites for

glycogen

the storage form of carbohydrates in humans and animals is called

glycogen

Which condition is more common and associated with diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome?

hyperglycemia (increased hunger, thirst, urination, weight loss)

Low blood glucose that may follow a meal high in simple sugars is called reactive

hypoglycemia

Most cases of type 1 diabetes begin with an ___ system disorder, which causes destruction of the ____ -producing cells in the _____

immune; insulin; pancreas

Which of the following are symptoms of hypoglycemia (low blood glucose)?

irritability, shakiness

apartame _ heat stable so it _ appropriate for use in cooking

is not, is not

Patients who experience reactive hypoglycemia may benefit from eating

protein containing snacks, meals with a mixture of macronutrients

_______ is an alternative sweetener that was once thought to cause bladder cancer, but now is considered safe when consumed in typical amounts

saccharin

high glycemic load foods

should not be overeaten at any one meal

Soluble fibers help to regular blood sugar by

slowing absorption of glucose from the small intestines

where do enzyme break down the disaccharides, sucrose lactose, and maltose into monosaccharides, glucose, fructose, and galactose

small intestine

In what form is glucose stored in plants?

starch

salivary amylase acts to break down

starch

the cooking process is often viewed as the starting point of carb digestion because cooking helps

starch granules swell with water, soften fibrous tissues

How is salivary amylase inactivated?

stomach acids

non-nutritive sweeteners

sweeten foods while providing few or no calories, includes saccharin, aspartame, sucralose

Which alternative sweetener may have a prebiotic effect because of fermentation in the large intestine

tagatose

How do fibrous foods result in a sense of fullness and contribute to satiety?

they absorb water and expand in the GI tract

Approximately 90% of diabetes cases are ______ diabetes

type 2

Treatment for Metabolic Syndrome includes

weight loss, increasing physical activity, eating a healthy diet

What food is often used as the standard for comparison to determine the glycemic index

white bread

Four steps in the digestion and absorption process of carbohydrates

1. Salivary amylase is inactivated by strong acids in the stomach 2. Enzyme breakdown starch into maltose in the small intestine 3. Soluble fiber ferments to acids and bacteria in the large intestine 4. Nonfermentable fiber escapes digestion and is excreted in feces

At what level is fasting blood glucose considered to be too high?

100 mg/dl

Above what level is blood pressure considered to be a risk factor for metabolic syndrome?

130/85 mmHg

Concentrated Monk fruit (luo han) juice is ______ times sweeter than sugar

150 - 300

The ADI of Aspartame is 50 mg/kg body weight/day. This is equivalent to

18 diet soft drinks, 80 packets of Equal

What is digestible straight-chain type of starch composed of glucose units called?

Amylose

Which of the following groups of polysaccharides is digestible by humans?

Amylose and amylopectin

What occurs when two molecules bond to form a larger molecule by releasing water?

Condensation reaction

_____, or malt sugar, has two glucose molecules bonded together.

maltose

Digestion of carbohydrates by human enzymes takes place in which sections of the gastrointestinal tract?

mouth, small intestine

Although aspartame is safe for most individuals, adverse reactions have been observed such as

nausea, headaches, dizziness

This alternative sweetener is heat stable and can be used as a tabletop sweetener or in cooking applications. It is 7,000 to 13,000 times sweeter than table sugar

neotame

Glycogen is an ideal storage form of carbohydrates in the body because

of its branched structure that can be broken down quickly

Which of the following foods would produce a high level of insulin to be released?

pasta, coca-cola, honey