LSM Chapter 5. Carbohydrates
Which non-nutritive sweetener should not be consumed by individuals with phenylketonuria? (PKU)
Aspartame
Which of the following is consider a non-nutritive sweetener yet it contains 4 kcal per gram?
Aspartame
Which of the following foods consists of predominantly carbs?
Baked potatoes, fruits, table sugar
In metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated?
Blood pressure, triglyceride, fasting glucose
Which US agency regulates the approval and usage of artificial sweeteners?
FDA
Who is expected to have higher HDL levels with respect to risk of developing metabolic syndrome?
Females
Glycemic index is influenced by which of the following?
Fiber content, starch structure, food poisoning
Which of the following are traditional symptoms of diabetes?
Frequent urination, extreme thirst, blurred vision
Sucrose is made up of two monosaccharides
Glucose and fructose
Which grouping contains all monosaccharides?
Glucose, fructose, galactose
Individuals with type 1 diabetes have to be treated with which approach?
Insulin
Match the hormone to its effect on blood glucose
Insulin: decreases blood glucose Glucagon: increases blood glucose
Which of the following is true about aspartame?
It loses its sweetness when healed
Which of the following are true concerning tagatose?
It yields only 1.5 kcal/g, it can be used in cooking and baking
Which of the following foods are useful for managing blood glucose levels?
Kidney beans, whole grain bread
Which of the following conditions may be present in a person with metabolic syndrome?
Low HDL cholesterol, high fasting glucose, high blood triglycerides, large waste circumference, hypertension
Which of the following are true about cellulose?
Made of glucose molecules, linked by beta bonds, insoluble fiber
Which disaccharide plays an important role in the production of alcoholic beverages?
Maltose
What are some natural sources of sucrose?
Maple tree sap, sugar beets
Uncontrolled diabetes can be prevented through which of the following strategies?
Medications, diet, exercise
What is a major source of lactose?
Milk
Which of the following non-nutritive sweeteners are currently available in the food supply in the US?
Neotame, acesulfame-K, aspartame. NOT cyclamate because it got banned in the US
Which compelx carbohydrate has 3 to 10 simple sugar unites and cannot be broken down by the body's digestive enzymes?
Oligosaccharides (where oligo means few)
Which of the following are soluble fibers?
Pectins, gums, mucilages
Which type of carbohydrate is formed by linking many of glucose units together?
Polysaccharides
What are other names for complex carbohydrates?
Polysaccharides, starch
Which type of hypoglycemia occurs 2 to 5 hours after eating?
Reaction hypoglycemia; Fasting hypoglycemia occurs 8 hours after
Which of the following alternative sweeteners was once believed to cause bladder cancer but has been since proven safe
Saccharin
Why can't fiber be absorbed in the small intestine?
The human GI tract lacks the enzymes to break down fiber
Which of the following patients may or may not require the use of insulin?
Type 2 diabetics
Stevia is an alternative sweetener derived from
a South American shrub
The monosaccharides glucose and galactose are absorbed by a
active process
Eating fibrous foods can
aid in weight loss, help us feel full
The polysaccharide, _____, is used in many frozen foods because it remains stable over a wide temperature range
amylopectin
of the following polysaccharides, which is digested most rapidly?
amylopectin, offer more site for enzyme action and is digested faster than amylose
Because of its branded polysaccharide structure, ______ is digested more rapidly than ______
amylopectin; amylose
Name the long, straight-chain type of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch
amylose
Vegetables, beans, breads, pasta, and rice are common food source of
amylose
neotame has a chemical structure similar to ______
aspartame
At what age can type 1 diabetes occur?
at my age
(Glycemic Index x Grams of _____)/100 = glycemic load
carbohydrate
Patients with hypoglycemia may need to regulate
carbohydrates
Individuals with type 2 diabetes or those with poor blood glucose regulation are at an increased risk of
cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, blindness
Which cells in the body or body tissue derive almost all their energy from glucose?
central nervous system, red blood cells
Sucralose is made by substituting 3 ______ for 3 hydroxl groups to sucrose
chlorines
adequate fiber and water help prevent
constipation
Soluble fiber ____ the absorption of cholesterol & cholesterol-rich bile acids into the blood.
decreases
Place the hyphen correctly in the word disaccharide to indicate the prefix and the word stem
di-saccharide
When a person's fasting blood glucose levels are equal to or rise above 126 mg/dl, they are classified as having
diabetes
Because of its chemical structure, cellulose
does not dissolve in water
Which of the following areas can be permanently damaged by poorly controlled diabetes?
eyes, kidneys, heart
Hypoglycemia occur when an individual's blood sugar level
falls (hypo = less)
Hemicellulose is a form of
fiber
Which of the following are examples of polysaccharides?
fiber, amylopectin, amylose
Which monosaccharide compound is commonly found as a component in fruit
fructose
Maintaining good blood ______ control is critical to prevent the long-term diabetes-related complications
glucose
Name the most abundant monosaccharide
glucose
Which of the following is true about pre-diabetes?
glucose levels are elevated but not high enough to indicate diabetes
Which of the follow are examples of simple sugars?
glucose, galactose, fructose
The advantage of the branched structure of ____ is that it allows multiple enzymes to attach to its structure and break it apart quickly
glycogen
the liver and muscles are major storage sites for
glycogen
the storage form of carbohydrates in humans and animals is called
glycogen
Which condition is more common and associated with diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome?
hyperglycemia (increased hunger, thirst, urination, weight loss)
Low blood glucose that may follow a meal high in simple sugars is called reactive
hypoglycemia
Most cases of type 1 diabetes begin with an ___ system disorder, which causes destruction of the ____ -producing cells in the _____
immune; insulin; pancreas
Which of the following are symptoms of hypoglycemia (low blood glucose)?
irritability, shakiness
apartame _ heat stable so it _ appropriate for use in cooking
is not, is not
Patients who experience reactive hypoglycemia may benefit from eating
protein containing snacks, meals with a mixture of macronutrients
_______ is an alternative sweetener that was once thought to cause bladder cancer, but now is considered safe when consumed in typical amounts
saccharin
high glycemic load foods
should not be overeaten at any one meal
Soluble fibers help to regular blood sugar by
slowing absorption of glucose from the small intestines
where do enzyme break down the disaccharides, sucrose lactose, and maltose into monosaccharides, glucose, fructose, and galactose
small intestine
In what form is glucose stored in plants?
starch
salivary amylase acts to break down
starch
the cooking process is often viewed as the starting point of carb digestion because cooking helps
starch granules swell with water, soften fibrous tissues
How is salivary amylase inactivated?
stomach acids
non-nutritive sweeteners
sweeten foods while providing few or no calories, includes saccharin, aspartame, sucralose
Which alternative sweetener may have a prebiotic effect because of fermentation in the large intestine
tagatose
How do fibrous foods result in a sense of fullness and contribute to satiety?
they absorb water and expand in the GI tract
Approximately 90% of diabetes cases are ______ diabetes
type 2
Treatment for Metabolic Syndrome includes
weight loss, increasing physical activity, eating a healthy diet
What food is often used as the standard for comparison to determine the glycemic index
white bread
Four steps in the digestion and absorption process of carbohydrates
1. Salivary amylase is inactivated by strong acids in the stomach 2. Enzyme breakdown starch into maltose in the small intestine 3. Soluble fiber ferments to acids and bacteria in the large intestine 4. Nonfermentable fiber escapes digestion and is excreted in feces
At what level is fasting blood glucose considered to be too high?
100 mg/dl
Above what level is blood pressure considered to be a risk factor for metabolic syndrome?
130/85 mmHg
Concentrated Monk fruit (luo han) juice is ______ times sweeter than sugar
150 - 300
The ADI of Aspartame is 50 mg/kg body weight/day. This is equivalent to
18 diet soft drinks, 80 packets of Equal
What is digestible straight-chain type of starch composed of glucose units called?
Amylose
Which of the following groups of polysaccharides is digestible by humans?
Amylose and amylopectin
What occurs when two molecules bond to form a larger molecule by releasing water?
Condensation reaction
_____, or malt sugar, has two glucose molecules bonded together.
maltose
Digestion of carbohydrates by human enzymes takes place in which sections of the gastrointestinal tract?
mouth, small intestine
Although aspartame is safe for most individuals, adverse reactions have been observed such as
nausea, headaches, dizziness
This alternative sweetener is heat stable and can be used as a tabletop sweetener or in cooking applications. It is 7,000 to 13,000 times sweeter than table sugar
neotame
Glycogen is an ideal storage form of carbohydrates in the body because
of its branched structure that can be broken down quickly
Which of the following foods would produce a high level of insulin to be released?
pasta, coca-cola, honey