LUCKE Prep

In the social sciences the accepted probability level is usually a. .05 or less. b. 1.0 or higher. c. .0001 or less. d. .05 or higher.

a. .05 or less.

In Pavlov's famous experiment using dogs, the bell was the ________ and the meat was the ________. a. CS; UCS b. UCS; CS c. CR; UCS d. UCS; CR

a. CS; UCS

The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is a. Harry Harlow b. John Bowlby c. Lawrence Kohlberg c. all of the above

a. Harry Harlow

Experiential conjoint family therapy is closely related to the work of a. Virginia Satir b. Albert Ellis c. Jay Haley d. Salvador Minuchin

a. Virginia Satir

One future trend which seems contradictory is that some experts are pushing for a. a greater reliance on tests while others want to rely on them less. b. social workers to do most of the testing. c. psychiatrists to do most of the testing. d. counselors to ban all computer-assisted tests.

a. a greater reliance on tests while others want to rely on them less.

A test battery is considered a. a horizontal test. b. a vertical test. c. a valid test. d. a reliable test.

a. a horizontal test.

A family member who is emotionally distant is a. disengaged b. enmeshed c. an example of equifinality d. a placater

a. disengaged

A distribution with class intervals can be graphically displayed via a bar graph also called a a. histogram. b. sociogram. c. genogram. d. genus.

a. histogram.

According to Glasser, a positive addiction might be a. jogging. b. gambling. c. playing the office football pool. d. playing professional football.

a. jogging.

Empathy is a. the ability to understand the client's world and to communicate this to the client. b. behavioristic. c. a and b. d. the same as sympathy.

a. the ability to understand the client's world and to communicate this to the client.

An experiment is said to be confounded when a. undesirable variables are not kept out of the experiment. b. undesirable variables are kept out of the experiment. c. basic research is used in place of applied research. d. the sample is random.

a. undesirable variables are not kept out of the experiment.

Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation? a. A Lazarus b. H Harlow c. J Wolpe d. A Ellis

b. H Harlow

In psychoanalytic family therapy the word object means a. a dream b. a significant other with whom a child wishes to bond c. transference d. countertransference

b. a significant other with whom a child wishes to bond

Today, the Stanford-Binet IQ test is a. a nonstandardized measure. b. a standardized measure. c. a projective measure. d. b and c.

b. a standardized measure.

A valid test is ________ reliable. a. not always b. always c. never d. 80%

b. always

Linda Gottfredson's developmental theory of career focuses on a. fields and levels. b. circumscription and compromise theory. c. the career rainbow. d. on the concept of career maturity, mainly.

b. circumscription and compromise theory.

The anal retentive personality is a. charitable b. stingy c. kind d. thinks very little about money matters

b. stingy

The word ethology, which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz, refers to a. Piaget's famous case study methodology b. the study of animals' behavior in their natural environment c. studies on monkeys raised in Skinnerian air cribs d. all of the above

b. the study of animals' behavior in their natural environment

The black versus white IQ controversy was sparked mainly by a 1969 article written by ___. a. John Ertl. b. Raymond B. Cattell c. Arthur Jensen d. Robert Williams

c. Arthur Jensen

John B. Watson's name is associated with a. Little Hans. b. Anna O. c. Little Albert. d. b and c.

c. Little Albert.

In order for the professor of counselor education to conduct the experiment suggested in Q 708 the experimental group would need to receive a. the manipulated IV. b. the biofeedback training. c. a and b. d. the organismic IV.

c. a and b. (a. the manipulated IV. AND b. the biofeedback training.)

A leader who wishes to stop inappropriate discussion should rely on a. summarization. b. clarification. c. blocking. d. linking.

c. blocking.

A counselor who is obsessed with the fact that a client missed his or her session is the victim of a. cognitive dissonance. b. transference. c. countertransference. d. positive transference.

c. countertransference.

The ___ movement began in the late 1960's a. testing b. Rogerian c. group d. developmental psychology

c. group

A couple is having sexual problems that stem from anxiety. A marriage counselor who is a strict behaviorist would most likely a. dispute the couple's irrational thinking. b. prescribe thought stopping. c. rely on systematic desensitization procedures. d. rely primarily on paraphrasing and reflection.

c. rely on systematic desensitization procedures.

The most popular developmental career theorist is Donald Super. Super emphasizes a. id impulses. b. the Critical Parent. c. the self-concept. d. ego strength.

c. the self-concept.

Which measure would yield the highest level of reliability? a. A TAT, projective test popular with psychodynamic helpers. b. The WAIS-IV, a popular IQ test. c. The MMPI-2, a popular personality test. d. A very accurate postage scale.

d. A very accurate postage scale.

Which therapist was not instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement? a. Freud b. Durkheim c. McDougall d. Berne

d. Berne

Classical conditioning relates to the work of a. E. G. Williamson. b. B. F. Skinner. c. Viktor Frankl, who created logotherapy. d. Ivan Pavlov.

d. Ivan Pavlov.

The terms introversion and extroversion are associated with a. psychoanalysis. b. Freud. c. Adler. d. Jung.

d. Jung.

Glasser's theory was popularized in educational circles after he wrote a. Choice Theory. b. The Interpretation of Dreams. c. Positive Addiction. d. Schools Without Failure.

d. Schools Without Failure.

In Albert Ellis's rational-emotive behavior therapy, the client is taught to change cognitions, also known as a. self-talk. b. internal verbalizations. c. impulses. d. a and b.

d. a and b. (a. self-talk. b. internal verbalizations)

The NCE is a. an intelligence test. b. an aptitude test. c. a personality test. d. an achievement test.

d. an achievement test.

Kohlberg's 2nd level of morality is known as conventional morality. The level is characterized by a. psychosexual urges b. a desire to live up to society's expectations c. a desire to conform d. b & c

d. b & c (b. a desire to live up to society's expectations AND c. a desire to conform)

Group planning occurs a. in the initial stage. b. in the stage after the transition or conflict stage. c. in the final stage, also known as the termination stage. d. before the group begins and continues throughout the life of the group.

d. before the group begins and continues throughout the life of the group.

A counselor reveals information that is extremely damaging to a client's reputation. This counselor could be accused of a. beneficence. b. justice. c. nonmaleficence. d. defamation.

d. defamation.

After a dog is conditioned using the well-known experiment of Pavlov, a light is paired with the bell (the CS). In a short period of time the light alone would elicit the salivation. This is called a. extinction. b. token reinforcement. c. biofeedback. d. higher-order conditioning.

d. higher-order conditioning.

A counselor educator decides to increase the sample size in her experiment. This will a. confound the experiment in nearly every case. b. raise the probability of Type I and Type II errors. c. have virtually no impact on Type I and Type II errors. d. reduce Type I and Type II errors.

d. reduce Type I and Type II errors.

When a horizontal line is drawn under a frequency distribution it is known as a. mesokurtic. b. the y axis. c. the ordinate. d. the x axis.

d. the x axis.

The main purpose of a career group is a. to promote insight. b. to provide catharsis related to job and career issues. c. to release pent up emotions related to frustrations surrounding work-related issues. d. to provide information to participants.

d. to provide information to participants.

Counseling became popular after the 1931 publication of a. Workbook in Vocations by William Proctor, Glidden Ross Benefied, and Gilbert Wrenn b. The Interpretation of Dreams by Sigmund Freud c. Behaviorism by John B. Watson d. Counseling and Psychotherapy by Carl Ransom Rogers

Workbook in Vocations by William Proctor, Glidden Ross Benefied, and Gilbert Wrenn

In a lifetime the average person has a. 10 to 15 jobs. b. two jobs. c. a single job and stays with it for his or her entire career. d. about five jobs.

a. 10 to 15 jobs.

_____ and ____ created a program to help counselors learn accurate empathy. a. Truax; Carkhuff b. Rogers; Berenson c. Rogers; Brill d. Carkhuff; Satir

a. Truax; Carkhuff

Assume the experiment in Q 708 is conducted. The results indicate that the biofeedback helped raise written board exam scores but in reality this is not the case. The researcher has made a a. Type I error. b. Type II error. c. beta error. d. b and c.

a. Type I error.

The best intelligence test for a kindergartner would be the a. WPPSI-IV. b. WAIS-IV. c. WISC-IV. d. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.

a. WPPSI-IV.

Traditionally, ___ counseling has caused the most ethical concerns. a. behavioral b. person-centered c. humanistic d. reality therapy

a. behavioral

Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is a curative process known as a. catharsis and/or abreaction. b. resistance. c. accurate empathy. d. reflection of emotional content.

a. catharsis and/or abreaction.

Super's life-span theory emphasizes ________ life stages. a. five b. four c. three d. nine

a. five

Viktor Frankl is the father of logotherapy, which is based on existentialism. Logotherapy means a. healing through meaning. b. healing through the unconscious. c. logic cures. d. all of the above.

a. healing through meaning.

Maintenance roles, like task roles, are positive since such roles a. help to maintain the group. b. are self-serving. c. help promote autocratic leadership. d. always stress the importance of the here and now.

a. help to maintain the group.

A strategic family therapist says to a family, "I don't know what else you can do to stop the bickering and fighting in your house." this is an example of a. restraining b. quid pro quo c. pretending d. interpretation

a. restraining

Super's life-span theory includes a. the life-career rainbow. b. the life-career stars. c. the life-career moon. d. the life-career psychosis.

a. the life-career rainbow.

In gestalt therapy unexpressed emotions are known as a. unfinished business. b. the emerging gestalt. c. form/figure language. d. the top dog.

a. unfinished business.

Ethnocentrism a. uses one's own culture as a yardstick to measure all others b. means race c. is a genetic term d. all of the above

a. uses one's own culture as a yardstick to measure all others

Cybernetics is a concept used by family therapists. It is usually associated with the work of a. Sigmund Freud and Albert Ellis b. Norbert Wiener c. Virginia Satir d. behavioral family therapists and cognitive family therapists

b. Norbert Wiener

When career counselors speak of the OOH they are referring to the a. Occupational Options Handbook. b. Occupational Outlook Handbook. c. Career Options Occupational Titles. d. Optional Occupations Handbook.

b. Occupational Outlook Handbook.

A teenager in a residential facility has earned enough tokens to buy his favorite brand of candy bar. The candy bar is a. a negative reinforcer. b. a back-up reinforcer. c. an average stimulus. d. a conditioned reinforcer.

b. a back-up reinforcer.

The tendency for adult females in the US to wear high heels is best explained by a. the principle of negative reinforcement b. sex-role socialization c. Lorenz's study on imprinting d. ethological data

b. sex-role socialization

Glasser felt the responsible person will have a ____ identity. a. failure b. success c. diffused d. crisis-oriented

b. success

One of Adler's students, Rudolph Dreikurs, a. created the TAT. b. was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice. c. was a noted Freud hater. d. created the hierarchy of needs.

b. was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice.

A time-series design is a quasi-experimental design a. that utilizes two randomly chosen groups; a control group and an experimental group b. without randomly chosen control and experimental groups, which relies on multiple observations of the dependent variable before and after the treatment occurs c. a and b d. is not depicted by any of the answers above

b. without randomly chosen control and experimental groups, which relies on multiple observations of the dependent variable before and after the treatment occurs

Counseling generally occurs in a clinical setting while consultation generally occurs in a ____ setting. a. group b. work/organizational c. continuing care d. residential

b. work/organizational

The study that would best rule out chance factors would have a significance level of P = a. .05. b. .01. c. .001. d. .08.

c. .001.

A career counselor is using a test for job selection purposes. An acceptable reliability coefficient would be ___ or higher. a. .20 b. .55 c. .80 d. .70

c. .80

A counselor is conducting a screening for clients who wish to participate in a counseling group which will meet Tuesday nights at his private practice office. Which client would most likely be the poorest choice for a group member? a. A shy librarian. b. An anxious salesman with no group experience. c. An extremely hostile and belligerent construction worker. d. A student with 16 hours toward her M.Ed in counseling.

c. An extremely hostile and belligerent construction worker.

The best intelligence test for a sixth-grade girl would be the a. WPPSI-IV. b. WAIS-IV. c. WISC-IV. d. Merrill-Palmer.

c. WISC-IV.

The fastest growing clientele for professional counselors are persons a. experiencing bipolar disorder b. experiencing suicidal ideation c. experiencing marriage and family problems d. who abuse their children

c. experiencing marriage and family problems

According to the fetal origins hypothesis, adult heart disease, some emotional disorders, and type 2 diabetes could be related to a. lack of stimulation (i.e., nurture) during the first year of life. b. nature. c. in utero malnutrition d. undiscovered factors related to the human genome.

c. in utero malnutrition

The problem with income-sensitive or sliding fee scales is that a. scales of this kind are unethical. b. scales of this nature are illegal. c. it is difficult to administer them in a fair manner. d. scales like this are used frequently; however, they are unethical and illegal.

c. it is difficult to administer them in a fair manner.

A stimulus which accompanies a primary reinforcer takes on reinforcement properties of its own. This is known as a. a primary reinforcer. b. covert processing. c. secondary reinforcement. d. SUDS.

c. secondary reinforcement.

The gestalt dialogue experiment generally utilizes the concepts of a. behavioral self-control. b. choice theory. c. top dog, underdog, and the empty chair technique. d. the rehearsal experiment.

c. top dog, underdog, and the empty chair technique.

Jay Haley believes in giving clients directives. You are counseling a family and during the session the 14-year-old daughter exclaims that she is suicidal. The best example of a directive would be a. you turn to the 14-year-old daughter and say, "You seem to be saying that living is too painful." b. you turn to the 14-year-old daughter and say, "could it be that you want to hurt yourself because your boyfriend no longer wishes to see you?" c. you turn to the family and say, "if your daughter threatens suicide this week I want the entire family - including your daughter - to stay home and nobody leaves for the day." d. you turn to the family and say, "could this be a family problem rather than a difficulty for your daughter?"

c. you turn to the family and say, "if your daughter threatens suicide this week I want the entire family - including your daughter - to stay home and nobody leaves for the day."

Using the data in question 764 one could say that a person with an IQ score of 122 would fall within a. + or -1 SD of the mean. b. the average IQ range. c. an IQ score which is more that 2 SD above the mean. d. + or -2 SD of the mean.

d. + or -2 SD of the mean.

Which counselor would most likely say that we choose a job to meet our needs? a. Albert Ellis. b. John O. Crites. c. John Krumboltz. d. Robert Hoppock.

d. Robert Hoppock.

____ is behavioral sex therapy. a. Classical vegotherapy b. Orgone box therapy c. Conditioned reflex therapy d. Sensate focus

d. Sensate focus

A word association test would be an example of a. a neuropsychological test. b. a motoric test. c. an achievement test. d. a projective test.

d. a projective test.

When counseling asian american families, the best approach would most likely be a. Ackerman's psychoanalytic approach b. behavioral family therapy c. solution focused/problem-focused modalities d. all of the above

d. all of the above

A group has a. a membership which can be defined. b. some degree of unity and interaction. c. a shared purpose. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

A test format could be normative or ipsative. In the normative format a. each item depends on the item before it. b. each item depends on the item after it. c. the client must possess an IQ within the normal range. d. each item is independent of all other items.

d. each item is independent of all other items.

In 1971 famous Stanford Prison Experiment conducted by Philip Zimbardo demonstrated that a. passivity is the norm for most individuals b. assertive behavior is clearly the healthiest behavioral alternative c. it takes people several weeks to change their behavior d. people conform to social roles

d. people conform to social roles

A career counselor who is helping a client design a resume a. should downplay the value of the cover letter. b. should emphasize that a lengthy resume is invariably more effective. c. should emphasize the importance of listing height and weight data. d. should emphasize the importance of a cover letter.

d. should emphasize the importance of a cover letter.

A client says she has a tingling sensation in her hands each time she talks about the probability of marriage. A gestalt therapist would most likely a. ask the client to recount a dream. b. urge the client to engage in thought stopping. c. prescribe relaxation homework. d. urge the client to stay with the feeling.

d. urge the client to stay with the feeling.

An adept multicultural counselor a. generally believes in the melting pot concept. b. has a strong ethnocentric worldview. c. will not ask the client for information related to religion or level of faith development. d. usually supports the salad bowl model of diversity.

d. usually supports the salad bowl model of diversity.

The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the a. fixed ratio, for example giving a child an M&M for each five math problems she completes. b. fixed interval, which describes the way most agency counselors are paid c. variable interval. d. variable ratio.

d. variable ratio.

Which statement made by a group leader in a residential center for adolescents focuses on product rather than process? a. "Ken has not stolen for a week and thus is eligible for supplementary tokens." b. "Karen looks down when Bill discusses relationships." c. "It sounds like there is a deep sense of hurt...." d. "Oh, so you fold your arms and sort of close up when Carey mentions the angry side of your personality."

a. "Ken has not stolen for a week and thus is eligible for supplementary tokens."

The standard deviation (SD) is the square root of the variance. A z-score of +1 would be the same as a. 1 SD above the mean. b. 1 SD below the mean. c. the same as a so-called t-score. d. the median score if the population is normal.

a. 1 SD above the mean.

At the last count, approximately 43,000 U.S. citizens committed suicide during a single year making suicide the tenth leading cause of death. Worldwide the figure is an alarming 800,000 per year. Suicide often checks in as the second- or third-leading killer of young people in the 15-24-year-old age bracket. Men commit suicide more frequently than women, however, women attempt suicide far more often than men. It is accurate to say that a. 10-15% of all claims handled by the ACA liability insurance programs are related to suicide. b. nearly 100% of the claims handled by the ACA liability insurance programs are related to suicide. c. ACA liability insurance will not cover you if a client commits suicide. d. African American females have an extremely high rate of suicide.

a. 10-15% of all claims handled by the ACA liability insurance programs are related to suicide.

Z-scores (also called standard scores) are the same as standard deviations, thus a z-score of -2.5 means a. 2.5 SD below the mean. b. 2.5 SD above the mean. c. a CEEB score of 500. d. -.05% of the population falls within this area of the curve.

a. 2.5 SD below the mean.

The client who would most likely engage in introspection would be a a. 52-year-old, single, African American male school administrator. b. 49-year-old, white homeless male. c. 40-year-old, divorced white female who is out of work and has three children. d. 19-year-old Latina mother on welfare with two children.

a. 52-year-old, single, African American male school administrator.

The acronym NLP is an abbreviation of a. Bandler and Grinder's neurolinguistic programming. b. new language programs for computer therapy. c. new language psychotherapy software. d. neurological psychotherapy.

a. Bandler and Grinder's neurolinguistic programming.

A counselor who fears the client has an organic, neurological, or motoric difficulty would most likely use the a. Bender Gestalt II. b. Rorschach. c. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2. d. Thematic Apperception Test.

a. Bender Gestalt II.

Richard Nelson Bolles penned the bestselling job hunting manual in history titled What Color Is Your Parachute? The book, updated yearly, has sold over 10 million copies and is published in over 20 languages. a. Bolles champions the idea of securing a network of persons who can help you with your job search. b. Bolles likes groups if the group uses the trait-and-factor theory. c. Bolles likes groups if the group uses Donald Super's theory. d. Bolles likes groups if the group uses the concepts set forth by Nathan Azrin.

a. Bolles champions the idea of securing a network of persons who can help you with your job search.

When working with an African American family, the best approach would probably be a. Bowen's family therapy: Minuchin's structural family therapy; or Haley's strategic family therapy b. cognitive family therapy c. Ackerman's psychoanalytic approach to family therapy d. a strict reality therapy approach based on the work of psychiatrist William Glasser

a. Bowen's family therapy: Minuchin's structural family therapy; or Haley's strategic family therapy

A college student who suffers from panic disorder types his symptoms and concerns onto a PC screen and then waits for the computer program to respond or question him further. The student engages in this practice for a 40-minute session per week. This is an example of a. CAC. b. CMC. c. computer-managed counseling. d. b and c.

a. CAC.

Computers are now being used in various counseling settings. Counselors speak of computer-assisted counseling (CAC) and computer-managed counseling (CMC). An office that employs a computer to schedule clients would be an example of a. CMC. b. CAC. c. an ethical violation. d. the misuse of computers, though the practice is ethical.

a. CMC.

___ are the leading causes of malpractice actions taken against counselors, therapists, and mental health providers. a. Confidentiality and dual relationships b. Termination c. Failure of the duty to warn d. Inferior record keeping

a. Confidentiality and dual relationships

A behavioristic marriage and family therapist is counseling the entire family together. She turns to the 18-year-old son who is attending community college and says, "You must complete your sociology essay before you can use the family car and go out with your friends." Which theorist is primarily guiding her intervention strategy? a. David Premack's principle or law. b. Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson. c. B. F. Skinner. d. all of the above.

a. David Premack's principle or law.

You leave your practice to study mental health treatment in another country. Dr. Kline, another licensed counselor, is now the custodian of your records. This was clearly explained in your informed consent brochure given to the client during the first visit. The clients have Dr. Kline's contact information. Ethically a. Dr. Kline should contact each client when he receives the record. b. you should contact each client even though you are residing in another country. c. the client is totally responsible for contacting Dr. Kline since he or she was given an informed consent document. d. neither you nor Dr. Kline would be obligated to contact the client.

a. Dr. Kline should contact each client when he receives the record.

B. F. Skinner's reinforcement theory elaborated on a. Edward Thorndike's law of effect. b. Alfred Adler's concept of lifestyle. c. Arnold Lazarus's concept of the BASIC-ID used in the multimodal therapeutic approach that is eclectic and holistic. d. symptom substitution.

a. Edward Thorndike's law of effect.

The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was a. Erik Erikson b. Milton H Erikson c. A A Brill d. Jean Piaget, who created the 4 stage theory

a. Erik Erikson

All of the techniques listed below would be used by a behavioristic family therapist except: a. Family sculpting. b. A functional analysis of behavior followed by operant conditioning. c. Modeling. d. Chaining and extinction.

a. Family sculpting.

All of the following describe the analysis of covariance technique except: a. It is a correlation coefficient. b. It controls for sample differences which exist. c. It helps to remove confounding, extraneous variables. d. It statistically eliminates differences in average values influenced by covariates.

a. It is a correlation coefficient.

Research into the phenomenon of career maturity reflects the work of a. John Crites. b. Anne Roe. c. John Holland. d. Nancy Schlossberg.

a. John Crites.

The Kuder Career Planning System (KCPS) would be appropriate for a. K-12, postsecondary, and even adults. b. children who have not completed the sixth grade. c. kids who have taken the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT). d. high school students.

a. K-12, postsecondary, and even adults.

The statement "bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not" is most closely associated with a. Kohlberg's premoral stage at the preconventional level b. Kohlberg's conventional level c. the work of Carl Jung d. Piaget's autonomous stage, which begins at about age 8

a. Kohlberg's premoral stage at the preconventional level

By passing the NCE, a counselor can attain the ___, given via NBCC. a. NCC, a generic certification for counselors b. NCC, a specialty mental health certification for counselors c. NCC, national certification for school counselors d. MAC, master addictions counselor

a. NCC, a generic certification for counselors

Berne suggested three ego states: the Parent, the Adult, and the Child (P-A-C). The Parent ego state is composed of values internalized from significant others in childhood. TA therapists speak of two functions in the Parent ego state, the a. Nurturing Parent and the Critical Parent. b. Critical Parent and the Repressed Parent. c. Reactive Parent and the Active Parent. d. Passive Parent and the Active Parent.

a. Nurturing Parent and the Critical Parent.

The ___ are examples of aptitude tests. a. O*NET Ability Profiler and the MCAT b. GZTS and the MMPI-2 c. CPI and the MMPI-2 d. Strong and the LSAT

a. O*NET Ability Profiler and the MCAT

All of the following are examples of Anne Roe's "levels" except: a. Outdoor. b. Semiskilled. c. Semiprofessional/smallbusiness. d. Professional and managerial.

a. Outdoor.

The trait-and-factor career counseling, actuarial, or matching approach (which matches clients with a job) is associated with a. Parsons and Williamson. b. Roe and Brill. c. Holland and Super. d. Tiedeman and O'Hara.

a. Parsons and Williamson.

All of these philosophers are existentialists except: a. Plato and Epictetus. b. Sartre, Buber, Binswanger, and Boss. c. Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Tillich. d. Heidegger, Dostoevsky, and Jaspers.

a. Plato and Epictetus.

Albert Ellis is to REBT as Maxie C. Maultsby, Jr., is to a. RBT. b. AT. c. TA. d. S-R research.

a. RBT.

You have achieved the status of NCC. NBCC, nevertheless, feels you have violated professional ethics. NBCC can do any of the following except: a. Revoke your state counseling license. b. Remove your name from the list of NCCs in the U.S. c. Revoke your NCC status. d. Note in their newsletter that your NCC status has been revoked.

a. Revoke your state counseling license.

Today the Stanford-Binet is used from age 2 to adulthood. The IQ formula has been replaced by the a. SAS. b. SUDS. c. entropy. d. KR-20 formula.

a. SAS.

Pick the most accurate statement regarding patients diagnosed with cancer. a. Since January 1, 2015 there is official recognition that a diagnosis of cancer will affect a patient's mental health. b. Physicians are required by law to give all cancer patients a referral for counseling or psychotherapy. c. Paradoxically, although a diagnosis of cancer is often very serious there is virtually no evidence that cancer patients have any more mental health issues than prior to the diagnosis. d. Counselors have always been the primary workers in the medical system when compared to social workers and psychologists and thus traditionally have counseled most patients diagnosed with cancer.

a. Since January 1, 2015 there is official recognition that a diagnosis of cancer will affect a patient's mental health.

Which statement is true? a. Single life is short-lived for divorced persons. About 30% of all divorced persons are remarried within 12 months of being divorced. b. Most persons who are divorced do not remarry. c. Most persons who are divorced wait a minimum of five years to remarry. d. Women remarry quickly, however, men do not.

a. Single life is short-lived for divorced persons. About 30% of all divorced persons are remarried within 12 months of being divorced.

SCCT stands for a. Social cognitive career theory b. Social cognitive family therapy c. Self-control career theory d. Self-contained career therapy

a. Social cognitive career theory

_____ is associated with obedience and authority. a. Stanley Milgram, a noted psychologist, b. Arthur Janov, who created primal scream therapy, c. A. T. Beck, a cognitive therapy pioneer, d. Robert Harper, a pioneer in the REBT bibliotherapy movement,

a. Stanley Milgram, a noted psychologist,

All of these statements regarding reality therapy are true except: a. The client's childhood is explored. b. Excuses are not accepted. c. The unconscious is avoided. d. Therapy is concerned primarily with the here and now.

a. The client's childhood is explored.

Based on the information in the previous question, the best example of a fundamental attribution error (also called a fundamental attribution bias) would be: a. The graduate student blames the woman for carrying an expensive handbag and wearing tight clothes. b. The graduate student blames the man who committed the rape and the robbery. c. The graduate student blames the police force for not patrolling the area better. d. The graduate student becomes so emotional, she cannot discuss the incident with you as her supervisor.

a. The graduate student blames the woman for carrying an expensive handbag and wearing tight clothes.

Conversion or reparative therapy is intended to change sexual orientation and behaviors from gay to straight. a. The literature in scientific and peer-reviewed journals does not indicate that a person's sexual orientation can be altered from same-sex attraction to opposite-sex attraction. b. ACA prohibits counselors from practicing conversion or reparative therapies although no studies exist in this area. c. Longitudinal studies with clients who have been through reparative or conversion therapy indicate that the treatment is effective, but it still remains unethical. d. ACA ethics indicate that a counselor trained in conversion or reparative therapy can practice these modalities if the client insists on the treatment.

a. The literature in scientific and peer-reviewed journals does not indicate that a person's sexual orientation can be altered from same-sex attraction to opposite-sex attraction.

Kia was given a new client with a morbid fear of heights. Her supervisor emphasized that he wanted her to use the most high-tech form of treatment available. Kia should use a. VRT. b. William Glasser's new reality therapy with choice theory. c. Joseph Wolpe's systematic desensitization (also known as reciprocal inhibition), a form of behavior therapy that works well with fears d. REBT, created by Albert Ellis, which was once called RET.

a. VRT.

It's easiest to empathize with a. a client who is similar to you. b. a client who is dissimilar to you. c. Latino/a clients. d. Asian American male clients.

a. a client who is similar to you.

Most research in the area of career development and its relationship to students indicates that a. a very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle school level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college. b. students did not want career guidance despite its importance. c. many students were too inflexible to benefit from career guidance. d. high school students wanted career guidance but junior-high school- or middle school-level students did not.

a. a very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle school level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college.

Two 18-year-olds are given the exact same dosage of an antidepressant medication. One indicates that the medicine makes her feel "great" while the other insists the intervention makes her "very tired." This can most likely be attributed to a. differential sensitivity. b. the fact that medical practitioners, including psychiatrists, overmedicate and should use smaller doses of antidepressants. c. the fact that both clients are impacted by the placebo effect. d. the fact that antidepressants are intended to make clients extremely tired, but do help with mood disorders.

a. differential sensitivity.

The ___ index indicates the percentage of individuals who answered each item correctly. a. difficulty b. critical c. intelligence d. personal

a. difficulty

Rogers emphasized congruence in the counselor. Congruence occurs when a. external behavior matches an internal response or state. b. the counselor uses silence. c. the counselor reflects emotion. d. the counselor summarizes at the end of the session.

a. external behavior matches an internal response or state.

Test scores on an exam that fell below 3 SD of the mean or above 3 SD of the mean could be described as a. extreme. b. very typical or within the average range. c. close to the mean. d. very low scores.

a. extreme.

Counselors who have good listening skills a. facilitate therapeutic surrender. b. hinder therapeutic surrender. c. often have a monolithic perspective. d. are too nondirective to promote therapeutic surrender.

a. facilitate therapeutic surrender.

A counseling agency decides to pay their employees once a week. The agency is using a a. fixed interval (FI) schedule of reinforcement. b. a variable interval (VI) schedule of reinforcement. c. a fixed ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement. d. a variable ratio (VR) schedule of reinforcement.

a. fixed interval (FI) schedule of reinforcement.

In some literature, group cohesiveness, or "we-ness," is known as a. group unity. b. a sociogram. c. Karpman'striangle. d. the transition stage.

a. group unity.

Group career counseling a. is an international phenomenon. It is used in China with college students. b. is not used in any other country except the U.S. We are clearly the world leader in this area. c. is more expensive to conduct than providing individual sessions. d. is rarely used in the U.S. for college students; however, it is used with K-12 students.

a. is an international phenomenon. It is used in China with college students.

The fear of death a. is greatest during middle age b. is an almost exclusively male phenomenon c. is the number one psychiatric problem in the geriatric years d. surprisingly enough occurs in the teen years

a. is greatest during middle age

Coleadership a. is helpful when one leader is experiencing counter- transference. b. exacerbates the harm of countertransference. c. has no impact on the issue of countertransference. d. eliminates all difficulties associated with counter-transference.

a. is helpful when one leader is experiencing counter- transference.

Shoulds and oughts are ________ according to Ellis. a. musturbations b. masturbations c. awfulizations d. rational

a. musturbations

Mores are beliefs and social customs a. regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior b. which should be the central focus in multicultural counseling c. that are conscious decisions made by persons in power d. that are identical with the folkways in the culture

a. regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior

The client's tendency to inhibit or fight against the therapeutic process is known as a. resistance. b. sublimation. c. projection. d. individuation.

a. resistance.

According to Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum's congruity theory, a client will accept suggestions more readily if a. the client likes the counselor. b. the client dislikes the counselor. c. the client distrusts the counselor. d. the counselor is in a higher economic bracket.

a. the client likes the counselor.

Fights between subgroups and members showing rebellion against the leader generally occur in a. the second stage known as the control stage or the transition stage. b. the first stage known as the orientation stage or formation stage. c. the separation stage. d. the intimacy stage.

a. the second stage known as the control stage or the transition stage.

A hierarchy, or pecking order, among members occurs in a. the stage of storming, also known as the power-control stage. b. the orientation stage. c. the separation stage. d. the intimacy stage.

a. the stage of storming, also known as the power-control stage.

A counselor believes that clients who receive assertiveness training will ask more questions in counseling classes. An experimental group receives assertiveness training while a control group does not. In order to test for significant differences between the groups the counselor should utilize a. the student's t test. b. a correlation coefficient. c. a survey. d. an analysis of variance (ANOVA).

a. the student's t test.

A 39-year-old female secretary you are seeing in your assertiveness training group reveals that she is plotting to shoot her husband. Based on the Tarasoff case you should a. warn the husband. b. keep it confidential because an assertiveness training group is decidedly not the same as one-to-one counseling. c. make a police report in the city in which the husband resides. d. tell a supervisor, administrator, or board member if one exists, but do not contact her husband.

a. warn the husband.

The zone of proximal development a. was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky b. was pioneered by Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg c. emphasized organ inferiority d. all of the above

a. was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky

An expert who has reviewed the literature on videos and violence would conclude that a. watching violence tends to make children more aggressive b. watching violence tends to make children less aggressive c. reality tv shows/videos have no impact on a child's behavior d. what adults see as violent, children perceive as caring

a. watching violence tends to make children more aggressive

The in-basket technique would be best a. when you are on a hiring committee and assessing candidates for a managerial position. b. when you are counseling an elementary school child in regard to future job choices and careers. c. when you are counseling a senior in high school who is unsure whether to go to college. d. when you are counseling a senior in college who is contemplating graduate school.

a. when you are on a hiring committee and assessing candidates for a managerial position.

In the field of testing, validity refers to a. whether the test really measures what it purports to measure. b. whether the same test gives consistent measurement. c. the degree of cultural bias in a test. d. the fact that numerous tests measure the same traits.

a. whether the test really measures what it purports to measure.

According to Virginia Satir, the individual displaying an irrelevant style a. will distract the family from the problem via constantly talking about irrelevant topics. b. will become a people pleaser. c. will analyze the situation more than most. d. all of the above.

a. will distract the family from the problem via constantly talking about irrelevant topics.

A t-score is different from a z-score. A z-score is the same as the SD. A t-score, however, has a mean of 50 with every 10 points landing at a SD above or below the mean. Thus a t-score of 60 would equal +1 SD while a t-score of 40 would be a. -2 SD. b. -1 SD. c. a z-score of +2. d. a z-score of +1.

b. -1 SD.

An excellent psychological or counseling test would have a reliability coefficient of a. 50. b. .90. c. 1.00. d. -.90

b. .90.

The mean on the Wechsler and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence scales (SB5) is ___ and the standard deviation is ___. a. 100; 100 b. 100; 15 Wechsler, 16 Stanford-Binet c. 100; 20 d. 100; 1

b. 100; 15 Wechsler, 16 Stanford-Binet

There are four basic measurement scales: the nominal, the ordinal, the interval, and the ratio. The nominal scale is strictly a qualitative scale. It is the simplest type of scale. It is used to distinguish logically separated groups. Which of the following illustrates the function of the nominal scale? a. A horse categorized as a second-place winner in a show. b. A DSM or ICD diagnostic category. c. An IQ score of 111. d. The weight of an Olympic barbell set.

b. A DSM or ICD diagnostic category.

In most instances, who would be the best qualified to give the Rorschach Inkblot Test? a. A counselor with NCC after his or her name. b. A clinical psychologist. c. A D.O. psychiatrist. d. A social worker with LCSW after his or her name.

b. A clinical psychologist.

A counselor is working with a client suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Which counselor would be most concerned about inducing REM/EM during the sessions? a. A counselor who is performing systematic desensitization as set forth by Joseph Wolpe. b. A counselor who is using Francine Shapiro's EMDR. c. A counselor who is using existential strategies popularized by Irvin Yalom. d. A counselor who relies on brief strategic therapy (BST).

b. A counselor who is using Francine Shapiro's EMDR.

A counselor who had an interest primarily in testing would most likely be a member of a. HS-BCP. b. AARC. c. NASW. d. ACES.

b. AARC.

____ emphasized the drive for superiority. a. Jung b. Adler c. Constructivist therapists d. Freud and Jung

b. Adler

NBCC has developed a code of ethics to help counselors behave in a professional manner. The Code warns against stereotyping and discrimination. All of the following would be examples of stereotyping and discrimination except: a. Advising an African American client to avoid graduate school because you believe the Jensen research regarding African Americans and IQ scores. b. Advising a client to consider switching his college major based on your clinical judgment as well as the results from an extensive test battery. c. Advising a female client to avoid taking a management position because you feel women are generally nonassertive. d. Advising a female client to avoid taking a management position because you feel women managers are generally too aggressive.

b. Advising a client to consider switching his college major based on your clinical judgment as well as the results from an extensive test battery.

Organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of a. C. G. Jung's analytical psychology. b. Alfred Adler's individual psychology. c. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory. d. Josef Breuer's work on hysteria.

b. Alfred Adler's individual psychology.

The statement "Sibling interaction may have more impact than parent-child interaction" describes a. Sigmund Freud's theory. b. Alfred Adler's theory. c. insight. d. Carl Jung's theory.

b. Alfred Adler's theory.

Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, which is both a form of treatment and a very comprehensive personality theory. According to Freud's theory, inborn drives (mainly sexual) help form the personality. ________ and ________, who originally worked with Freud, created individual psychology and analytic psychology, respectively. a. Carl Jung; Alfred Adler b. Alfred Adler; Carl Jung c. Josef Breuer; A. A. Brill d. Alfred Adler; Rollo May

b. Alfred Adler; Carl Jung

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator reflects the work of a. Raymond B. Cattell. b. Carl Jung. c. William Glasser. d. Oscar K. Buros.

b. Carl Jung.

Which therapist could best be described as atheoretical? a. Jay Haley b. Carl Whitaker c. Alfred Adler d. Nathan Ackerman

b. Carl Whitaker

Psychotherapy of the absurd is primarily related to the work of a. Virginia Satir. b. Carl Whitaker. c. Maxie C. Maultsby, Jr. d. William Glasser.

b. Carl Whitaker.

A counselor can utilize psychological tests to help secure a ___ diagnosis if third-party payments are necessary. a. CPT b. DSM or ICD c. percentile d. standard error

b. DSM or ICD

The cognitive therapist most closely associated with the concept of stress inoculation treatment is a. Albert Ellis. b. Donald Meichenbaum. c. Maxie C. Maultsby, Jr. d. Aaron T. Beck.

b. Donald Meichenbaum.

Dr. X recommends to his clients at the agency where he practices that he would rather counsel them in his private practice. Ethically speaking a. Dr. X has every right to do this. b. Dr. X is diverting agency clients to his practice and this is unethical. c. guidelines do not address this practice. d. NBCC and ACA actually encourage this method for private practitioners who wish to increase the number of clients they can assist.

b. Dr. X is diverting agency clients to his practice and this is unethical.

A dual-career family (or dual-worker couple) is one in which both partners have jobs to which they are committed on a somewhat continuous basis. Which statement is true of dual- career families? a. Surprisingly enough, dual-career families have lower incomes than families in which only one partner works. b. Dual-career families have higher incomes than the so-called traditional family in which only one partner is working. c. Dual-career families have incomes which are almost identical to families with one partner working. d. Surprisingly enough, no research has been conducted on dual-career families.

b. Dual-career families have higher incomes than the so-called traditional family in which only one partner is working.

The philosopher most closely related to REBT would be a. Buber. b. Epictetus. c. Locke. d. Jaspers.

b. Epictetus.

the term identity crisis comes from the work of a. counselors who stress RS involvement issues with clients b. Erikson c. Adler d. Jung

b. Erikson

Trust vs mistrust is a. an Adlerian notion of morality b. Erikson's 1st stage of psychosocial development c. essentially equivalent to Piaget's concept of egocentrism d. the basis of morality according to Kohlberg

b. Erikson's 1st stage of psychosocial development

___ factors cause Down Syndrome, the most common type known as trisomy 21. a. Environmental b. Genetic (conditions passed through genes) c. Chemical dependency d. Unconscious

b. Genetic (conditions passed through genes)

A game is composed of transactions which end in a bad feeling for at least one player. Games are said to prevent true intimacy. Which other statement is true of games? a. In a first-degree game someone gets seriously hurt. b. In a first-degree game the harm is minimal, but the level of harm is quite serious in a third-degree game. c. For a game to occur, three people must be involved. d. Games always involve parallel vectors of communication.

b. In a first-degree game the harm is minimal, but the level of harm is quite serious in a third-degree game.

Ackerman is psychodynamic. Haley is strategic. Minuchin is structural. Bowen is intergenerational. Another well known intergenerational family therapist would be a. Alfred Adler b. Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy c. Andrew Salter d. Mara Selvini-Palazzoli

b. Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy

The term group therapy was coined in 1931 by a. Frank Parsons, the father of guidance (also referred to as vocational guidance). b. Jacob Moreno, the father of psychodrama. c. E. G. Williamson, associated with the Minnesota Viewpoint. d. Fritz Perls, the father of gestalt therapy.

b. Jacob Moreno, the father of psychodrama.

As you walk into a professional seminar on career counseling you note that the instructor is drawing a hexagon on the blackboard. The instructor is most likely discussing a. David Tiedeman. b. John Holland. c. Anne Roe. d. John Crites.

b. John Holland.

Which case is not associated with the psychodynamic movement? a. Little Hans. b. Little Albert. c. Anna O. d. Daniel Paul Schreber.

b. Little Albert.

C. G. Jung, the founder of analytic psychology, said men operate on logic or the ________ principle, while women are intuitive, operating on the ________ principle. a. Eros; Thanatos b. Logos; Eros c. reality; pleasure d. transference; countertransference

b. Logos; Eros

Which of these factors is not delineated by Irvin Yalom as a curative factor? a. Altruism, universality, and existential learning. b. Manifest dream content and insight into the unconscious mind. c. Catharsis, cohesiveness, and instillation of hope. d. Imitative behavior and reenactment of family experiences.

b. Manifest dream content and insight into the unconscious mind.

You are counseling a 29-year-old man in your private practice who is seeing a primary care physician (PCP) for severe headaches. a. You are required to contact the PCP. b. You are not required to contact the PCP; however, attempting to secure permission to do so from your client would be considered the ideal course of action. c. The answer would be no for headaches, but yes if the client had visited the PCP regarding a mental health complaint. d. Yes, but only if the client is abusing a child or a senior citizen.

b. You are not required to contact the PCP; however, attempting to secure permission to do so from your client would be considered the ideal course of action.

A client wants to read her record. Pick the statement which is not accurate. a. You should allow her to read the record or a summary of it because she has an ethical right to do so. b. You should allow her to read it, however, you should go back and change things you don't want her to see; for example, the fact that you said she was schizophrenic. c. You should allow her to read the record realizing that it is best if you enter the information as soon as possible after the session and then sign and date the entry. d. Since your agency inputs the client's record on a computer, each entry will be dated and have a time on it. You could then print the document for her perusal.

b. You should allow her to read it, however, you should go back and change things you don't want her to see; for example, the fact that you said she was schizophrenic.

A bimodal distribution has two modes (i.e., most frequently occurring scores). Graphically, this looks roughly like a. a symmetrical bell-shaped curve. b. a camel's back with two humps. c. the top half of a bowling ball. d. a mountain which is leaning toward the left.

b. a camel's back with two humps.

Gestalt means a. a group. b. a form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole. c. a dyad. d. visual acuity.

b. a form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole.

The word dynamic means the group is a. normal. b. always changing. c. static. d. defined in an operational manner.

b. always changing.

A group of first-semester graduate students in counseling took an experimental counseling exam that was much more difficult than the NCE. All of the students scored very low. A distribution of their scores would a. always be a bimodal distribution. b. be positively skewed. c. be negatively skewed. d. produce a curve with a long tail to the left side of the graph.

b. be positively skewed.

According to the Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized, he or she may ___ a given a psychosexual stage a. skip b. become fixated at c. ignore d. a & c

b. become fixated at

A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indictates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered a. symbolic schema b. conservation c. androgynous psychosocial issues d. trust vs. mistrust

b. conservation

Development is cephalocaudal, which means a. foot to head b. head to foot c. limbs receive the highest level of nourishment d. b & c

b. head to foot

The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to a. help the therapist appear genuine. b. make the clients aware of their unconscious processes. c. make clients aware of nonverbal behaviors. d. help clients understand feelings and behaviors related to childhood.

b. make the clients aware of their unconscious processes.

The Strong Interest Inventory (SCII) is based on John Holland's theory. The test assumes that a person who is interested in a given subject will experience a. satisfaction in a job with workers who have different interests. b. satisfaction in a job with workers who have similar interests. c. generalized anxiety if he or she is placed in a job where people have similar interests. d. the best results if he or she finishes the inventory in one hour or less.

b. satisfaction in a job with workers who have similar interests.

Weight Watchers is a a. T-group, also called a training group. b. self-help or support group, as is AA. c. psychotherapy group. d. marathon group.

b. self-help or support group, as is AA.

P = .05 really means that a. five subjects were not included in the study. b. there is only a 5% chance that the difference between the control group and the experimental groups is due to chance factors. c. the level of significance is .01. d. no level of significance has been set.

b. there is only a 5% chance that the difference between the control group and the experimental groups is due to chance factors.

One trend is that women are moving into more careers that in the past were populated by males. Women workers are often impacted by the "glass ceiling phenomenon." Assuming that a counselor's behavior is influenced by the phenomenon, which statement would he most likely make when conducting a career counseling session with a female client who wants to advance to a higher position? a. "Your ability to advance in the corporate world is generally based on your mother's attitude toward work. Can you tell me a little about that?" b. "Actually, women can advance quite rapidly in the corporate world. I support you 100%. I'd say you should be optimistic and go for the position." c. "Let's be rational: A woman can only advance so far. You really have very little if any chance of becoming a corporate executive. I'm here to help you cope with this reality." d. "In most cases a female will work in a position that is at the same level as her father. Did your dad ever work as a corporate executive?"

c. "Let's be rational: A woman can only advance so far. You really have very little if any chance of becoming a corporate executive. I'm here to help you cope with this reality."

In constructing a test you notice that all 75 people correctly answered item number 12. This gives you an item difficulty of a. 1.2. b. .75. c. 1.0. d. 0.0.

c. 1.0.

Identify the DSM code. a. 29622 b. 29.622 c. 296.99 d. 2962.2

c. 296.99

Lawrence Kohlberg suggested a. a single level of morality b. 2 levels of morality c. 3 levels of morality d. preoperational thought as the basis for all morality

c. 3 levels of morality

In World War II the Air Force used stanine scores as a measurement. Stanine scores divide the distribution into nine equal intervals with stanine 1 as the lowest ninth and 9 as the highest ninth. In this system 5 is the mean. Thus a Binet IQ score of 101 would fall in stanine a. 1. b. 9. c. 5. d. 7.

c. 5.

The Binet stressed age-related tasks. Utilizing this method, a 9-year-old task would be one which a. only a 10-year-old child could answer. b. only an 8-year-old child could answer. c. 50% of the 9-year-olds could answer correctly. d. 75% of the 9-year-olds could answer correctly.

c. 50% of the 9-year-olds could answer correctly.

Holland's artistic type seems to value feelings over pure intellect or cognitive ability. Which of the following clients would not be best described via the artistic typology? a. A 72-year-old part-time, male ballet instructor. b. A 29-year-old female fiction writer. c. A 33-year-old female drill press operator. d. A 41-year-old singer for a heavy metal rock band.

c. A 33-year-old female drill press operator.

The 1974 Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) could be called the Buckley Amendment on your exam since Senator James K. Buckley was a strong supporter. All of these facts are true regarding FERPA except: a. Parents have access to a minor child's educational records. Children over age 18 can view their own records. b. A parent is able to have the educational record amended. c. A counselor working in a private educational institution which does not receive federal funding would still be required to follow FERPA guidelines. d. In situations involving imminent danger, a counselor could release information to protect the client, others, or ward off harm.

c. A counselor working in a private educational institution which does not receive federal funding would still be required to follow FERPA guidelines.

The National Vocational Guidance Association was founded in 1913. It was fused with other organizations in 1952 to become the a. APA. b. AACD. c. APGA. d. NASW.

c. APGA.

Lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation are emphasized by a. Freud. b. Jung. c. Adler. d. Thorne and Lazarus.

c. Adler.

A(n) _____ client would most likely have the most difficulty with self-disclosure when speaking to a white counselor. a. white female b. African American female c. African American male d. upper-class white male

c. African American male

Pick the incorrect statement. a. Men commit suicide more than women. b. Women suffer from depression more than men. c. Alcoholism occurs more in women than men. d. Autism occurs more in men than women.

c. Alcoholism occurs more in women than men.

___ was a pioneer in the early history of family therapy a. Carl Jung b. David Wechsler c. Alfred Adler d. Franz Anton Mesmer

c. Alfred Adler

Which theorist's (or theorists') work has been classified as a preface to the group movement? a. Sigmund Freud. b. C. G. Jung. c. Alfred Adler and Jesse B. Davis. d. Marsha Linehan, who created dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), originally used to deal with suicidal behaviors.

c. Alfred Adler and Jesse B. Davis.

1014. Pick the most accurate statement. a. Behavior therapies based on classical conditioning are used primarily with clients who have bipolar disorder. Lithium is no longer used. b. Behavior therapies based on classical conditioning are much more effective than CBT when treating mood disorders. c. Behavior therapies based on classical conditioning are commonly used to treat phobias, but are also utilized for clients with obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD). d. Behavior therapy is never based on classical conditioning.

c. Behavior therapies based on classical conditioning are commonly used to treat phobias, but are also utilized for clients with obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD).

Pick the most accurate statement a. Brief solution-oriented therapy requires the use of a one-way mirror with a treatment team behind the mirror b. Brief solution-oriented therapy does not utilize a treatment team behind a one-way mirror c. Brief solution-oriented therapy sometimes uses a treatment team behind a one-way mirror, nevertheless, it is not required. d. Brief solution-oriented therapy does not utilize paradoxical interventions

c. Brief solution-oriented therapy sometimes uses a treatment team behind a one-way mirror, nevertheless, it is not required.

The most popular paradigm of mental health consultation has been proposed by a. Satir and Minuchin. b. Schein. c. Caplan. d. Bandura.

c. Caplan.

A popular cognitive consistency or balance theory in social psychology is ___ cognitive dissonance theory. a. Dollard and Miller's b. Crite's and Roe's c. Festinger's d. Holland and Super's

c. Festinger's

___ and ___ would say that regardless of culture, humans have an instinct to fight. a. Maslow; Rogers b. Ellis; Harper c. Freud; Lorenz d. Glasser; Rogers

c. Freud; Lorenz

An aptitude test predicts future behavior while an achievement test measures what you have mastered or learned. In the case of a test like the ___ the distinction is unclear. a. Binet b. Wechsler c. GRE d. Bender

c. GRE

Developmental career theorists view career choice as an ongoing or so-called longitudinal process rather than a single decision made at one point in time. The pioneer theorists in this area— who were the first to forsake the matching models—were a. Super and Roe. b. Hoppock and Holland. c. Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma. d. Brill and Bordin.

c. Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma.

A counselor who possesses a graduate degree wishes to become a licensed psychologist. Which statement most accurately depicts the current situation? a. Any counselor can easily become a psychologist if he or she can pass the EPPP. b. A counselor can become a licensed psychologist by taking three graduate credit hours in physiological psychology and then passing the EPPP. c. In nearly every case, individuals trained in counseling departments would not be allowed to sit for the EPPP and thus could not become licensed psychologists. d. A counselor with a doctorate in counseling could be licensed as a counseling psychologist if he or she has a degree from a recognized department of counseling.

c. In nearly every case, individuals trained in counseling departments would not be allowed to sit for the EPPP and thus could not become licensed psychologists.

The person who becomes overly reasonable a. practices excitation b. cries a lot during therapy sessions c. Is likely to engage in the defense mechanism of intellectualization d. has a high degree of emotion

c. Is likely to engage in the defense mechanism of intellectualization

Today, the most popular approach to career choice reflects the work of a. Anne Roe. b. Donald Super. c. John Holland. d. Jane Loevinger.

c. John Holland.

Imprinting - rapid learning during a critical period of development - is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work in this area was done by a. Erik Erikson b. Milton H Erickson c. Konrad Lorenz d. Harry Harlow

c. Konrad Lorenz

A counselor educator has created a research study. He is using students as research subjects. This is commonplace. a. Student participation can be mandatory as part of a counseling course. b. Student participation can be mandatory for students who have finished their coursework and are completing a dissertation, thesis, or required scholarly paper. c. Participation or lack of it cannot impact the student's academic standing. d. According to ethics the student cannot participate in the research if he or she is not currently enrolled in the counselor educator's class.

c. Participation or lack of it cannot impact the student's academic standing.

A preschool child's concept of causality is said to be animistic. This means the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. Thus, the child may fantasize that an automobile or rock is talking to him. This concept is best related to a. Jung's concept of anima, animus b. Freud's wish fulfillment c. Piaget's preoperational period (2-7 y/o) d. ego identity

c. Piaget's preoperational period (2-7 y/o)

All of the conditions below are V code diagnoses except: a. Acculturation problem. b. Occupational problem. c. Post-traumatic stress disorder. d. Academic problem.

c. Post-traumatic stress disorder.

____ is like looking in a mirror but thinking you are looking out a window. a. Repression b. Sour grapes rationalization c. Projection d. Denial

c. Projection

Which group was most instrumental in opposing counselor licensure? a. Social workers. b. Psychiatrists. c. Psychologists. d. AAMFT members.

c. Psychologists.

Which statement is true of families? a. The divorce rate has decreased markedly in the last several years. b. Remarriage today is uncommon. c. Remarriage today is common. d. The divorce rate in the United States hovers at about 10%.

c. Remarriage today is common.

The career anchor theory was espoused by a. Roe. b. Tiedman and Ohara. c. Schein. d. Super and Savickas.

c. Schein.

In a random sample each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected. Selection is by chance. In a new study, however, it will be important to include 20% African Americans. What type of sampling procedure will be necessary? a. Standard (i.e., simple) random sampling is adequate. b. Cluster sampling is called for. c. Stratified sampling would be best. d. Horizontal sampling is required.

c. Stratified sampling would be best.

A researcher wants to prove that structural family therapy is the most effective modality. She conducted a study a year ago using a significance level of 0.05. Several colleagues felt her significance level needed to come down. She thus ran the same basic experiment again with new people using a significance level of 0.01. Her chances of making a Type I error or so-called alpha error reduced. What could you say about the possibility that her results will indicate that structural family therapy was not significantly different when in reality it truly is significant? a. Statistically, nothing b. The chance of this occurring will go down when compared to the first experiment c. The chance of this occurring increases when compared to the first experiment d. It would totally depend on the sample size

c. The chance of this occurring increases when compared to the first experiment

A counseling test consists of 300 forced response items. The person taking the test can take as long as he or she wants to answer the questions. a. This is most likely a projective measure. b. This is most likely a speed test. c. This is most likely a power test. d. This is most likely an invalid measure.

c. This is most likely a power test.

A new IQ test has a standard error of measurement (SEM) of 3. Tom scores 106 on the test. If he takes the test a lot, we can predict that about 68% of the time a. Tom will score between 100 and 103. b. Tom will score between 100 and 106. c. Tom will score between 103 and 109. d. Tom will score higher than Betty who scored 139.

c. Tom will score between 103 and 109.

According to the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) of 1974 (also known as the Buckley Amendment) a. a parent can see his or her daughter's middle school record. b. an 18-year-old college student can view his or her own educational record. c. a and b. d. a and b are both illegal.

c. a and b. (a. a parent can see his or her daughter's middle school record. AND b. an 18-year-old college student can view his or her own educational record.)

A sociogram is to a counseling group as a scattergram is to a. the normal curve. b. the range. c. a correlation coefficient. d. the John Henry effect.

c. a correlation coefficient.

An eclectic counselor a. is analytic. b. is behavioristic. c. attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client's attributes, resources, and situation. d. insists on including all family members in the treatment.

c. attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client's attributes, resources, and situation.

When a person has two negative alternatives, it is called an a. approach-approach conflict. b. approach vector. c. avoidance-avoidance conflict. d. avoidance cohesiveness.

c. avoidance-avoidance conflict.

A reinforcement schedule gives the guidelines or rules for reinforcement. If a reinforcer is given every time a desired response occurs, it is known as a. an intermittent schedule. b. an extinction schedule. c. continuous reinforcement. d. thinning.

c. continuous reinforcement.

In order for the professor of counselor education (Q 708) to conduct an experiment regarding his hypothesis he will need a(n) ___ and a(n) ___. a. biofeedback group; systematic desensitization group b. control group; systematic desensitization group c. control group; experimental group d. control group with at least 60 subjects; experimental group with at least 60 subjects

c. control group; experimental group

A counselor advises a female to steer clear of police work as he feels this is a male occupation. This suggests a. positive transference. b. negative transference. c. counselor bias based on gender bias. d. sex-wage discrimination.

c. counselor bias based on gender bias.

Construct validity refers to the extent that a test measures an abstract trait or psychological notion. An example would be a. height. b. weight. c. ego strength. d. the ability to name all men who have served as U.S. presidents.

c. ego strength.

The human relations core for effective counseling includes a. power, competence, and trustworthiness. b. expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness. c. empathy, positive regard (or respect), and genuineness. d. self-image, self-talk, and attending behavior.

c. empathy, positive regard (or respect), and genuineness.

IQ means a. a query of intelligence. b. indication of intelligence. c. intelligence quotient. d. intelligence questions for test construction.

c. intelligence quotient.

The psychometrician calls you to tell you that she has another student, who has an IQ that falls near the 84th percentile. This student's IQ a. is somewhere in the gifted range, say 140. b. is most likely near 105. c. is approximately 115. d. is between 75 and 80.

c. is approximately 115.

In a basic curve or so-called frequency polygon the point of maximum concentration is the a. mean. b. median. c. mode. d. range.

c. mode.

You are treating a man who suffers from panic disorder. His panic attacks are so severe he cannot drive to work. After just three sessions he is not only driving to work but has taken up sky diving to demonstrate his progress over his fear. You would love to put his testimonial on your brochure to show how adept you are at treating this affliction. You should a. ask him if he will write you a few sentences to place on the brochure with his name at the end. b. ask him if you can write the testimonial for him and place it on the brochure. c. not ask him for a testimonial since it would constitute an ethics violation. d. ask him if he will write you a few sentences to place on the brochure but assure him that his name will not appear.

c. not ask him for a testimonial since it would constitute an ethics violation.

You are uncertain whether a test is intended for the population served by your not-for-profit agency. The best method of researching this dilemma would be to a. contact a local APA clinical psychology graduate program. b. e-mail the person who created the test. c. read the test manual included with the test. d. give the test to six or more clients at random.

c. read the test manual included with the test.

Short answer tests and projective measures utilize free response items. The NCE and the CPCE uses forced choice or so-called ____ items. a. vague b. subjective c. recognition d. numerical

c. recognition

Counselor certification a. is synonymous with licensure. b. is synonymous with program certification. c. recognizes that you have reached a given level of competence and thus are authorized to use a title. d. is primarily a legal process.

c. recognizes that you have reached a given level of competence and thus are authorized to use a title.

An elementary school counselor is giving a child a standardized test. On several occasions the child says he does not understand what the counselor has said. The counselor should a. refuse to repeat the question. b. tell the child to answer the question nevertheless. c. repeat the question, but talk more slowly. d. ignore the child's verbalizations.

c. repeat the question, but talk more slowly.

Suppression differs from repression in that a. suppression is stronger. b. repression only occurs in children. c. repression is automatic or involuntary. d. all of the above.

c. repression is automatic or involuntary.

According to gestalt therapists, a client who is angry at his wife for leaving him, and who makes a suicide attempt, would be engaging in a. sublimation. b. a panic reaction. c. retroflection. d. repression.

c. retroflection.

Ethics state that a counselor should ___ all clients for group counseling. a. diagnose b. test c. screen d. a and b

c. screen

Jean Piaget's idographic approach created his theory with 4 stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is a. formal operations, concrete operations, preoperations, sensorimotor b. formal operations, preoperations, concrete operations, sensorimotor c. sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations d. concrete operations, sensorimotor, preoperations, formal operations

c. sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations

___ believe that aggression is learned. Thus, a child who witnesses aggressive behavior in adults may imitate the aggressive behavior. a. instincts theorists b. innate aggression theorists c. social learning theorists d. followers of Erik Erikson

c. social learning theorists

A student tells a college counselor that he is not upset by a grade of "F" in physical education that marred his fourth-year perfect 4.0 average, inasmuch as "straight A students are eggheads." This demonstrates a. introjection. b. reaction formation. c. sour grapes rationalization. d. sweet lemon rationalization.

c. sour grapes rationalization.

Measures of central tendency are used to summarize data. A counseling researcher wants to use a measure of central tendency which reacts to every score in the distribution. He will thus a. use the median, or middle score when the data are ranked from lowest to highest. The median divides the distribution in half since half the scores will fall above the median, while half the scores will fall below the median. b. use the mode, which is the most frequently occurring score or category. c. use the mean, which has been termed the arithmetic average. d. use the median or the mode

c. use the mean, which has been termed the arithmetic average.

Career groups are often considered a theme group. The best intervention in a structured career group would be a. promoting psychodynamic insight. b. paraphrasing as often as possible. c. using activities such as a game. d. changing the client's internal verbalizations as stressed by REBT, the model created by Albert Ellis.

c. using activities such as a game.

A man says, "My life has been lousy for the past six months." The counselor replies, "Can you tell me specifically what has made life so bad for the last six months?" The counselor is a. using interpretation. b. using summarization. c. using concreteness. d. using a depth psychology paradigm.

c. using concreteness.

The most critical factors in test selection are a. the length of the test and the number of people who took the test in the norming process. b. horizontal versus vertical. c. validity and reliability. d. spiral versus cyclical format.

c. validity and reliability.

Murray Bowen is known for his work in intergenerational family therapy. When Bowen refers to triangulation he means a. that most people have three ego states (i.e., the parent, the adult, and the child) in their personality b. that most people have a personality structure composed of the id, the ego, and the superego c. when a dyad (i.e., two individuals) are under stress, a third person is recruited to help stabilize the difficulty between the original dyad. This could even be a child placed in the middle of the conflict d. therapy has three distinct phases

c. when a dyad (i.e., two individuals) are under stress, a third person is recruited to help stabilize the difficulty between the original dyad. This could even be a child placed in the middle of the conflict

In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor a. in the preconscious mind b. in the mind of the child in latency c. which evolves primarily during the oral stage d. a & b

c. which evolves primarily during the oral stage

The group IQ test movement began a. in 1905. b. with the work of Binet. c. with the Army Alpha and Army Beta in World War I. d. with Freudian psychoanalysis and the psychodynamic movement.

c. with the Army Alpha and Army Beta in World War I.

Which statement made by a doctoral-level counselor is illustrative of a leader focused on process rather than product? a. "Jim seems more relaxed today." b. "Sally seems a bit self-critical this evening." c. "I hear a lot of sadness in Betty's voice." d. "You wince whenever Jane raises her voice."

d. "You wince whenever Jane raises her voice."

Which level of significance would best rule out chance factors? a. .05 b. .01 c. .2 d. .001

d. .001

Most experts would agree that an effective adult counseling group has ________ members. a. 9 to 12 b. 3 to 5 c. 11 to 16 d. 5 or 6 to 8

d. 5 or 6 to 8

The agency you work for insists that you diagnose every client. Since this is in violation of the newer ACA ethics this would qualify as "negative conditions." You could handle this by a. meeting with your supervisor and executive director of the agency and discussing other ways to secure funding that go beyond DSM reimbursement. b. advocate for the client by explaining to the insurance company asking for the diagnosis that in some cases it is best that a diagnosis not be given. You could even teach the client to advocate for herself by having her inform the insurance company that a diagnosis might not be in her best interest. c. show your supervisor, executive director, or insurance company/managed care firm the actual ACA Code of Ethics so they can see it in writing that the Code stipulates that "Counselors may refrain from making and/or reporting a diagnosis if they believe it would cause harm." d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

Virginia was the first state to license counselors in 1976. The APGA (later AACD and now ACA) division that was initially the most instrumental in pushing for licensing was the a. American College Personnel Association. b. American School Counselor Association. c. Association for Specialists in Group Work. d. American Counselor Education and Supervision.

d. American Counselor Education and Supervision.

Lewis Terman a. constructed the Wechsler tests. b. constructed the initial Binet prior to 1910. c. constructed the Rorschach. d. Americanized the Binet.

d. Americanized the Binet.

Roe recognized the role of the unconscious mind in terms of career choice. Another theorist who emphasized the unconscious processes in this area of study was a. Krumboltz. b. Schein. c. Super. d. Bordin.

d. Bordin.

Experimenters should always abide by a code of ethics. The variable you manipulate/control in an experiment is the a. DV. b. dependent variable. c. the variable you will measure to determine the outcome. d. IV or independent variable.

d. IV or independent variable.

In the United States, a frequent practice is to see a perfect stranger for therapy. a. This trend seems to be true in any area of the world b. This is true for Licensed Professional Counselors but not true for Licensed Clinical Social Workers c. This is true for LPCs end LCSWs but not Licensed Clinical Psychologists d. In other cultures it would not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help

d. In other cultures it would not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help

Which method of reliability testing would be useful with an essay test but not with a test of algebra problems? a. Test-retest. b. Alternate forms. c. Split-half. d. Inter-rater/inter-observer.

d. Inter-rater/inter-observer.

A behavioristic marriage and family counselor is counseling the entire family together. She turns to the 18-year-old son who is attending community college and says, "I know you like to play golf. Therefore, every time you cut the grass your father will take you to play golf. I am going to have you and your dad sign a contract confirming that you agree with this policy." Which principle is primarily guiding her strategy? a. Negative reinforcement. b. Thought stopping. c. Shaping with successive approximations. d. Quid pro quo.

d. Quid pro quo.

Hypothesis testing is most closely related to the work of a. Robert Hoppock. b. Sigmund Freud. c. Lloyd Morgan. d. R. A. Fisher.

d. R. A. Fisher.

Group members assume roles within a group. Which of the following is not a group role? a. Energizer. b. Scapegoat. c. Gatekeeper. d. Reactive schizophrenia.

d. Reactive schizophrenia.

The doctor-patient consultation model relies on four distinct stages: entry, diagnosis, implementation, and evaluation. In order for the doctor-patient structure to work, the consultee must accurately depict symptomatology, trust the consultant's diagnosis, and carry out the consultant's directives. This model is associated most closely with the work of a. Caplan. b. Freud. c. Adler. d. Schein.

d. Schein.

Evidence for the unconscious mind comes from all of these except: a. Hypnosis. b. Slips of the tongue and humor. c. Dreams. d. Subjective units of distress scale.

d. Subjective units of distress scale.

_____ was a prime factor in the history of multicultural counseling. a. Frankl's experience in a concentration camp b. Perl's use of the German concept of gestalt c. Freud's visits to the United States d. The 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown v. the Board of Education, which outlawed public school segregation

d. The 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown v. the Board of Education, which outlawed public school segregation

Which statement best depicts a major advantage of group work? a. Group work usually focuses on the here and now. b. Group work is always time limited. c. Group work is always superior for career counseling. d. The group setting is somewhat analogous to the communication and interaction of everyday life.

d. The group setting is somewhat analogous to the communication and interaction of everyday life.

In a counseling research study, two groups of subjects took a test with the same name. However, when they talked with each other they discovered that the questions were different. The researcher assured both groups that they were given the same test. How is this possible? a. The researcher is not telling the truth. The groups could not possibly have taken the same test. b. The test was horizontal. c. The test was not a power test. d. The researcher gave parallel forms of the same test.

d. The researcher gave parallel forms of the same test.

In your initial disclosure statement it was clearly explained to the client that she must pay her bill in a timely manner. She did not. According to ACA ethical guidelines you can terminate her. a. This practice was ethical at one time, but now it is not ethical under any circumstances. b. This practice was not mentioned, but experts have been very critical of this omission. c. This practice is ethical whether you revealed this to the client in the initial disclosure statement or not. d. This practice is ethical if you revealed this to the client in the initial disclosure statement.

d. This practice is ethical if you revealed this to the client in the initial disclosure statement.

All of the following are examples of Anne Roe's "fields" except: a. Service. b. Science. c. Arts and entertainment. d. Unskilled.

d. Unskilled.

All of these theorists could be associated with the analytic movement except: a. Freud. b. Jung. c. Adler. d. Wolpe.

d. Wolpe.

Your supervisor insists you rely on a teleological approach with a client. Pick the correct statement. a. You would simply talk to the client about her childhood. b. You would prescribe a homework assignment related to her childhood. c. You would focus exclusively on the here and now. d. You would focus on the client's goal to become a stock broker in four years when she finishes her business degree.

d. You would focus on the client's goal to become a stock broker in four years when she finishes her business degree.

Common archetypes include a. the persona—the mask or role we present to others to hide our true self. b. animus, anima, and self. c. shadow—the mask behind the persona, which contains id-like material, denied, yet desired. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

Ginzberg and his colleagues now believe in a development model of career choice which asserts that a. the process of choosing a career does not end at age 20 or adulthood. b. career choice decisions are really made throughout the life span. c. career choice is reversible. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

In a group, task roles a. help solve problems. b. aid in terms of goal setting and keep the group focused. c. are seen as positive. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

Lifestyle includes a. work. b. leisure. c. style of living. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

Jung spoke of a collective unconscious common to all men and women. The material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation, is known as a. a hierarchy of needs. b. instinctual. c. paradox. d. archetypes.

d. archetypes.

Carol Gilligan, although she was an assistant to Lawrence Kohlberg, was critical of his theory of moral development a. as she felt it was too psychoanalytic b. as she felt it was too behavioristic c. as she felt it was not applicable to African Americans d. as she felt it was more applicable to males than females

d. as she felt it was more applicable to males than females

An alcoholic is given Antabuse, which is a drug that causes nausea when paired with alcohol. This technique is called a. systematic desensitization. b. biofeedback. c. back-up reinforcement. d. aversive conditioning.

d. aversive conditioning.

Gestalt therapy emphasizes a. cognitive-behavioral issues. b. transference issues. c. traumatic childhood memories. d. awareness in the here and now and dream work.

d. awareness in the here and now and dream work.

The concept of universality (also called mutuality) applies to group treatment. In career groups we can safely say a. the group allows the members to see that others can be struggling with similar issues related to work, vocation, and career. b. these terms are rarely, if ever, utilized. c. other members of the group are in similar situations. d. choices a and c are both correct.

d. choices a and c are both correct.

Groups can be open or closed. The two differ in that a. open groups are limited to hospital settings. b. in an open group, members can socialize between group meetings. c. closed groups always employ coleaders. d. closed groups allow no new members after the group begins.

d. closed groups allow no new members after the group begins.

Key areas that often cause problems for the counselor's self-image are a. choice of a modality and a learning disability. b. age and the lack of a doctoral degree. c. lack of NCC. d. competence, power, and intimacy.

d. competence, power, and intimacy.

John Bowlby has asserted that a. attachment is not instinctual. b. attachment is best explained via Skinnerian principle. c. a and b. d. conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood.

d. conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood.

During a counseling session a 42-year-old male client threatens suicide. You should a. keep it a secret as the client is not a minor. b. call the state child abuse/neglect hotline even though he is an adult. c. call his wife and mention that a serious problem exists but be very careful not to discuss the issue of suicide since to do so would violate the client's confidentiality. d. contact his wife and advise her of possible suicide precautions.

d. contact his wife and advise her of possible suicide precautions.

Experimental is to cause and effect as correlational is to a. blind study. b. double-blind study. c. N = 1 design. d. degree of relationship.

d. degree of relationship.

A gay male protests that he is unhappy with his sexual preference and wants to lead a heterosexual lifestyle. He tells you that he wants a family and children. You should a. refer him to a psychiatrist as medicine is necessary. b. use dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). c. bring in other members of his family since homosexuality has its roots in the family system. d. explain that homosexuality is not a mental disorder that needs to be changed.

d. explain that homosexuality is not a mental disorder that needs to be changed.

During a family counseling session, a 6-year-old girl repeatedly sticks her tongue out at the counselor, who is obviously ignoring the behavior. The counselor is practicing a. negative reinforcement. b. chaining. c. reciprocal inhibition. d. extinction.

d. extinction.

Perls suggested ________ which must be peeled away to reach emotional stability. a. four layers of neurosis b. three layers of neurosis c. two layers of neurosis d. five layers of neurosis

d. five layers of neurosis

A therapist who says to a patient "Say whatever comes to mind" is practicing a. directive counseling. b. transactional analysis. c. paraphrasing. d. free association.

d. free association.

A short answer test is a(n) ___ test. a. objective b. culture-free c. forced choice d. free choice

d. free choice

In a children's career counseling group, the group will help the children a. have a sense of belonging. b. share feelings and ideas. c. engage in desirable peer interaction. d. in all the ways listed above.

d. in all the ways listed above.

Krumboltz's social learning theory is sometimes referred to as a cognitive theory because it emphasizes beliefs that clients have about themselves as well as the world of work. When Krumboltz speaks of self-observation generalizations he really means a. generalizations regarding a given occupation and how successful the client would be in the occupation b. Pavlov's principle of stimulus generalization c. Skinner's principle of operant conditioning d. in career counseling your primary concern is the manner in which people view themselves and their ability to perform in an occupation

d. in career counseling your primary concern is the manner in which people view themselves and their ability to perform in an occupation

When a client becomes aware of a factor in his or her life that was heretofore unknown, counselors refer to it as a. individual psychology. b. confrontation. c. transference neurosis. d. insight.

d. insight.

Existentialists speak of three worlds, the Umwelt or the _____ world, the Mitwelt or the ____ world, and the Eigenwelt or the ____ world. a. unconscious; preconscious; conscious b. id; ego; superego c. self-identity; relationship; physical d. physical; relationship; identity

d. physical; relationship; identity

Johnny just loves M&Ms but doesn't do his homework. The school counselor thus instructs Johnny's mom to give the child a bag of M&Ms every night after he finishes his homework. This is an example of a. punishment. b. biofeedback. c. a Pavlovian strategy. d. positive reinforcement.

d. positive reinforcement.

Most experts would agree that ____ is most threatening for clients as well as counselors. a. paraphrasing by the counselor b. open-ended questions c. role rehearsal d. silence

d. silence

Lifestyle and career development have been emphasized a. only since the late 1950s. b. only since the late 1960s. c. only since nondirective counseling became popular. d. since the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern.

d. since the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern.

In a career counseling session an electrical engineer mentions three jobs he has held. The first paid $10 per hour, the second paid $30 per hour, and the third paid a higher rate of $50 per hour. The counselor responds that the client is averaging $30 per hour. The counselor is using a. a Pearson Product-Moment Correlation coefficient. b. a factorial design. c. the harmonic mean. d. the mean.

d. the mean.

Neuroscience supports a. the analytic notion that focusing on negative emotions is helpful. b. the medical model, and thus it is not truly relevant to counselors. c. the notion that the concept of neuroplasticity is merely a myth. d. the notion that empathy and exercise could benefit depressed individuals.

d. the notion that empathy and exercise could benefit depressed individuals.

Existential theorists speak of phenomenology, which refers to the client's internal personal experience of events, and ontology, which is a. mental visualization for the treatment of cancer. b. the impact of cancer on emotions. c. a cancerous growth in the brain. d. the philosophy of being and existing.

d. the philosophy of being and existing.

When a structural therapist uses the term boundaries he or she really means a. the limits of the human mind b. the limits of behavior in the family c. the separation of the family members from their family of origin d. the physical and psychological entities that separate individuals and subsystems from others in the family

d. the physical and psychological entities that separate individuals and subsystems from others in the family

Group norms refer to a. a statistically normal group composed of 8 to 12 members. b. a statistically normal group composed of 12 to 14 members. c. a normal group with no cultural differences. d. the range of acceptable behavior within the group.

d. the range of acceptable behavior within the group.

The range is a measure of variance and usually is calculated by determining the difference between the highest and the lowest score. Thus, on a test where the top score was a 93 and the lowest score was a 33 out of 100, the range would be a. 61. b. 77. c. 59. d. more information is necessary.

a. 61.

Kohlberg lists _______ stages of moral development which fall into _______ levels. a. 6; 3 b. 6; 6 c. 3; 6 d. 3; 3

a. 6; 3

A researcher working with a personality test discovers that the test has a reliability coefficient of .70 which is somewhat typical. This indicates that a. 70% of the score is accurate while 30% is inaccurate. b. 30% of the people who are tested will receive accurate scores. c. 70% of the people who are tested will receive accurate scores. d. 30% of the score is accurate while 70% is inaccurate.

a. 70% of the score is accurate while 30% is inaccurate.

Which statement best reflects the position of neurogenesis? a. A 76-year-old man signs up for a course in chess and generates more neurons. b. A 9-year-old girl falls off her bicycle and now has a learning disability. c. A 32-year-old man uses temperature/thermal biofeedback to help ward off headaches. d. A 32-year-old man uses EMG biofeedback to help ward off headaches.

a. A 76-year-old man signs up for a course in chess and generates more neurons.

_______ is a biofeedback device. a. A bathroom scale b. A DVD player c. A digital clock d. An analyst's couch

a. A bathroom scale

The DSM was created by the APA. The ICD was created by the WHO. Which counselor would most likely be required to utilize one of these guides to diagnose a client? a. A counselor who wishes to secure insurance (i.e., third-party) payments. b. A school counselor discussing a child with a teacher. c. A multicultural counselor who is seeing a client who grew up in another country. d. A counselor leading a T-group.

a. A counselor who wishes to secure insurance (i.e., third-party) payments.

A counselor is screening clients for a new group at the college counseling center. Which client would most likely be the poorest choice for a group member? a. A first-year student who is suicidal and sociopathic. b. A second-year student who stutters. c. A graduate student with a facial tic. d. A fourth-year student with obsessive-compulsive (OCD) tendencies.

a. A first-year student who is suicidal and sociopathic.

A statement of disclosure could include all except: a. A list of the courses the counselor took in graduate school. b. The counselor's qualifications, office hours, and billing policies. c. Emergency procedures and therapy techniques utilized. d. A statement that confidentiality is desirable, but cannot be guaranteed in a group setting.

a. A list of the courses the counselor took in graduate school.

A counseling journal article should use documentation (i.e., references) that is based on a. APA style. b. MLA style taught in most English composition classes. c. a or b. d. none of the above.

a. APA style.

Wilderness therapy falls under the auspices of adventure-based therapy. There is no one set model for wilderness therapy. All of the statements below are true about wilderness therapy except: a. Effective wilderness therapy occurs when a boot camp model is used in the wilderness. b. Most counselors believe stricter regulations should be put in place to avoid abuses. c. Effective wilderness therapy settings use little or no force, confrontation, or point level systems. d. Reports of abuse and even death of youth have surfaced.

a. Effective wilderness therapy occurs when a boot camp model is used in the wilderness.

Irvin Yalom is a famous existentialist therapist and a pioneer in the group movement. He suggested these four group stages: orientation, conflict, cohesion, and termination. In 1977 Tuckman and Jensen reviewed 25 years of research and came up with five stages: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. Which stage in Tuckman and Jensen's paradigm is similar to Yalom's orientation stage? a. Forming. b. Storming. c. Norming. d. Performing.

a. Forming.

The word eclectic is most closely associated with a. Frederick C. Thorne. b. Sigmund Freud. c. Jean Piaget. d. Burrhus Frederic Skinner.

a. Frederick C. Thorne.

In which Erikson stage does the midlife crisis occur? a. Generativity vs Stagnation b. Integrity vs despair c. a & b d. Erikson's stages do not address midlife issues

a. Generativity vs Stagnation

The 16 PF reflects the work of a. Raymond B. Cattell. b. Carl Jung. c. James McKeen Cattell. d. Oscar K. Buros.

a. Raymond B. Cattell.

Which statement is true of the person-centered approach? a. Reflection is used a lot yet the counselor rarely gives advice. b. Advice is given a lot. c. Reflection is rarely utilized. d. Closed-ended questions keep the sessions moving at a fast pace.

a. Reflection is used a lot yet the counselor rarely gives advice.

An important technique in structural family therapy is joining. Which statement most accurately depicts this intervention? a. The therapist meets, greets, and attempts to bond with the family. The therapist will use language similar to that of the family and mimesis which means that he or she will mimic communication patterns b. The therapist is professional but distant c. The therapist joins the family and sympathizes with their difficulties d. Joining is used during the final session of therapy

a. The therapist meets, greets, and attempts to bond with the family. The therapist will use language similar to that of the family and mimesis which means that he or she will mimic communication patterns

Child-centered play therapy (CCPT) is experiencing rapid growth in popularity and spawning research. This modality was created by a. Virginia Mae Axline, an associate of Carl R. Rogers who penned Dibs In Search of Self. b. Carl R. Rogers, who created client-centered/personcentered counseling. c. Gerard Egan, author of the well-known text, the Skilled Helper. d. Anna Freud, daughter of Sigmund Freud.

a. Virginia Mae Axline, an associate of Carl R. Rogers who penned Dibs In Search of Self.

You conduct a true experiment. The results between the several groups are statistically significant. You have rejected the null hypothesis. a. You should still provide an effect size (ES) statistic. b. You would not need to provide the effect size (ES) since the data indicate there is a statistical significance. c. You would not need to provide the effect size (ES) since the ES only applies to correlations and this is a true experiment. d. You could provide the effect size (ES), but since it is a true experiment this information could be very misleading.

a. You should still provide an effect size (ES) statistic.

You are a school counselor who wishes to refer a student with an orthopedic disability to a private therapist. In general, the best referral would be to a. a CRC. b. a MAC. c. a licensed clinical psychologist. d. a licensed social worker.

a. a CRC.

Classical conditioning is based on paired learning, whereas operant conditioning is predicated on rewards or punishment. In a classical conditioning experiment a dog was trained to salivate to a bell which was originally presented about 0.5 second before the meat. The bell is a. a CS or conditioned stimulus. b. an NS or neutral stimulus. c. a UR or unconditioned response. d. a CR or conditioned response.

a. a CS or conditioned stimulus.

In terms of diagnosis, a. a client's behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another b. culture is irrelevant in children under 14 c. culture is an issue with males but not with females d. culture is an issue with females but not with males

a. a client's behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another

According to Carl Whitaker, a. a co-therapist is helpful. b. a co-therapist should never be used. c. a co-therapist should be used only with blended families. d. all of the above could be true.

a. a co-therapist is helpful.

Strategic family counselors often rely on relabeling or reframing. A client says his girlfriend yells at him every time he engages in a certain behavior. The best example of reframing or relabeling would be a. a counselor who remarks, "Research seems to show that when she yells at you it is because she loves you so much. A woman often feels foolish if she hugs or kisses you in a situation like that." b. a counselor who remarks, "Can you tell me about it in the present moment, as if she is yelling at you this very minute?" c. a counselor who remarks, "you are upset by her verbal assaults." d. a counselor who remarks, "are you really hurt by your girlfriend's remarks or is it the fact that you are telling yourself how catastrophic it is that she said these things?"

a. a counselor who remarks, "Research seems to show that when she yells at you it is because she loves you so much. A woman often feels foolish if she hugs or kisses you in a situation like that."

NBCC ethics caution counselors against sexual harassment. An example of an ethics violation in this respect would be a. a female counselor who tells a male client how sexy his hairy chest looks when he leaves his shirt unbuttoned. The male client blushes and appears uncomfortable. b. a male counselor who smiles to reinforce a female client (who is overly critical of her looks) who has just said that she is beginning to accept her feminine qualities. c. a female career counselor who tells a male client that she feels his gray flannel suit would be the most appropriate for a given job interview. d. when a client who has been very depressed and neglecting her looks comes into the therapy session looking much better and the counselor comments, "You certainly look nice today."

a. a female counselor who tells a male client how sexy his hairy chest looks when he leaves his shirt unbuttoned. The male client blushes and appears uncomfortable.

Holland believed that a. a given occupation will tend to attract persons with similar personalities. b. a given occupation will tend to attract persons with a very wide range of personality attributes. c. one's personality is, for the most part, unrelated to one's occupational choice. d. b and c.

a. a given occupation will tend to attract persons with similar personalities.

Some theorists object to the word unstructured in group work because a. a group cannot not have structure. b. only structured groups are effective. c. unstructured groups are hardly therapeutic. d. unstructured refers only to counseling and not to therapy groups.

a. a group cannot not have structure.

The ordinal scale rank orders variables, though the relative distance between the elements is not always equal. An example of this would be a. a horse categorized as a second-place winner in a race. b. an IQ score of 111. c. the weight of an Olympic barbell set. d. a temperature of 78 degrees Fahrenheit.

a. a horse categorized as a second-place winner in a race.

According to the Premack principle, an efficient reinforcer is what the client himself or herself likes to do. Thus, in this procedure a. a lower-probability behavior is reinforced by a higher- probability behavior. b. a higher-probability behavior is reinforced by a lower- probability behavior. c. a and b are paradoxically both effective. d. none of the above.

a. a lower-probability behavior is reinforced by a higher- probability behavior.

Postmodernist Tom Anderson, a psychiatrist from Norway, became disenchanted with traditional family therapy. He began using a radical approach based primarily on a. a one-way mirror and reflecting treatment team b. three therapists c. the gestalt empty chair technique d. homework assignments

a. a one-way mirror and reflecting treatment team

The significance of the Little Albert experiment by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner was that a. a phobia could be a learned behavior. b. it provided concrete proof that Skinner's model was correct. c. it provided concrete proof that Pavlov's model was correct. d. none of the above.

a. a phobia could be a learned behavior.

The term skeleton keys as used in Steve de Shazer's brief solution-focused therapy indicates a. a standard or stock intervention that will work for numerous problems b. a technique where the client goes home to see his or her family of origin c. a technique that works for one specific problem, but usually will not work with other difficulties d. a technique in which the therapist hands the client or clients a sheet of paper with a compliment on it

a. a standard or stock intervention that will work for numerous problems

In a normal curve the mean, the median, and the mode all fall precisely in the middle of the curve. From a graphical standpoint the so-called normal or Gaussian curve (named after the astronomer and mathematician K. F. Gauss) looks like a. a symmetrical bell. b. the top half of a bowling ball. c. the top half of a hot dog. d. a mountain which is leaning toward the left.

a. a symmetrical bell.

A counselor decides to use biofeedback training to help a client raise the temperature in his right hand to ward off migraines. He would utilize a. a temperature trainer. b. EMG feedback. c. EEG neurofeedback. d. EKG feedback.

a. a temperature trainer.

Test bias primarily results from a. a test being normed solely on white middle-class clients. b. the use of projective measures. c. using whites to score the test. d. using IQ rather than personality tests.

a. a test being normed solely on white middle-class clients.

Francis Galton felt intelligence was a. a unitary faculty. b. best explained via a two factor theory. c. best explained via the person's environment. d. fluid and crystallized in nature.

a. a unitary faculty.

Mr. Donald is seeing you for a gambling addiction problem. Several years ago he won a huge amount of money at the casino from a slot machine. As soon as he pulled the handle he snapped his fingers. Now he always snaps his fingers after he pulls a slot machine handle. His superstition can best be explained by a. accidental reinforcement. b. contingent reinforcement. c. shaping with successive approximations. d. the fact that he has savant tendencies.

a. accidental reinforcement.

State laws can govern title usage and practice, however, they do not govern a. accreditation. b. counselor licensure. c. psychologist licensure. d. involuntary commitment to state psychiatric facilities.

a. accreditation.

The word personalism in the context of multicultural counseling means a. all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands. b. the counselor must adjust to the client's cultural mores. c. a counselor who personalizes the treatment is most effective. d. biologically speaking, there is no reason why humans must adjust to environmental demands.

a. all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands.

According to researchers, groups are effective a. although researchers cannot pinpoint precisely why this is true. b. due to increased transference in group work. c. due to better morale in a group setting. d. due to the emphasis on cognitive restructuring.

a. although researchers cannot pinpoint precisely why this is true.

The interval scale has numbers scaled at equal distances but has no absolute zero point. Most tests used in school fall into this category. You can add and subtract using interval scales but cannot multiply or divide. An example of this would be that a. an IQ of 70 is 70 points below an IQ of 140, yet a counselor could not assert that a client with an IQ of 140 is twice as intelligent as a client with an IQ of 70. b. a 20 lb weight is half as heavy as a 40 lb weight. c. a first-place runner is three times as fast as the third-place finisher. d. a baseball player with number 9 on his uniform can get 9 times more hits than player number 1.

a. an IQ of 70 is 70 points below an IQ of 140, yet a counselor could not assert that a client with an IQ of 140 is twice as intelligent as a client with an IQ of 70.

Counselors who support John Holland's approach believe that a. an appropriate job allows one to express his or her personality. b. stereotypes cannot be considered relevant. c. four major personality categories exist. d. sublimation is the major factor in job selection.

a. an appropriate job allows one to express his or her personality.

In terms of group risks a. an ethical leader will discuss them during the initial session with a client. b. an ethical leader should never discuss risks with a client. c. research has demonstrated that the less said about them, the better the group will interact. d. an ethical leader allows the group to discover risks and work through them at their own pace.

a. an ethical leader will discuss them during the initial session with a client.

The DOT was first published by the U.S. Department of Labor in 1938. The first three digits in a DOT code referred to a. an occupational group. b. career options. c. OOH data. d. the transfer of skills.

a. an occupational group.

A male client tells his counselor that he is attracted to "a gorgeous woman who is violent and chemically dependent." This creates an a. approach-avoidance conflict. b. avoidance-avoidance conflict. c. avoidance of life space. d. approach affiliation.

a. approach-avoidance conflict.

The WAIS-IV is given to 100,000 individuals in the United States who are picked at random. A counselor would expect that a. approximately 68% would score between 85 and 115. b. approximately 68% would score between 70 and 130. c. the mean IQ would be 112. d. 50% of those tested would score 112 or above.

a. approximately 68% would score between 85 and 115.

Edwin Bordin felt that difficulties related to job choice a. are indicative of neurotic symptoms. b. are indicative of inappropriate reinforcers in the environment. c. are related to a lack of present moment awareness. d. are the result of irrational cognitions.

a. are indicative of neurotic symptoms.

A client says she has always stayed home and raised her children. Now the children are grown and she is seeking employment. She is best described a. as a displaced homemaker. b. as a victim of underemployment. c. by conducting a job analysis. d. as a victim of the hidden job market.

a. as a displaced homemaker.

A family wants to see you for counseling: however, they have a very limited income and can't afford to pay. You therefore agree to see the family for free (i.e., pro bono). The term that best describes your actions would be a. aspirational ethics b. mandatory ethics c. empathy d. all of the above

a. aspirational ethics

According to the risky shift phenomenon, a group decision will a. be less conservative than the average group member's decision, prior to the group discussion. b. be more conservative than the average group member's decision, prior to the group discussion. c. often be aggressive or illegal. d. violate the group's confidentiality norms.

a. be less conservative than the average group member's decision, prior to the group discussion.

Most experts predict that in the twenty-first century, theories of counseling and psychotherapy will a. become more integrative, since about 30-50% of all therapists say they are eclectic b. become more behavioristic, since this is the approach that uses statistical outcomes c. become more rogerian, since the world as a whole is becoming more humanistic d. not tolerate eclecticism, since it is not scientific

a. become more integrative, since about 30-50% of all therapists say they are eclectic

A counselor instructs her client to read A Guide to Rational Living by Albert Ellis and Robert Harper. This is an example of a. bibliotherapy. b. countertransference. c. musturbation. d. concreteness.

a. bibliotherapy.

In terms of parenting young children a. boys are punished more than girls. b. girls are punished more than boys. c. boys and girls are treated in a similar fashion. d. boys show more caregiver behavior.

a. boys are punished more than girls.

A man has a rare, highly contagious disease that is fatal. He is keeping it a secret and insists that he will never tell his wife. You should a. break confidentiality and tell his wife b. honor the man's decision not to tell his wife for therapeutic reasons c. honor the man's decision not to tell his wife in order to maintain ethical confidentiality d. handle it based on your clinical intuition since ethical guidelines fail to address this emotionally charged issue.

a. break confidentiality and tell his wife

According to the human growth and development notion of plasticity every client you see a. can alter his or her traits at any point in the life span. b. has his or her behavior governed by critical periods. c. must be aware of the fact that change is not an ongoing process. d. must be aware that most processes of change are merely random.

a. can alter his or her traits at any point in the life span.

Family counselors generally believe in a. circular/reciprocal causality (e.g. dynamics of family members) b. linear causality c. random causality d. dream analysis

a. circular/reciprocal causality (e.g. dynamics of family members)

Counselors can more easily advise a. clients from their own culture. b. clients from a different culture. c. clients of a different race. d. clients utilizing ethnocentric statements.

a. clients from their own culture.

Counselors often shy away from self-reports since a. clients often give inaccurate answers. b. ACA ethics do not allow them. c. clients need a very high IQ to understand them. d. they are generally very lengthy.

a. clients often give inaccurate answers.

A good guess would be that if you would correlate the length of CACREP graduates' baby toes with their CPCE scores the result would be a. close to 0.00. b. close to a perfect 1.00. c. close to a perfect negative correlation of -1.00. d. be about +.70.

a. close to 0.00.

The System of Interactive Guidance and Information (SIGI) and Choices are a. computer-assisted career guidance systems (CACG). b. paper and pencil career tests. c. career theories proposed in the 1940s. d. computer systems which are slower to use than traditional texts such as the DOT or the OOH.

a. computer-assisted career guidance systems (CACG).

One major testing trend is a. computer-assisted testing and computer interpretations. b. more paper and pencil measures. c. to give school children more standardized tests. d. to train pastoral counselors to do projective testing.

a. computer-assisted testing and computer interpretations.

Most ethical dilemmas are related to a. confidentiality. b. testing. c. diagnosis. d. research.

a. confidentiality.

From a Freudian perspective, a client who has a problem with alcoholism and excessive smoking would be a. considered an oral character b. considered an anal character c. considered a genital character d. fixated at the latency stage

a. considered an oral character

The newest career theory would be a. constructivist and cognitive approaches b. the trait-and-factor approach c. the developmental and psychoanalytic approaches d. the transactional analysis approach

a. constructivist and cognitive approaches

Reality therapy has incorporated a. control theory, later referred to as choice theory. b. rational imagery. c. TA principles. d. rolfing.

a. control theory, later referred to as choice theory.

You find yourself sexually attracted to a client. This is known as a. countertransference. b. ambivalent transference. c. negative transference. d. positive transference.

a. countertransference.

John B. Watson is to cause as Mary Cover Jones is to a. cure. b. Skinner. c. Piaget. d. NLP.

a. cure.

A client goes to a string of 14 chemical dependency centers that operate on the 12-step model. When his current therapist suggests a new inpatient program the client responds with, "What for, I already know the 12 steps?" This client is using a. deductive logic. b. inductive logic. c. an empathic assertion. d. an I statement.

a. deductive logic.

A teenager who had his heart set on winning a tennis match broke his arm in an auto accident. He sends in an entry form to play in the competition which begins just days after the accident. His behavior is influenced by a. denial. b. displacement of anger. c. sublimation. d. organ inferiority.

a. denial.

Intersexuality a. describes an individual with male and female sexual characteristics and possibly male and female internal or external sex organs. b. describes a person who is always gay. c. describes a person who is always heterosexual. d. describes a person who is a cross-dresser.

a. describes an individual with male and female sexual characteristics and possibly male and female internal or external sex organs.

A statistical Norm measures actual conduct, while a cultural norm a. describes how people are supposed to act b. has little to do with expectations c. is irrelevant when counseling a client d. all of the above

a. describes how people are supposed to act

P = .05 really means that a. differences truly exist; the experimenter will obtain the same results 95 times out of 100. b. differences truly exist; the experimenter will obtain the same results 99 times out of 100. c. there is a 95% error factor. d. there is a 10% error factor.

a. differences truly exist; the experimenter will obtain the same results 95 times out of 100.

A man receives a nickel an hour pay raise. He was expecting a 1 dollar per hour raise. He is furious but nonassertive. He thus smiles and thanks his boss. That night he yells at his wife for no apparent reason. This is an example of a. displacement. b. denial. c. identification. d a Type II error.

a. displacement.

Sybil was a famous client who had 15 personalities. At the time Sybil was said to suffer from multiple personality disorder (MPD). Today her diagnosis would be a. dissociative identity disorder. b. a mood disorder. c. related to RS issues. d. a personality disorder.

a. dissociative identity disorder.

A large study at a major university gave an experimental group of clients a new type of therapy that was intended to ameliorate test anxiety. The control group did not receive the new therapy. Neither the clients nor the researchers knew which students received the new treatment. This was a a. double-blind study. b. single-blind study. c. typical AB design. d. case of correlational research.

a. double-blind study.

Aaron T. Beck, an ex-psychoanalytic psychiatrist who created the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), a self-report questionnaire, also developed an approach known as cognitive therapy. Although cognitive therapy is similar to REBT, Beck insisted that a. dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad though not necessarily irrational. b. the Oedipus complex is central to the treatment process. c. cognitive therapy is contraindicated in cases of phobia. d. cognitive therapy is contraindicated in cases of anxiety.

a. dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad though not necessarily irrational.

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agreed that a. each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage b. developmental stages are primarily psychosexual c. developmental stages are primarily psychosocial d. a person can proceed to a higher stage even if a lower stage is unsolved

a. each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage

Multicultural counseling promotes a. eclecticism. b. rigidity. c. psychodynamic models. d. neurolinguistic programming (NLP).

a. eclecticism.

During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget's stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, "The rain is following me." This is an example of a. egocentrism b. conservation c. centration d. abstract thought

a. egocentrism

A counselor is confronted with his or her first Native American client. Native Americans (also called American Indians on some exams) are descendants of the original inhabitants of North America. After the initial session, the counselor secures several books which delineate the cultural aspects of Native American life. She discovers that there are over 560 federally recognized tribes in the United States. This counselor most likely believes in the a. emic viewpoint. b. alloplastic viewpoint. c. etic viewpoint. d. autoplastic viewpoint.

a. emic viewpoint.

The order of the four processes that MI uses is a. engaging, focusing, evoking, and planning. b. engaging, evoking, focusing, and planning. c. evoking, focusing, engaging, and planning. d. planning, engaging, focusing, and evoking.

a. engaging, focusing, evoking, and planning.

According to assimilation-contrast theory, a client will perceive a counselor's statement that is somewhat like his or her own beliefs as even more similar (i.e., an assimilation error). He or she would perceive any dissimilar attitudes as a. even more dissimilar (i.e., a contrast error). b. standardization. c. similar to his or her own. d. paraphrasing.

a. even more dissimilar (i.e., a contrast error).

Adler was one of the first therapists who relied on paradox. Using this strategy, a client (who was a student in a counselor preparation program) who was afraid to give a presentation in front of his counseling class for fear he might shake and embarrass himself would be instructed to a. exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class. b. practice relaxation techniques for 10-20 minutes before the speech. c. practice rational self-talk. d. practice rational thinking.

a. exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class.

Rogers's approach is characterized as a(n) ________ approach. a. existential or humanistic b. cognitive c. cognitive-behavioral d. neodynamic

a. existential or humanistic

The department chair was further amused by the poodle's tendency to be able to discriminate one CS from another (see Q 273). He thus told the students to teach the dog to salivate only to the horn on his Ford but not one on a graduate student's Chevrolet truck. In reality, the horns on the two vehicles sounded nearly identical. The training was seemingly unsuccessful inasmuch as the dog merely took to very loud barking. In this case a. experimental neurosis set in. b. irradiation became a reality. c. borderline personality traits no doubt played a role. d. a covert process confounded the experiment.

a. experimental neurosis set in.

Good multicultural counselors are a. flexible. b. rigid. c. utilize Eric Berne's transactional analysis (TA), Fritz Perl's gestalt therapy, and/or William Glasser's reality therapy in nearly every case. d. generally behavioristic.

a. flexible.

The ACA and the ASGW division recommend screening for potential group members a. for all groups. b. only when the group is in a hospital inpatient setting. c. only when the group is composed of minors. d. only if the group deals with chemical dependency.

a. for all groups.

Group cohesiveness refers to a. forces which tend to bind group members together. b. an analysis of group content. c. a common coleadership style. d. a style of leadership.

a. forces which tend to bind group members together.

Standardized tests always have a. formal procedures for test administration and scoring. b. a mean of 100 and an SD of 15. c. a mean of 100 and a standard error of measurement of 3. d. a reliability coefficient of +.90 or above.

a. formal procedures for test administration and scoring.

he DSM-5 no longer uses a multiaxial classification system or GAF scale. Diagnostic codes have ___ digits. a. four or five b. two c. nine (which correspond to the DOT) d. 12

a. four or five

Existential counselors emphasize the client's a. free choice, decision, and will. b. transference. c. slips of tongue. d. latent dream symbolism.

a. free choice, decision, and will.

A female group member is obviously not participating. A group member playing the ____ is most likely to mention this and urge her to participate. a. gatekeeper b. interrogator c. scapegoat d. storyteller

a. gatekeeper

A client who says, "I feel I cannot really become an administrator in our agency because I am a woman" is showing an example of a. gender bias. b. counselor bias. c. the trait-and-factor theory. d. developmental theory and career choice.

a. gender bias.

You are conducting a program evaluation (PE) for your 501(c)(3) nonprofit counseling agency. You should begin by a. getting the support of the staff, administration, and clients. b. writing a grant to fund the study. c. asking United Way for help. d. taking the steps in choices b and c.

a. getting the support of the staff, administration, and clients.

A new IQ test which yielded results nearly identical to other standardized measures would be said to have a. good concurrent validity. b. good face validity. c. superb internal consistency. d. all of the above.

a. good concurrent validity.

A counselor educator is teaching two separate classes in individual inventory. In the morning class the counselor educator has 53 students and in the afternoon class she has 177 students. A statistician would expect that the range of scores on a test would be a. greater in the afternoon class than the morning class. b. smaller in the afternoon class. c. impossible to speculate about without more data. d. nearly the same in either class.

a. greater in the afternoon class than the morning class.

Experts predict that in the future a. group leaders will be more like life-skills trainers. b. group leaders will become more person-centered. c. group leaders will return to a psychodynamic viewpoint. d. groups will lose their popularity and eventually die out.

a. group leaders will be more like life-skills trainers.

Group IQ tests like the Otis-Lennon, the Lorge-Thorndike, and the California Test of Mental Abilities are popular in school settings. The advantage is that a. group tests are quicker to administer. b. group tests are superior in terms of predicting school performance. c. group tests always have a higher degree of reliability. d. individual IQ tests are not appropriate for school children.

a. group tests are quicker to administer.

Regardless of culture, the popular individual a. has good social skills b. values race over ethnicity c. dresses in the latest style d. never possesses a modal personality

a. has good social skills

In strategic family counseling the person with the power in the family a. has the authority to make rules and enforce them b. is usually extremely aggressive c. is usually not willing to follow a family therapist's prescriptions or directives d. is the one who talks the most

a. has the authority to make rules and enforce them

A job test which predicted future performance on a job very well would a. have high criterion/predictive validity. b. have excellent face validity. c. have excellent construct validity. d. not have incremental validity or synthetic validity.

a. have high criterion/predictive validity.

Warren needs to conduct a study. His supervisor wants him to use a parametric inferential statistic. This means that a. he will need to use random sampling and the distribution is normal. b. he will need to use a convenience sample or a volunteer sample. c. his distribution will be positively skewed. d. his distribution will be bimodal.

a. he will need to use random sampling and the distribution is normal.

The standard error of measurement tells you a. how accurate or inaccurate a test score is. b. what population responds best to the test. c. something about social loafing. d. the number of people used in norming the test.

a. how accurate or inaccurate a test score is.

When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean a. how much heredity or environment interact to influence development b. that the focus is skewed in favor of biological attributes c. a & b d. a theory proposed B F Skinner's colleagues

a. how much heredity or environment interact to influence development

Freud felt that successful resolution of the Oedipus complex led to the development of the superego. This is accomplished by a. identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex. b. analysis during the childhood years. c. identification with the parent of the opposite sex, the aggressor. d. transference.

a. identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex.

One major disadvantage of a closed group versus an open group is that a. if everyone quits, you will be left with no group members. b. closed groups cannot provide depth therapy. c. it promotes paranoid feelings in group members. d. closed groups are much more structured.

a. if everyone quits, you will be left with no group members.

A counselor decides to treat a client's phobia of flying utilizing Wolpe's technique of systematic desensitization. The first step in the anxiety hierarchy items would be a. imagining that she is calling the airlines for reservations. b. imagining that she is boarding the plane. c. imagining a flight in an airplane. d. an actual flight in an airplane.

a. imagining that she is calling the airlines for reservations.

One distinction between flooding (also known as "deliberate exposure with response prevention" in recent literature) and implosive therapy is that a. implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination. b. flooding is always conducted in the imagination. c. flooding is always safer. d. implosive therapy is physically more dangerous.

a. implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination.

In experimental terminology IV stands for ___ and DV stands for ___. a. independent variable; dependent variable b. dependent variable; independent variable c. individual variable; dependent variable d. independent variable; designer variable

a. independent variable; dependent variable

The trait-and-factor approach fails to take ______ into account. a. individual change throughout the life span b. relevant psychometric data c. personality d. job requirements

a. individual change throughout the life span

One advantage of group work is that a counselor can see more clients in a given period of time. One disadvantage is that a counselor can be too focused on group processes and a. individual issues are not properly examined. b. the group becomes too behavioristic. c. a and b. d. the group focuses too much on content.

a. individual issues are not properly examined.

Skinner's operant conditioning is also referred to as a. instrumental learning. b. classical conditioning. c. cognitive learning. d. learning via insight.

a. instrumental learning.

Occam's Razor suggests that experimenters a. interpret the results in the simplest manner. b. interpret the results in the most complex manner. c. interpret the results using a correlation coefficient. d. interpret the results using a clinical interview.

a. interpret the results in the simplest manner.

Experiments emphasize parsimony, which means a. interpreting the results in the simplest way. b. interpreting the results in the most complex manner. c. interpreting the results using a correlation coefficient. d. interpreting the results using a clinical interview.

a. interpreting the results in the simplest way.

A client who has incorporated his father's values into his thought patterns is a product of a. introjection. b. repression. c. rationalization. d. displacement.

a. introjection.

Holland's psychological needs career personality theory would say that a research chemist is primarily the ____ type. a. investigative b. social c. enterprising d. artistic

a. investigative

A group leader who is counseling children under 10 years of age could best enhance the treatment process by a. involving parents and asking them for input. b. keeping the parents uninvolved. c. reminding the children to speak softly at all times d. b and c.

a. involving parents and asking them for input.

A counselor peruses a testing catalog in search of a test which will repeatedly give consistent results. The counselor a. is interested in reliability. b. is interested in validity. c. is looking for information which is not available. d. is magnifying an unimportant issue.

a. is interested in reliability.

Midlife career change a. is not that unusual. b. is often discussed, but in reality is very rare. c. would be extremely rare after the death of a spouse. d. would be extremely rare after all the children leave home.

a. is not that unusual.

The concept of job clubs as promoted by Azrin et al. a. is very behavioristic. b. is indicative of a client-centered approach. c. is psychodynamic. d. is appropriate, but not with disabled populations.

a. is very behavioristic.

In a culture-fair test a. items are known to the subject regardless of his or her culture. b. the test is not standardized. c. culture-free items cannot be utilized. d. African Americans generally score higher than whites.

a. items are known to the subject regardless of his or her culture.

A counselor is counseling an executive secretary. The counselor is writing a book and mentions this to the client. The counselor suggests that as paying for the counseling might be a hardship for the client so the client could type the counselor's manuscript. This is a. known as bartering and unethical as described here. b. known as bartering and ethical. c. known as bartering and is highly recommended for clients with limited income. d. is known as bartering and ethics encourage this practice whenever possible.

a. known as bartering and unethical as described here.

1024. Neurocounseling research indicates that the ___ is dominant ___. a. left hemisphere; in most people b. right hemisphere; in most people c. left hemisphere; in right-handed people d. left hemisphere; in 50% of the population

a. left hemisphere; in most people

A counselor who is seeing a client from a different culture would most likely expect ___ social conformity than he or she would from a client from his or her own culture a. less b. more c. the same d. more realistic

a. less

Parents who do not tolerate or use aggression when raising children produce a. less-aggressive children b. more-aggressive children c. passive-aggressive children d. passive-dependent children

a. less-aggressive children

Face validity refers to the extent that a test a. looks or appears to measure the intended attribute. b. measures a theoretical construct. c. appears to be constructed in an artistic fashion. d. can be compared to job performance.

a. looks or appears to measure the intended attribute.

Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, is famous for his "hierarchy of needs" which postulates a. low-order physiological and safety needs and higher-order needs, such as self-actualization b. that psychopathology rests within the id c. that unconscious drives control self-actualization d. that stimulus-response (S-R) psychology dictates behavioral attributes

a. low-order physiological and safety needs and higher-order needs, such as self-actualization

Roe's theory relies on Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the sense that in terms of career choice a. lower-order needs take precedence over higher-order needs. b. self-actualization needs take precedence over lower-order needs. c. all needs are given equal consideration. d. the need for self-actualization would overpower a physical need.

a. lower-order needs take precedence over higher-order needs.

Doing cross-cultural counseling a. makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences. b. allows counselors to see that culture is merely a matter of semantics. c. is different since clients are more likely to return for help after the first session. d. allows counselors to ignore the concept of pluralism.

a. makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences.

Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams. He called them a. mandalas. b. projective drawings. c. unconscious automatic writing. d. eidetic imagery.

a. mandalas.

Most scholars would assert that Freud's 1900 work entitled The Interpretation of Dreams was his most influential. Dreams have a. manifest and latent content. b. preconscious and unconscious factors. c. id and ego. d. superego and id.

a. manifest and latent content.

You refer a client to Dr. Smith. Ethically, Dr. Smith a. may not pay you a referral fee for sending her the client. b. may pay you a referral fee if you have a written contract with her. c. may pay you a referral fee if she has expertise in the client's area of concern and you don't and the client gives you written permission. d. can pay you a referral fee if, and only if, she is a psychiatrist.

a. may not pay you a referral fee for sending her the client.

The most useful measure of central tendency is the a. mean, often abbreviated by an X with a bar over it. b. median, often abbreviated by Md. or Mdn. c. mode, often abbreviated by Mo. d. point of maximum concentration.

a. mean, often abbreviated by an X with a bar over it.

A major advantage of group work versus individual work is that a. members learn to give help in addition to receiving it and group sessions generally cost less than individual counseling sessions. b. the leader has a less complex role than that of an individual counselor. c. the group leader nearly always possesses more training than an individual counselor. d. all of the above.

a. members learn to give help in addition to receiving it and group sessions generally cost less than individual counseling sessions.

The number of people in an open group is generally a. more stable than in a closed group. b. much smaller after an extended period of time than in a closed group. c. significantly larger than in a closed group. d. more dependent on the group leader's marketing skills than in a closed group.

a. more stable than in a closed group.

Most countries have an official language, a stated viewpoint, and a central government. This is reflected mainly by a. national culture b. human culture c. regional culture d. ecological culture

a. national culture

In the Dictionary of Occupational Titles each job was given a ________ digit code. a. nine b. eight c. six d. five

a. nine

Most experts in the field of counseling agree that a. no one theory completely explains developmental processes; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories b. Eriksonian theory should be used by counselors practicing at virtually any modality c. a counselor who incorporates Piaget's stages into his or her thinking would not necessarily need knowledge of rival therapeutic viewpoints d. a realistic counselor needs to pick one developmental theory in the same manner that he or she picks a psychotherapeutic persuasion

a. no one theory completely explains developmental processes; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories

The school of counseling created by Carl R. Rogers, Ph.D., has undergone three name changes. Initially it was called ______, then _____, and in 1974 it changed to ____. a. nondirective; client-centered; person-centered. b. directive; nondirective; client-centered. c. person-centered; Rogerian, nondirective. d. client-centered; person-centered; nondirective.

a. nondirective; client-centered; person-centered.

TA is a cognitive model of therapy which asserts that healthy communication transactions a. occur where vectors of communication run parallel. b. are known as crossed transactions. c. are always between the Child and Adult ego states. d. are always empathic.

a. occur where vectors of communication run parallel.

A counselor doing multicultural career counseling should be aware a. of his or her own ethnocentric biases. b. that Asian Americans rarely choose scientific careers. c. that African American males will often choose enterprising jobs in terms of Holland's typology. d. that career inventories have eliminated cultural biases.

a. of his or her own ethnocentric biases.

Statistics reveal that a. on average, a worker with a bachelor's degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school diploma. b. fewer workers possess a high school diploma than ever before. c. blue-collar jobs are growing faster than white-collar jobs. d. older workers are slower than younger workers and have fewer skills.

a. on average, a worker with a bachelor's degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school diploma.

You are seeing a husband and wife for marriage counseling. During one of the sessions you decide to see them separately. The husband tells you he has seen an attorney because he is filing for divorce. He has not told his wife and indicates that he will not do so. You feel the wife has a right to know this because it will help her plan for the future. You should a. only tell his wife if he gives you permission b. communicate his intent to his wife since ethics guidelines state you may do so when a member of the couple is contemplating divorce c. not tell the wife since research indicates that women respond more positively to divorce when they have less time to think about it. d. terminate the husband unless he tells her

a. only tell his wife if he gives you permission

The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual or libidinal stages is: a. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital b. oral, anal, genital, phallic, latency c. oral, phallic, latency, genital, anal d. phallic, genital, latency, oral, anal

a. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

The y axis is used to plot the frequency of the DVs. The y axis could also be called the ______ on your exam. a. ordinate b. abscissa c. IV d. horizontal axis

a. ordinate

An operational definition a. outlines a procedure. b. is theoretical. c. outlines a construct. d. is synonymous with the word axiom.

a. outlines a procedure.

The directive or prescription given to the smoker in the previous question could best be described as a. paradoxical intervention b. cognitive intervention c. an object relations intervention d. a behavioristic intervention

a. paradoxical intervention

The superego contains the ego ideal. The superego strives for ________, rather than ________ like the id. a. perfection; pleasure b. pleasure; perfection c. morals; ethics d. logic; reality

a. perfection; pleasure

A gestalt therapist is most likely going to deal with a client's projection via a. playing the projection technique. b. the empty chair technique. c. converting questions to statements. d. a behavioral contract.

a. playing the projection technique.

If data indicate that students who study a lot get very high scores on state counselor licensing exams, then the correlation between study time and LPC exam scores would be a. positive. b. negative. c. 0.00. d. impossible to ascertain.

a. positive.

In a counseling session, a counselor asked a patient to recall what transpired three months ago to trigger her depression. There was silence for about two and one-half minutes. The client then began to remember. This exchange most likely illustrates the function of the a. preconscious mind. b. ego ideal. c. conscious mind. d. unconscious mind.

a. preconscious mind.

Kohlberg's 3 levels of morality are a. preconventional, conventional, postconventional b. formal, preformal, self-accepted c. self-accepted, other directed, authority directed d. preconventional, formal, authority directed

a. preconventional, conventional, postconventional

A fairly recent model to explain career development is the decision approach. The Gelatt Decision Model created by Harry B. Gelatt refers to information as "the fuel of the decision." The Gelatt Model asserts that information can be organized into three systems: a. predictive, value, and decision. b. internal, external, and in-between. c. predictive, external, and internal. d. internal and external.

a. predictive, value, and decision.

Primary groups are a. preventive and attempt to ward off problems. b. always follow a person-centered paradigm. c. generally utilized for long-term psychotherapy. d. always focused on the client's childhood.

a. preventive and attempt to ward off problems.

When a counselor speaks of a probable outcome in a case, he or she is technically referring to the a. prognosis b. diagnosis c. intervention d. attending behavior

a. prognosis

Gestalt therapy, a paradigm that focuses on awareness in the here and now incorporates a. psychodrama. b. Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy, which asserts that maladaptive thinking creates emotional disturbance and thus clients should record dysfunctional thoughts. c. conditioned reflex therapy. d. client-centered therapy.

a. psychodrama.

Stage theorists assume a. qualitative changes between stages occur. b. differences surely exist but usually can't be measured. c. that humanistic psychology is the only model which truly supports the stage viewpoint. d. b and c.

a. qualitative changes between stages occur.

A male is supervising a female counselor for state licensing. He tells her that he will continue to supervise her as long as she has sex with him. This is an example of a. quid pro quo. b. a legal but not an ethical violation. c. a and b. d. none of the above.

a. quid pro quo.

A client remarks, "Hey, I'm African American and it's nearly impossible to hide it." This is illustrative of the fact that a. race is not the same as ethnicity. b. race and ethnicity are virtually identical. c. a connotative impediment exists. d. severe ambivalent transference exists.

a. race is not the same as ethnicity.

Unpleasant feelings after a person creates a game are called a. rackets. b. lifescripts. c. the Little Professor. d. an analysis of variance.

a. rackets.

The two basic classes of intermittent reinforcement schedules are the _____, based on the number of responses and the _____, based on the time elapsed. a. ratio; interval b. interval; ratio c. continuous; ratio d. interval; continuous

a. ratio; interval

William Glasser, M.D., is to reality therapy as Albert Ellis, Ph.D., is to a. rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT). b. transactional analysis (TA). c. assertiveness training (AT). d. gestalt therapy.

a. rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT).

Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material. This is a. reaction formation. b. introjection. c. projection. d. rationalization.

a. reaction formation.

When a counselor speaks of what he or she believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint, he or she technically is referring to a. recommendations b. the diagnosis c. the prognosis d. the notion of transference

a. recommendations

Coleadership a. reduces burnout and helps ensure safety. b. increases burnout. c. has no impact on burnout. d. should not be used for open groups.

a. reduces burnout and helps ensure safety.

A counselor is seeing a client on a managed care plan. Unfortunately, the client has used up her maximum number of sessions for the year. The counselor is convinced that the client is in need of additional counseling, however, the counselor's agency will not allow him to see her for any additional sessions. The best plan of action would be for the counselor to a. refer the client for continued counseling to a practitioner who will see the client whether or not she has managed care benefits. b. empathize with the client, but be sure to explain that she is catastrophizing (an irrational thought pattern delineated by Albert Ellis) and use REBT, a cognitive therapy, to help her cope with the fact that she cannot be seen again until next year. c. threaten to sue the managed care company, since this the company's policy would be in violation of ethical care for the client. d. see the client, but don't tell your supervisor. This is both legal and ethical.

a. refer the client for continued counseling to a practitioner who will see the client whether or not she has managed care benefits.

A woman comes to you for help with an eating disorder. You have no experience or training in this area. Ethically you should a. refer this client to a colleague who is indeed trained and experienced with this type of client. b. keep the client and work on her general lack of self-esteem. c. tell the client you will do a comprehensive Internet search on the topic and then begin seeing her. d. explain to the client that a symptom such as eating or not eating is not the real problem and that counseling focuses on real underlying issues.

a. refer this client to a colleague who is indeed trained and experienced with this type of client.

Respondent behavior refers to a. reflexes. b. operants. c. a type of phobia. d. punishment.

a. reflexes.

Therapeutic cognitive restructuring really refers to a. refuting irrational ideas and replacing them with rational ones. b. keeping a journal of irrational thoughts. c. allowing the client to purge feelings. d. uncovering relevant unconscious material.

a. refuting irrational ideas and replacing them with rational ones.

Most therapists agree that ego defense mechanisms are unconscious and deny or distort reality. Rationalization, compensation, repression, projection, reaction formation, identification, introjection, denial, and displacement are ego defense mechanisms. According to Freudians, the most important defense mechanism is a. repression. b. reaction formation. c. denial. d. sublimation

a. repression.

A woman is having difficulties at her place of employment. Her husband turns to her in a session and says, "you're on your own, I've got my own problems." A structural family therapist would assert that the boundaries between this couple are a. rigid b. clear c. diffuse d. a combination of a and c

a. rigid

A family actually changes the structure of their family system. According to Watzlawick, Weakland, and Fisch that family has achieved a. second-order change that is more desirable than first-order change b. first-order change that is more desirable than second-order change c. medication d. a greek chorus

a. second-order change that is more desirable than first-order change

In Piaget's developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the a. sensorimotor stage b. formal operational stage c. preoperational stage d. acquisition of conservation

a. sensorimotor stage

The schema (mental representation of the real world) of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the a. sensorimotor stage b. preoperational stage c. concrete operational stage d. formal operational stage

a. sensorimotor stage

During the initial session of a group the leader explains that no smoking and no cursing will be permitted. This is known as a. setting ground rules. b. Ambivalent transference. c. blocking. d. scapegoating.

a. setting ground rules.

John Krumboltz proposes a ___ model of career development. a. social learning behavioristic b. trait-and-factor c. developmental d. psychoanalytic

a. social learning behavioristic

A monolingual U.S. counselor a. speaks only English. b. speaks English and Spanish. c. works as a counseling interpreter. d. fits the definition of bilingual.

a. speaks only English.

Cloe Madanes and Jay Haley are associated with the ___ school of family counseling. a. strategic b. behavioral c. psychodynamic d. object relations

a. strategic

A test can be defined as a systematic method of measuring a sample of behavior. Test format refers to the manner in which test items are presented. The format of an essay test is considered a(n) ___ format. a. subjective b. objective c. very precise d. concise

a. subjective

A group leader who asks each group member to recapitulate what he or she has learned during a given session is promoting a. summarization, the act of briefly stating what has transpired or discussed. b. clarification, the act of making certain that the leader and the group truly understand the key factors related to what a member is attempting to communicate. c. blocking, the act of putting a halt to a group member's actions that might have a negative impact on other group members. d. linking, the act of pointing out similarities between clients.

a. summarization, the act of briefly stating what has transpired or discussed.

Kohlberg proposed three levels of morality. Freud, on the other hand, felt morality developed from the a. superego b. ego c. id d. eros

a. superego

One method of testing reliability is to give the same test to the same group of people two times and then correlate the scores. This is called a. test-retest reliability. b. equivalent forms reliability. c. alternate forms reliability. d. the split-half method.

a. test-retest reliability.

Glasser suggested eight steps in the reality therapy process. The final step asserts a. that the client and counselor be persistent and never give up. b. that some problems will not respond to any known plan of action. c. that counselors should contract with the client for no more than five counseling sessions. d. that a client who does not respond to the first seven steps is most likely a borderline personality.

a. that the client and counselor be persistent and never give up.

A counselor educator is giving a seminar on the DSM-5. She gives the students a handout and it lists hoarding disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder as both having the same 300.3 code. This most likely explanation is: a. that this could be correct since two diagnoses can share a single code. b. it is a typo on the handout. c. this is a trick question since the counselor educator must be quoting an ICD code. d. she is a researcher and thus does not realize all disorders have unique codes

a. that this could be correct since two diagnoses can share a single code.

the APGA, which became the AACD until 1992 and is now the ACA, contributed to the growth of cross-cultural counseling by a. the 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development b. the 1972 ethic which made it unethical to see culturally different clients without 3 hours of relevant graduate work in this area c. the 1972 ethic which required a 3000-hour practicum in order to work with culturally different clients d. urging non-whites to take a graduate counseling course

a. the 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development

A researcher notes that a group of clients who are not receiving counseling, but are observed in a research study, are improving. Her hypothesis is that the attention she has given them has been curative. The best explanation of their improvement would be a. the Hawthorne effect. b. the Halo effect. c. the Rosenthal effect. d. a Type II error in the research.

a. the Hawthorne effect.

The hunch is known as the experimental or alternative hypothesis. The experimental hypothesis suggests that a difference will be evident between the control group and the experimental group. Thus, if the experiment in Q 708 were conducted, the experimental hypothesis would suggest that a. the biofeedback would raise board scores. b. the control group will score better on the board exam. c. there will be no difference between the experimental and the control groups. d. the experiment has been confounded.

a. the biofeedback would raise board scores.

The DSM-5 provides diagnostic criteria for intellectual disability (ID), formerly billed as mental retardation. It states that a. the client must have an IQ score of 70 or below on an individually administered IQ test and the onset of the condition must be prior to age 18. The client's ability to adapt to normal life in school, work, or family at home must also be impaired. b. the client must have an IQ score below 70 on any group administered IQ test. c. The client must have an IQ score on an individually administered IQ test and the onset of the condition must be prior to age 21. d. the client must have an IQ score of 70 or below on an individually administered IQ test.

a. the client must have an IQ score of 70 or below on an individually administered IQ test and the onset of the condition must be prior to age 18. The client's ability to adapt to normal life in school, work, or family at home must also be impaired.

At a case staffing, one career counselor says to another, "The client's disability suggests she can only physically handle sedentary work." This technically implies a. the client will not need to lift over 10 pounds. b. the client will not need to lift over 100 pounds. c. the client will be standing a lot. d. the client could walk or stand up to six hours daily.

a. the client will not need to lift over 10 pounds.

A correlation/association between variables x and y is .50. According to the notion of effect size (ES) a. the correlation is medium. b. the correlation is small. c. the correlation is large. d. the correlation would not be applicable to this statistic.

a. the correlation is medium.

In order to diagnose clients from a different culture a. the counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture b. the counselor will find the DSM useless c. the counselor should rely heavily on cultural epoch theory d. NBCC ethics prohibit the use of DSM diagnosis

a. the counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture

Freudians refer to the ego as a. the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle. b. the guardian angel of the mind. c. the pleasure principle. d. the seat of libido.

a. the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle.

One of the primary goals of Bowen's intergenerational family therapy is differentiation. Differentiation is a. the extent that one can separate one's intellect from one's emotional self b. the extent that one is different from one's peers c. the extent that one is different from ones childhood d. the same as fusion

a. the extent that one can separate one's intellect from one's emotional self

An intergenerational family therapist says she is concerned with the nuclear family emotional system. She is referring to a. the fact that although the current family in therapy has an emotional system, this emotional system is influenced by previous generations whether they are alive or dead b. the fact that a genogram should depict a single generation c. the fact that emotional discord is a function of the unconscious mind d. the miracle question

a. the fact that although the current family in therapy has an emotional system, this emotional system is influenced by previous generations whether they are alive or dead

The median is a. the middle score when the data are arranged from highest to lowest. b. the arithmetic average. c. the most-frequent value obtained. d. never more useful than the mean.

a. the middle score when the data are arranged from highest to lowest.

The most common measures of central tendency are the mean, the median, and the mode. The mode is a. the most frequently occurring score and the least-important measure of central tendency. b. always 10% less than the mean. c. the arithmetic average. d. the middle score in the distribution of scores.

a. the most frequently occurring score and the least-important measure of central tendency.

Appraisal can be defined as a. the process of assessing or estimating attributes. b. testing which is always performed in a group setting. c. testing which is always performed on a single individual. d. a pencil and paper measurement of assessing attributes.

a. the process of assessing or estimating attributes.

One major difference between the psychology versus the counseling movement seems to be that a. the psychologists are working to eliminate practitioners with less than a doctorate, while the counselors are not. b. counselors are working to give up tests for licensure. c. psychology boards are made up primarily of psychiatrists. d. in most states psychologists do not need to take an exam.

a. the psychologists are working to eliminate practitioners with less than a doctorate, while the counselors are not.

When a researcher uses correlation, then there is no direct manipulation of the IV. A researcher might ask, for example, how IQ correlates with the incidence of panic disorder. Again, nothing is manipulated; just measured. In cases such as this a correlation coefficient will reveal a. the relationship between IQ and panic disorder. b. the probability that a significant difference exists. c. an F test. d. percentile rank.

a. the relationship between IQ and panic disorder.

Mrs. Chance tells a family therapist that she pays all the bills, does all the cleaning, and brings in 90% of the family's income. Moreover, Mrs. Chance is convinced that her husband does not appreciate her or show her affection. According to the behavioristic principle of family therapy known as reciprocity a. there is a good chance that Mrs. Chance will consider leaving the marriage. b. it may seem paradoxical; nevertheless, Mrs. Chance will be more committed to making the marriage work. c. it may seem paradoxical; nevertheless, there is a good chance Mr. Chance will consider leaving the marriage. d. this situation will have virtually no impact on this couple's marriage.

a. there is a good chance that Mrs. Chance will consider leaving the marriage.

Interest inventories are positive in the sense that a. they are reliable and not threatening to the test taker. b. they are always graded by the test taker. c. they require little or no reading skills. d. they have high validity in nearly all age brackets.

a. they are reliable and not threatening to the test taker.

Coleaders are apt to work at cross purposes when a. they do not meet between group sessions. b. they do meet between group sessions. c. they are master's-level practitioners. d. they are doctoral-level practitioners.

a. they do not meet between group sessions.

J. P. Guilford isolated 120 factors which added up to intelligence. He also is remembered for his a. thoughts on convergent and divergent thinking. b. work on cognitive therapy. c. work on behavior therapy. d. work to create the first standardized IQ test.

a. thoughts on convergent and divergent thinking.

A question on the NCE or CPCE regarding a pre-experimental design uses the letters XO. The letters stand for a. treatment (X) and observation, measurement, or score (O) b. the mean (X) and no treatment was given (O) c. the median (X) and other group (O) d. treatment (X) and the number of observations taken (O)

a. treatment (X) and observation, measurement, or score (O)

When a group member is speaking, it is best for the counselor to a. try to face the group member. b. not face the group member, as this does not appear genuine in a group setting. c. smile while listening. d. suppress genuine emotion.

a. try to face the group member.

An achievement test measures maximum performance or present level of skill. Tests of this nature are also called attainment tests, while a personality test or interest inventory measures a. typical performance. b. minimum performance. c. unconscious traits. d. self-esteem by always relying on a Q-Sort design.

a. typical performance.

In psychoanalytic family therapy the term introjects really means that the client a. unconsciously internalizes the positive and negative characteristics of the objects within themselves b. possesses internal verbalization c. possesses a finite number of problem-solving options d. possesses the internal motivation to solve his or her own difficulties

a. unconsciously internalizes the positive and negative characteristics of the objects within themselves

A counselor is treating a woman for a mood disorder. The counselor has sex with the woman's daughter. This is considered a. unethical. b. ethical. c. ethical only after the counselor terminates the client's sessions and then waits two years. d. debatable since ACA guidelines fail to deal with sexual issues of this nature.

a. unethical.

As a gambling addiction counselor Laura is well aware that slot machines operate on a a. variable ratio schedule of reinforcement. b. variable interval schedule of reinforcement. c. fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement. d. reinforcement system that counselors truly cannot explain.

a. variable ratio schedule of reinforcement.

Attending behavior that is verbal is also called a. verbal tracking. b. clarifying. c. reflection. d. paraphrasing.

a. verbal tracking.

Strategies that focus on an individual member of the group are known as a. vertical interventions. b. horizontal interventions. c. crossed transactions. d. parallel transactions.

a. vertical interventions.

In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to a. volume or mass b. defenses of the ego c. the senorimotor intelligence stage d. a specific psychosexual stage of life

a. volume or mass

A malpractice or liability insurance company is least likely to defend you if a. you are sexually involved with a client. b. you violate confidentiality. c. you do not have a client sign a release of information and send a record to another agency or provider. d. you call a state child abuse hotline and a client takes legal action since the child was actually the victim of an accident.

a. you are sexually involved with a client.

Which of these responses is the best example of the double-bind concept used in Haley's strategic therapy? You are trying to help a client stop smoking a. you hypnotize her and tell her she will never smoke another cigarette again. After you awaken her you admonish her to smoke as many cigarettes as she can for the first three days. b. you recommend that the client chart the number of cigarettes she smokes c. you tell her to mentally visualize herself as a nonsmoker whenever she has the desire to smoke d. all of the above

a. you hypnotize her and tell her she will never smoke another cigarette again. After you awaken her you admonish her to smoke as many cigarettes as she can for the first three days.

If you compare group career counseling to noncounselor interventions a. you will discover that group career counseling is more effective. b. you should know this is not a valid question. Because there is no counselor in noncounselor interventions, career counseling cannot take place! The question defies common sense. c. you will find out that no studies exist in this area. d. you will find that they are equal in terms of helping persons who are wrestling with career and vocational issues.

a. you will discover that group career counseling is more effective.

Which statement is true of Latino/a families? a.They have a high unemployment rate, often live in poverty, and rarely earn high school diplomas or college degrees b. They have a higher than average incomes but usually don't finish high school or college c. They have college degrees, but still generally live in poverty d. They prefer long-term treatment in therapy

a.They have a high unemployment rate, often live in poverty, and rarely earn high school diplomas or college degrees

John Krumboltz postulated a social learning approach to career choice. This model is based mainly on the work of a. Joseph Wolpe. b. Albert Bandura. c. Donald Super. d. Karen Homey.

b. Albert Bandura.

A doctoral student who begins working on his bibliography for his thesis would most likely utilize a. SPSS. b. ERIC, for primary and secondary resources. c. O*NET. d. a random number table or random number-generation computer program.

b. ERIC, for primary and secondary resources.

Mrs. Kim wanted her daughter to attend a private school for gifted children who have very high intelligence. Mrs. Kim's daughter took the Otis-Lennon IQ test. Her t-score was 80. Kim's counselor knew that a. Mrs. Kim would be very upset because her daughter's low score would not allow her to be admitted. b. Mrs. Kim would be elated because her daughter scored exceptionally high and would be admitted. c. she could not give Kim's mother any feedback since a t-score tells you nothing about one's actual IQ score. d. a t-score of 80 is very average.

b. Mrs. Kim would be elated because her daughter scored exceptionally high and would be admitted.

In the late 1970s, AACD (known as ACA since 1992) began to focus very heavily on professional credentialing. This led to the formation of the a. CCMHC. b. NBCC. c. CACREP, formed in 1981. d. APGA, formed in 1952.

b. NBCC.

A theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position? a. Behaviorism b. Organicism c. Statistical developmentalism d. all of the above

b. Organicism

According to the cognitive dissonance theory of Leon Festinger, a woman has an approach approach conflict. she has her choice of a beautiful silver watch and an equally stunning gold watch. Both are different brands. She feels the silver model will be perfect for some of her jewelry and outfits while the gold is ideal for other jewelry and modes of dress. She chooses a silver watch. a. She will feel intense guilt b. She will read positive reviews on the silver watch and possibly negative reviews about the gold model - after the purchase to justify her behavior and reduce post-decisional dissonance c. According to the theory, she will remain a tad ambivalent about her choice d. She will be angry because in reality she wanted both watches, but could not afford them

b. She will read positive reviews on the silver watch and possibly negative reviews about the gold model - after the purchase to justify her behavior and reduce post-decisional dissonance

The statement "the ego is dependent on the id" would most likely relect the work of a. Erik Erikson b. Sigmund Freud, who created psychodynamic theory c. Jay Haley d. Arnold Lazarus, William Perry, and Robert Kegan

b. Sigmund Freud, who created psychodynamic theory

All of the following are difficulties with career testing except: a. Stereotyping. b. The tests all take at least three hours to administer. c. The counselor may rely too heavily on test results. d. Many tests are biased in favor of white middle-class clients.

b. The tests all take at least three hours to administer.

The best IQ test for a 22-year-old single male would be the a. WPPSI-III. b. WAIS-IV. c. WISC-IV. d. any computer-based IQ test.

b. WAIS-IV.

Another type of pre-experimental design is the one-group only posttest design. This is best depicted by a. OXO b. XO c. OX d. XX

b. XO

A group setting has a flexible seating arrangement in which clients are free to sit wherever they wish. In this setting it is likely that a. a male client in a designer suit and a female client in cutoff jeans will sit close together. b. a Cuban male client in a designer suit and an Asian male client in another brand of designer suit will sit close together. c. a white female client in a designer outfit and a white male client in a pair of old jeans and an undershirt will sit close together. d. a male client in a designer suit and a female client in a jogging suit and old tennis shoes with holes in them will sit close together.

b. a Cuban male client in a designer suit and an Asian male client in another brand of designer suit will sit close together.

A group is classified as secondary. This implies that a. it is preventive and attempts to ward off problems. b. a difficulty or disturbance is present. c. two therapists are utilized. d. all of the above.

b. a difficulty or disturbance is present.

A client who is having panic attacks is told to practice relaxing his jaw muscle for three minutes per day. The counselor here is using a. concreteness. b. a directive. c. interpretation. d. parroting.

b. a directive.

Social exchange theory postulates that a. a relationship will Endure if both parties are assertive b. a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs c. a relationship will endure if both parties are sexually attracted to each other d. men work harder to keep a relationship strong

b. a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs

In the United States, each socioeconomic group represents a. a separate race b. a separate culture c. the concept of color blindness d. a separate national culture

b. a separate culture

Group specialists define role conflict as a. tension between two group members who have assumed different roles. b. a situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and the way he or she actually behaves. c. tension between the group leader and a group member. d. members criticizing other members between group sessions.

b. a situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and the way he or she actually behaves.

The x axis is used to plot the IV scores. The x axis could also be called the ___ on your exam. a. y axis b. abscissa c. DV d. vertical axis

b. abscissa

REBT suggests the ABC theory of personality in which A is the ____, B is the ____, and C is the _____. a. affect; belief; control b. activating event; belief system; emotional consequence c. affect; behavior; control d. authenticity; belief; emotional consequence

b. activating event; belief system; emotional consequence

In social psychology, the sleeper effect asserts that a. sleep learning facilitates social skills. b. after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message. c. after a period of time, one remembers the communicator but forgets the message. d. REM sleep facilitates insight.

b. after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message.

An Asian American counselor says to an African American client, "If you're unhappy with the system, get out there and rebel. You can change the system." This is the ____ viewpoint for coping with the environment. a. emic b. alloplastic c. etic d. autoplastic

b. alloplastic

A counselor who remarks that firstborn children are usually conservative but display leadership qualities is most likely a. a Freudian who believes in the unconscious mind. b. an Adlerian who believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in isolation. c. a Rogerian who stresses the importance of the therapeutic relationship. d. a behavior modifier using a behavioral contract.

b. an Adlerian who believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in isolation.

During a counseling session Mrs. Sander's 13-year-old daughter Jamie tries to speak. Mrs. Sanders says, "I told you not to say anything." Her daughter wants to know why she cannot talk. Mrs. Sanders replies, "Because I'm the parent, end of discussion young lady." According to the parenting typology of Diana Baumrind, Mrs. Sanders is a. an authoritative parent. b. an authoritarian parent. c. a permissive parent. d. a nonpunitive parent.

b. an authoritarian parent.

A young Latino male is the victim of discrimination. His counselor remarks, "I hear what you are saying and I will help you change your thinking so this will not have such a profound impact on you." In this case the counselor had suggested a. an alloplastic method of coping. b. an autoplastic method of coping. c. the emic-etic distinction. d. the emic viewpoint.

b. an autoplastic method of coping.

Bulimia is classified as a. an eating disorder which occurs equally in both men and women. b. an eating disorder that occurs primarily in women. c. an anxiety disorder. d. a narcissistic personality disorder

b. an eating disorder that occurs primarily in women.

A counselor who is alcoholic and suffering from burnout could best be described as a. a mesomorph. b. an impaired professional. c. a paraprofessional. d. a counselor who is wise enough to use his own experiences to help others.

b. an impaired professional.

A career counselor who relies on the constructivist viewpoint would emphasize that a. unconscious conflicts influence career decisions. b. an individual's career choice is influenced by his or her personal story and attempt to construct meaning out of the world of work. c. most career counselors do not give enough career inventories. d. SCCT is the best theory.

b. an individual's career choice is influenced by his or her personal story and attempt to construct meaning out of the world of work.

The word psychometric means a. a form of measurement used by a neurologist. b. any form of mental testing. c. a mental trait which cannot be measured. d. the test relies on a summated or linear rating scale.

b. any form of mental testing.

A client tells his counselor that he has a choice of entering one of two prestigious PhD counseling programs. Kurt Lewin would call this an a. approach-avoidance conflict. b. approach-approach conflict. c. avoidance-avoidance conflict. d. avoidance vector.

b. approach-approach conflict.

Existentialism is to logotherapy as ________ is to behaviorism. a. operants b. associationism c. Skinner d. Socrates

b. associationism

A client whose counselor pushes the alloplastic viewpoint may believe his counselor is simply a. Too Rogerian. b. attacking the system. c. too Freudian. d. too cognitive.

b. attacking the system.

One major category of career theory is known as the trait-factor (also called the trait-and-factor) approach. It has also been dubbed the actuarial or matching approach. This approach a. attempts to match conscious and unconscious work motives. b. attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person. c. attempts to match career behavior with attitudes. d. attempts to match cognition with the workload.

b. attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person.

In the late 1930s researchers identified three basic leadership styles: a. directive, nondirective, and semi-passive. b. autocratic, democratic, and laissez faire. c. relaxed, anxious, and tense. d. assertive, nonassertive, and aggressive.

b. autocratic, democratic, and laissez faire.

When an adolescent complains about his or her parents in the group it is best to a. jump on the bandwagon and agree with the child. b. avoid taking sides but help him or her see the parents' point of view via a therapeutic technique such as role-playing. c. talk only about positive experiences. d. immediately put the child on the hot seat.

b. avoid taking sides but help him or her see the parents' point of view via a therapeutic technique such as role-playing.

Gay men and women a. primarily live the gay or lesbian lifestyle. b. basically have the same range of gender-role behaviors as do male and female heterosexuals. c. cannot be characterized in terms of lifestyle due to a distinct lack of research. d. are always transgender

b. basically have the same range of gender-role behaviors as do male and female heterosexuals.

You are a licensed professional counselor in one state but will soon relocate to another state. The new state informs you that they will grant you reciprocity or so-called endorsement. You will thus a. simply need to take the licensing test in the new state. b. be permitted to practice in the new state based on your current credentials without taking another exam. c. need to take numerous graduate courses. d. not be allowed to practice until you serve an internship.

b. be permitted to practice in the new state based on your current credentials without taking another exam.

The term contextualism implies that a. multicultural counseling is the oldest subspecialty in the profession b. behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs c. the notion of worldview is highly inaccurate d. projective tests are more accurate than objective measures when performing cross-cultural counseling

b. behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs

A counselor utilizes role-playing combined with a hierarchy of situations in which the client is ordinarily nonassertive. Assertiveness trainers refer to this as a. conscious rehearsal. b. behavioral rehearsal. c. fixed role therapy. d. a and b.

b. behavioral rehearsal.

An empiricist view of development would be a. psychometric b. behavioristic c. against the use of formal statistical testing d. a and c

b. behavioristic

TA life positions were made famous by Tom Harris's book I'm OK—You're OK. The title of the book illuminates a healthy life position. The life position tells the counselor how a person goes about receiving strokes or recognition. A person categorized by the position "I'm OK—You're Not OK" a. is generally self-abusive. b. blames others for misery. c. generally engages in self-mutilation. d. is generally suicidal.

b. blames others for misery.

A behavioristic counselor decides upon aversive conditioning as the treatment of choice for a gentleman who wishes to give up smoking. The counselor begins by taking a baseline. This is accomplished a. using hypnosis. b. by charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention. c. using a biofeedback device. d. by counterconditioning.

b. by charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention.

A client who takes a normative test a. cannot legitimately be compared to others who have taken the test. b. can legitimately be compared to others who have taken the test. c. could not have taken an IQ test. d. could not have taken a personality test.

b. can legitimately be compared to others who have taken the test.

You secure a job as the executive director of a family counseling agency. As you go through your files you discover that five years before you took the job the agency selected 100 families and counseled them using a strict behaviorist model. The agency took the next group of 100 families and counseled them using Satir's experiential conjoint family therapy model. Each family received 12 sessions of therapy and each family took a before and after assessment that accurately depicted how well the family was functioning. You decide to run a t test to examine whether or not a statistically significant difference is evident between the two approaches. This is a. an ex post facto (i.e., after the fact) correlation study. b. causal comparative or ex post facto (i.e., after the fact) research. c. a true experiment. d. simple survey research

b. causal comparative or ex post facto (i.e., after the fact) research.

A child who focuses exclusively on a clown's red nose but ignores his or her other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of a. egocentricism b. centration c. formal abstract reasoning d. deductive processes

b. centration

A client undergoing gestalt therapy who states "It is difficult to get a job in New York City" would be asked by the counselor to 240 Encyclopedia of Counseling a. go to the O*NET online website (www.onetonline.org) which is the replacement for the DOT and is now the nation's primary source of occupational information. b. change the verbalization to an "I" statement. c. read the OOH. d. take the Strong Interest Inventory (SII).

b. change the verbalization to an "I" statement.

Cognitive dissonance research mainly deals with a. attraction b. cognition and attitude formation c. cognitions and emotion d. none of the above

b. cognition and attitude formation

Neuroscience seems to show that a. cognitive therapy does not impact one's brain. b. cognitive therapy could raise serotonin, the feel good chemical in the brain, just like antidepressant pharmaceuticals. c. cognitive therapy raises cortisol to an extremely high level. d. cognitive therapy has virtually no impact on the frontal cortex.

b. cognitive therapy could raise serotonin, the feel good chemical in the brain, just like antidepressant pharmaceuticals.

Ted has always felt inferior intellectually. He currently works out at the gym at least four hours daily and is taking massive doses of dangerous steroids to build his muscles. The ego defense mechanism in action here is a. reaction formation. b. compensation. c. projection. d. rationalization.

b. compensation.

A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as a. formal operations- 12 y/o & up b. concrete operations- 7-11 y/o c. preoperations- 2-7 y/o d. sensorimotor intelligence- birth- 2 y/o

b. concrete operations- 7-11 y/o

A client is demonstrating inconsistent behavior. She is smiling but says that she is very sad about what she did. When her counselor points this out to her, the counselor's verbal response is known as a. active listening. b. confrontation. c. accurate empathy. d. summarization.

b. confrontation.

In Kohlberg's 1st or preconventional level, the individual's moral behavior is guided by a. psychosexual urges b. consequences c. periodic fugue states d. counterconditioning

b. consequences

Ethical Dilemmas rarely have clear-cut answers. Thus when a complex ethical situation manifests itself it is best to a. consult only ethical codes and not colleagues. b. consult with colleagues as well as ethical codes in as much as legal standards are very often based on the method of fellow professionals analogous situations. c. consult ACA but not your colleagues. d. consult your state licensing bureau but not your colleagues.

b. consult with colleagues as well as ethical codes in as much as legal standards are very often based on the method of fellow professionals analogous situations.

Holland did indeed believe in career stereotypes. In other words the person psychologically defines himself or herself via a given job. Thus, a bookkeeper or a clerical worker would primarily fit into the ____ category. a. artistic b. conventional c. realistic d. social

b. conventional

Freud and Erikson a. could be classified as behaviorists b. could be classified as maturationists c. agreed that developmental stages are psychosexual d. were prime movers in the DBT movement

b. could be classified as maturationists

Switching the order in which stimuli are presented to a subject in a study is known as a. the Pygmalion effect. b. counterbalancing. c. ahistoric therapy. d. multiple treatment interference.

b. counterbalancing.

John Gottman is known for a. setting the level for intoxication driving while under the influence or driving while intoxicated at 0.08 or higher in most states b. creating a paradigm to predict which marriages would likely end in divorce c. demonstrating that physical biomarkers of older adults can be reversed if they are placed in an environment from the past and told to act like they are living in the past d. popularizing the notion of propinquity

b. creating a paradigm to predict which marriages would likely end in divorce

The 1950s was the age of tremendous strides in a. analysis b. developmental psychology c. behavior modification d. group work

b. developmental psychology

Glasser's position on mental illness is that a. it is best explained by DSM guidelines. b. diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible. c. it is best explained by ICD categories. d. it is the result of a deep internal conflict.

b. diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible.

Unconscious processes, which serve to minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe id or superego demands, are called a. slips of the tongue. b. ego defense mechanisms. c. id defense processes. d. latent dream material.

b. ego defense mechanisms.

A person who can look back on his or her life with few regrets feels a. the burden of senile psychosis b. ego-integrity in Erikson's integrity vs despair stage c. despair, which is the sense that he or she has wasted life's precious opportunities d. the burden of generalized anxiety disorder as described in the DSM published by the APA

b. ego-integrity in Erikson's integrity vs despair stage

If you think of the mind as a seesaw, then the fulcrum or balancing apparatus would be the a. id, which has no concept of rationality or time. b. ego. c. superego, which judges behavior as right or wrong. d. BASIC-ID.

b. ego.

Piaget referred to the act of taking in new information as assimmilation. This results in accommodation, which is a modification of the child's cognitive structures (schemas) to deal with new information. In Piagetian nomenclature, the balance between assimilation and accommodation is called a. counterbalancing b. equilibration c. balance Theory d. ABA design

b. equilibration

One method of testing reliability is to give the same population alternate forms of the identical test. Each form will have the same psychometric/statistical properties as the original instrument. This is known as a. test-retest reliability. b. equivalent or alternate forms reliability. c. the split-half method. d. internal consistency.

b. equivalent or alternate forms reliability.

The counselor's social power is related to a. age. b. expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness. c. sex and age. d. degree of directiveness.

b. expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness.

Initially, Ginzberg and his associates viewed career choice as irreversible and the result of compromises between wishes and realistic possibilities. This theory identified three stages of career development: a. informal, formal, and concrete. b. fantasy (birth to age 11), tentative (ages 11-17), and realistic (age 17 to early twenties). c. sensorimotor, formal, and concrete. d. oral, anal, and phallic.

b. fantasy (birth to age 11), tentative (ages 11-17), and realistic (age 17 to early twenties).

Roe was the first career specialist to utilize a two-dimensional system of occupational classification utilizing a. unconscious and preconscious. b. fields and levels. c. yin and yang. d. transactional analysis nomenclature.

b. fields and levels.

The NCE and the CPCE would be examples of a(n) ___ test. a. free choice b. forced choice c. projective d. intelligence

b. forced choice

The ___ may secretly wish that he or she was running the group. a. follower b. gatekeeper c. social isolate d. harmonizer

b. gatekeeper

In terms of genetics, Roe's theory would assert that a. genetics play a very minor role in career choice. b. genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one's career choice. c. genetics are important while upbringing is not. d. genetics are important while the unconscious is not.

b. genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one's career choice.

Eric Berne is to TA as Fritz Perls is to a. the empty chair technique. b. gestalt therapy. c. the underdog. d. the top dog.

b. gestalt therapy.

Some theorists feel that group therapy differs from group counseling (which is also called an interpersonal problem-solving group) in that a. group counseling would be of longer duration. b. group therapy, also dubbed as a personality reconstruction group, would be of longer duration. c. group counseling requires far more training. d. group therapy addresses a less-disturbed population of clients.

b. group therapy, also dubbed as a personality reconstruction group, would be of longer duration.

The autocratic or authoritarian leader may give orders to the group, while the laissez faire leader a. assigns a group member as the authoritarian. b. has a hands-off policy and participates very little, with the group basically taking responsibility for itself. c. has the most desirable style of leadership. d. nearly always run open-ended groups.

b. has a hands-off policy and participates very little, with the group basically taking responsibility for itself.

Six persons attend a counseling group. After the group, five members praise the merits of a group activity assigned by the group leader. The sixth person, who has heard the opinion of the other five people, felt the activity was useless and boring. According to studies on social behavior, about one third of the time the sixth individual would most likely tell the other five that a. he totally disagreed with their assessment. b. he too felt the group activity was very helpful. c. he really wasn't certain how he felt about the activity. d. a and c.

b. he too felt the group activity was very helpful.

A colleague of yours invents a new projective test. Seventeen counselors rated the same client using the measure and came up with nearly identical assessments. This would indicate a. high validity. b. high reliability. c. excellent norming studies. d. culture fairness

b. high reliability.

Bibliotherapy is a form of a. psychodynamicintervention. b. homework. c. displacement. d. musturbation.

b. homework.

Strategies that approach the group as a whole are known as a. vertical interventions. b. horizontal interventions. c. crossed transactions. d. parallel transactions.

b. horizontal interventions.

In the 1920s, Emory Bogardus developed a social distance scale, which evaluated a. socioeconomic trends b. how an individual felt toward another ethnic group c. disadvantaged youth d. language barriers between African Americans and Asian Americans

b. how an individual felt toward another ethnic group

Most experts believe that the number of multigenerational families with a child, a parent, and a grandparent living together will a. decrease b. increase c. remain static d. will continue to go up and down on a fairly regular basis

b. increase

A researcher studies a single session of counseling in which a counselor treats a client's phobia using a paradoxical strategy. He then writes in his research report that paradox is the treatment of choice for phobics. This is an example of a. deductive logic or reasoning. b. inductive logic or reasoning. c. attrition or so-called experimental mortality. d. construct validity.

b. inductive logic or reasoning.

Career counselors refer to job shadowing and volunteering as ___ activities, while reading the job hunting book What Color Is Your Parachute? Is ___ a. noninteractive; interactive b. interactive; noninteractive c. interactive; interactive d. noninteractive; noninteractive

b. interactive; noninteractive

One of the primary problems of counseling in the early 1960's was that is wrongly emphasized a. social issues b. intrapsychic processes c. referrals to secure antidepressant medicine d. career counseling

b. intrapsychic processes

The statement "even though my car is old and doesn't run well, it sure keeps my insurance payments low" a. is displacement b. is an attempt to reduce dissonance of via consistent cognitions c. is projection d. would never reduce dissonance in an individual

b. is an attempt to reduce dissonance of via consistent cognitions

When counseling a client from a different culture, a common error is made when negative transference a. is interpreted as positive transference. b. is interpreted as therapeutic resistance. c. is interpreted as white privilege. d. none of the above.

b. is interpreted as therapeutic resistance.

Psychoanalytic practitioners do not attack symptoms directly. Strategic therapy a. does not attack the symptoms directly either b. is pragmatic and often focuses on abating symptoms c. does not take a position on whether a counselor should attempt to ameliorate symptoms or not. d. takes the position that if you can change each family members unconscious, then symptoms will gradually disappear

b. is pragmatic and often focuses on abating symptoms

One major advantage of a closed group versus an open group is a. cost effectiveness. b. it promotes cohesiveness. c. it lessens counselor burnout. d. it allows the members to meet less frequently.

b. it promotes cohesiveness.

Carl Whitaker's interaction with the family could best be described as a. quiet and empathic. b. joining the family and experiencing it as if he were a family member. c. a reality therapist. d. a cognitive behavior therapist.

b. joining the family and experiencing it as if he were a family member.

The law requires clinicians to a. keep process notes. b. keep progress notes. c. keep process and progress notes. d. keep the client's name and address, but no other information.

b. keep progress notes.

In regard to state law and privileged communication, counselors must be aware that a. privileged communication exists in every state in the union for LPCs. b. laws are unclear and may vary from state to state. c. there are no laws which govern this issue. d. state psychology laws are applicable in this respect.

b. laws are unclear and may vary from state to state.

Most experts would agree that an effective counseling group for children has a. more members than an adult group. b. less members than an adult group. c. at least two group leaders. d. 9 to 12 members.

b. less members than an adult group.

Formal diagnosis, also known as nosology, is most closely related to the ___ model. a. behavioral b. medical c. cognitive-behavioral d. rational-emotive behavior therapy

b. medical

Infant IQ tests are a. more reliable than those given later in life. b. more unreliable than those given later in life. c. not related to learning experiences. d. never used.

b. more unreliable than those given later in life.

According to existential therapist Irvin D. Yalom a. most therapists do a superb job of interacting with clients who bring up the topic of death. b. most therapists are afraid of their own mortality and avoid the topic of death. c. discussing dreams related to death is not very therapeutic. d. helping the client put death out of one's mind aids the client's growth.

b. most therapists are afraid of their own mortality and avoid the topic of death.

According to the concept of occupational sex segregation a. most women hold high-paying executive jobs. b. most women hold low-paying jobs with low status. c. most women hold jobs which require a college degree. d. men still make considerably less than women.

b. most women hold low-paying jobs with low status.

Most experts would agree that a multicultural counselor's diagnosis a. must be performed without regard to cultural issues b. must be done within a cultural context c. a & b d. none of the above

b. must be done within a cultural context

A good practice for counselors is to a. always test the client yourself rather than referring the client for testing. b. never generalize on the basis of a single test score. c. stay away from culture-free tests. d. stay away from scoring the test yourself.

b. never generalize on the basis of a single test score.

The National Counselor Exam (NCE) is a(n) _____ test because the scoring procedure is specific. a. subjective b. objective c. projective d. subtest

b. objective

Marital satisfaction a. is usually highest when a child is old enough to leave home b. often decreases with parenthood in often improves after a child leaves home c. correlates high with performance IQ d. is highest among couples who have seven or more college-educated children

b. often decreases with parenthood in often improves after a child leaves home

Freud postulated the psychosexual stages a. id, ego, and superego. b. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. c. eros, thanatos, regression, and superego. d. manifest, latent, oral, and phallic.

b. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

Gestalt therapists sometimes utilize the exaggeration experiment which most closely resembles a. successive approximations. b. paradox as practiced by Frankl, Haley, or Erickson. c. free association. d. paraphrasing with emotional reflection.

b. paradox as practiced by Frankl, Haley, or Erickson.

A neophyte counselor is afraid he will say the wrong thing. He thus keeps repeating the client's statements verbatim when he responds. This is known as a. desirable attending behavior. b. parroting and is not recommended. c. level 3 on the empathy scale. d. paradoxical intention.

b. parroting and is not recommended.

Floyd Henry Allport created the concept of social facilitation. According to this theory, an individual who is given the task of memorizing a list of numbers will a. perform better if he or she is alone. b. perform better if he or she is part of a group. c. perform better if he or she has undergone psychotherapy. d. perform better if he or she is an auditory learner.

b. perform better if he or she is part of a group.

Internal verbalizations are to REBT as _____ are to Glasser's choice theory. a. contracting b. pictures in your mind c. lack of punishment d. a therapeutic plan

b. pictures in your mind

A client remarks that her depression is extremely intense. Her strategic counselor remarks, 'it is very possible your depression is hopeless. It is possible you will never get over it." Her comment is an example of a. a blatant ethical violation b. positioning c. cohesion d. behavioral disputation

b. positioning

When something is added following an operant, it is known as a ______, and when something is taken away it is called a ______. a. negative reinforcer; positive reinforcer b. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer c. extinction;shaping d. classical conditioning; operant conditioning

b. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer

An aptitude test is to ___ as an achievement test is to ___. a. what has been learned; potential b. potential; what has been learned c. profit from learning; potential d. a measurement of current skills; potential

b. potential; what has been learned

The 3 factors which enhance interpersonal attraction are: a. assertiveness, anxiety, ego strength b. proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs c. culture, race, assertiveness d. ego strength, anxiety, race

b. proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs

The statement "whites are better than African Americans" illustrates a. a weakening of the caste system in the U.S. b. racism. c. sexism. d. codependency.

b. racism.

The literature suggests these factors as helpful in promoting therapeutic surrender a. an analysis of cognitive dissonance b. rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and self disclosure c. paradoxing the client d. analyzing flight to help defense mechanism variables

b. rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and self disclosure

Viktor Frankl is to logotherapy as William Glasser is to a. rational therapy. b. reality therapy. c. rational-emotive imagery. d. RBT.

b. reality therapy.

A woman who is in private practice mentions in her phone book advertisement that she is a licensed counseling psychologist. This generally means that a. she has a doctorate from a counselor education program. b. she has a graduate degree from a psychology department. c. she has a degree from a CACREP program. d. she has a degree in counseling but is trained in projective testing.

b. she has a graduate degree from a psychology department.

In a new study the clients do not know whether they are receiving an experimental treatment for depression or whether they are simply part of the control group. This is, nevertheless, known to the researcher. Thus, this is a a. double-blind study. b. single-blind study. c. baseline for an intensive N = 1 design. d. participant observer model.

b. single-blind study.

The relationship a client has with a gestalt therapist would most likely progress ______ than the relationship a client would have with a Rogerian counselor. a. faster b. slower c. at the same pace d. a and b

b. slower

Adler emphasized that people wish to belong. This is known as a. superiority. b. social connectedness. c. the collective unconscious. d. animus.

b. social connectedness.

One problem with interest inventories is that the person often tries to answer the questions in a socially acceptable manner. Psychometricians call this response style phenomenon a. standard error. b. social desirability (the right way to feel in society). c. cultural bias. d. acquiescence.

b. social desirability (the right way to feel in society).

In contrast with Freud, the neo-Freudians emphasized a. baseline measures. b. social factors. c. unconditional positive regard. d. insight.

b. social factors.

Holland mentioned six modal orientations: artistic, conventional, enterprising, investigative, realistic, and social. A middle school counselor is most likely a. artistic. b. social. c. enterprising. d. realistic.

b. social.

A client from another culture will a. talk to the counselor the same as he or she would to a peer. b. speak to the counselor differently from the way he or she would when speaking to someone of his or her own background. c. generally use slang on purpose to confuse the counselor. d. generally play dumb to receive the counselor's sympathy.

b. speak to the counselor differently from the way he or she would when speaking to someone of his or her own background.

A woman sees her husband as all good sometimes and all bad at others. An analytically trained family therapist who believes in object relations would see this as a. ambivalent transference b. splitting c. persistent depressive disorder d. psychotic behavior

b. splitting

In the famous Little Albert experiment, a child was conditioned to fear a harmless white furry animal. Historical accounts indicate that the child also began to fear a Santa Claus mask. This would demonstrate a. two DSM diagnoses which often co-occur: panic disorder and agoraphobia. b. stimulus generalization. c. an adjustment reaction. d. stimulus discrimination.

b. stimulus generalization.

Albert Ellis is to REBT as Salvador Minuchin is to a. the MRI model b. structural family therapy c. intergenerational family counseling d. behavioral family counseling

b. structural family therapy

Most experts would agree that overall a. structured exercises are more effective than unstructured techniques. b. structured exercises are less effective than unstructured techniques. c. all well-trained therapists favor structured exercises over unstructured techniques. d. ethical guidelines must forbid unstructured techniques because they can be dangerous to the depressed or anxious client.

b. structured exercises are less effective than unstructured techniques.

Some research demonstrates that a. structured exercises early in the group impaired later communication between group members. b. structured exercises with feedback early in the group served to improve communication between group members. c. autocratic or authoritarian leadership styles promote communication best. d. structured exercises are never appropriate.

b. structured exercises with feedback early in the group served to improve communication between group members.

When you conduct group career counseling a. unstructured groups work best. b. structured groups work best. c. gestalt groups work best. d. the group must be based on the concepts set forth by motivational interviewing.

b. structured groups work best.

A client who becomes a professional football player because he unconsciously likes to hurt people would be utilizing ____ according to Brill's theory of career choice. a. subliminal b. sublimation c. suppression d. introjection

b. sublimation

Another career theorist who drew upon psychoanalytic doctrines was A. A. Brill. Brill emphasized _____ as an ego defense mechanism. a. subliminal b. sublimation c. repression d. rationalization

b. sublimation

In terms of adolescents and career group counseling a. the literature indicates such groups just don't work. b. such groups are cost effective and promote peer identification. c. textbook authors such as Dr. Samuel T. Gladding insist that adolescents can only be assisted in individual sessions. d. it may be true that such groups work, but they do not help adolescents with other aspects of their lives.

b. such groups are cost effective and promote peer identification.

A master's level counselor lands an entry-level counseling job in an agency in a warm climate. Her office is not air conditioned, but the counselor insists she likes this because sweating really helps to keep her weight in check. This illuminates a. sour grapes rationalization. b. sweet lemon rationalization. c. repression. d. sublimation.

b. sweet lemon rationalization.

All reinforcers a. are plastic tokens. b. tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur. c. are secondary. d. do not raise behavior since negative reinforcement lowers behavior.

b. tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur.

You have attempted to help a client for over two years with little or no success. You should a. always refer the client to a board-certified psychiatrist b. terminate the relationship and initiate an appropriate referral c. change therapeutic modalities and see the client for another six months d. change therapeutic modalities and see the client for at least another year

b. terminate the relationship and initiate an appropriate referral

Frankl's experience in Nazi concentration camps taught him a. the value of stimulus-response (S-R) psychological paradigms. b. that you can't control the environment, but you can control your response. c. that blaming others can be truly therapeutic. d. the value of active-directive counseling.

b. that you can't control the environment, but you can control your response.

The APGA and APA had joint ethics guidelines for counselors and psychologists. This changed during the 1970's when a. Psy.D. programs were introduced b. the APA did not wish to credential master's level counselors c. psychologists were doing more testing d. joint ethics became illegal in the United States

b. the APA did not wish to credential master's level counselors

You gave your client, Ester, a personality test and then shared your interpretation of the test with her. Your client was amazed at how accurate the test results were in terms of depicting her personality. She readily accepted the interpretation. The next day you discovered that you had interpreted the wrong test! The test you were analyzing was not Ester's but rather belonged to another client! Ester's behavior could best be explained by a. the obvious fact that she is psychotic, which means that she is not in touch with reality. b. the Barnum effect. c. negative transference. d. the placebo effect.

b. the Barnum effect.

You are working as a counselor for a major university. A student wants detailed statistics about the average wages in her state. The best resource would be a. Richard N. Bolles's What Color Is Your Parachute? b. the Bureau of Labor Statistics website. c. any professional journal related to career counseling is inundated with articles of this nature. d. Choices and the System of Interactive Guidance and Information known as SIGI.

b. the Bureau of Labor Statistics website.

A panel of investigators discovered that a researcher who completed a major study had unconsciously rated attractive females as better counselors. This is an example of a. the Hawthorne effect. b. the Halo effect. c. the Rosenthal effect. d. trend analysis.

b. the Halo effect.

The most controversial aspect of Freud's theory is a. catharsis. b. the Oedipus complex. c. the notion of the preconscious mind. d. the interpretation of dreams.

b. the Oedipus complex.

In Harry Harlow's experiments with baby monkeys a. a wire surrogate mother was favored by most young monkeys over a terry-cloth version b. the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire one. c. female monkeys had a tendency to drink larger quantities of alcohol d. male monkeys had a tendency to drink larger quantities of alcohol

b. the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire one.

___ helped to popularize the multicultural counseling movement a. Arthur Jensen's views on IQ testing (also known as Jensenism) b. the civil rights movement c. Jung's feelings that all men and women from all cultures possess a collective unconscious d. the Tarasoff duty

b. the civil rights movement

A group participant wants to drop out of a group. Since the group is "closed" most experts would agree that a. the leader must insist that the client stay. b. the client is allowed to withdraw. c. the leader should allow other members to put pressure on the participant to stay. d. a and c.

b. the client is allowed to withdraw.

Existentialists focus primarily on a. the teenage years. b. the client's perception in the here and now. c. childhood traumas. d. uplifting childhood memories.

b. the client's perception in the here and now.

A neophyte counselor discovers that her clients invariably give yes and no answers to her questions. The problem is most likely that a. the counselor is sympathetic rather than empathetic. b. the counselor is utilizing too many closed-ended questions. c. the counselor's timing is poor in terms of interpretation. d. she is summarizing too early in the counseling process.

b. the counselor is utilizing too many closed-ended questions.

Most experts would agree that the peak period of competition between the various schools of counseling and therapy (e.g., gestalt, behavioristic, reality therapy, etc.) was during a. the late 1970s. b. the late 1960s. c. the 1980s. d. the mid-1950s.

b. the late 1960s.

There are two distinct types of developmental studies. In a cross-sectional study, clients are assessed at one point in time. In a longitudinal study, however, a. the researcher has an accomplice pose as a client and act in a certain manner. b. the same people are studied over a period of time. c. the researcher relies on a single observation of a variable being investigated. d. all of the above.

b. the same people are studied over a period of time.

A major group dynamic is group development. This is usually expressed in terms of a. the number of hours of group conflict. b. theories of group stages. c. the Rosenthal effect. d. the Hawthorne effect.

b. theories of group stages.

Research related to elementary school counselors indicates that a. counselors of this ilk work hard, but just don't seem to have an impact on the youngsters' lives b. these counselors are effective, do make a difference in children's lives, and more counselors should be employed c. counselors of this ilk could be helpful if they would engage in more consultation work these counselors should be used primarily as disciplinarians, but this is not happening in most districts

b. these counselors are effective, do make a difference in children's lives, and more counselors should be employed

You are conducting a session using CBT; however, you are incorporating mindfulness as well as ACT into the session. Strictly speaking you are a. performing second wave CBT. b. third wave CBT. c. first wave CBT. d. operant conditioning.

b. third wave CBT.

Insurance payments are also called a. mandated payments. b. third-party payments. c. optional payments. d. psychometric payments.

b. third-party payments.

You are supervising a licensing candidate who is primarily interested in marriage and family counseling. You are very attracted to her and have sex with her. According to ethics guidelines a. his is perfectly ethical, since this is a student and not a client b. this is unethical c. this is perfectly ethical, since this is a supervisee and not a client d. both a and c are correct

b. this is unethical

Rogers felt that _____ for client change to occur. a. conditions must be in accordance with the problem b. three conditions are necessary c. nine conditions are necessary d. two conditions are necessary

b. three conditions are necessary

A person-centered therapist would a. treat clients with everyday problems differently from psychotics. b. treat all diagnostic categories of the DSM using the same principles. c. use more closed-ended questions with adjustment reactions. d. use contracting with clients who are not making progress.

b. treat all diagnostic categories of the DSM using the same principles.

A counselor with a master's degree who is working for minimum wage at a fast-food restaurant due to a lack of jobs in the field is a victim of a. unemployment. b. underemployment. c. the phi phenomenon. d. the risky shift phenomenon.

b. underemployment.

You are a well-known cognitive behavior therapist who heads up a private practice in New Jersey. For the next two years you will be in Canada conducting a research project. Your practice has six other counselors. The practice is sending brochures to schools, agencies, and hospitals in an attempt to boost referrals. Your name appears on the front of the brochure as if you are available for referrals. This is a. totally ethical. b. unethical. c. possibly ethical and possibly unethical. Not enough information is given to answer this question. d. irrelevant since ACA and NBCC ethics do not address private practice.

b. unethical.

A counselor doing research decided to split a standardized test in half by using the even items as one test and the odd items as a second test and then correlating them. The counselor a. used an invalid procedure to test reliability. b. was testing reliability via the split-half correlation method. c. was testing reliability via the equivalent forms method. d. was testing reliability via the inter-rater method.

b. was testing reliability via the split-half correlation method.

According to the concept of sex-wage or gender-wage discrimination a. women make more than men for doing the same job. b. women make less than men for doing the same job. c. men and women make identical salaries thanks to legislation. d. women who are seen as attractive still make 6% more than men for doing the same job.

b. women make less than men for doing the same job.

A woman who is being robbed a. would probably get the most assistance in a crowd with a large number of bystanders b. would find that the number of people who would respond to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders increases c. would rarely have a bystander from a different race try to help her d. none of the above

b. would find that the number of people who would respond to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders increases

In an ipsative measure the person taking the test must compare items to one another. The result is that a. an ipsative measure cannot be utilized for career guidance. b. you cannot legitimately compare two or more people who have taken an ipsative test. c. an ipsative measure is never a forced choice format. d. an ipsative measure is never reliable.

b. you cannot legitimately compare two or more people who have taken an ipsative test.

You pass your exam and now have NCC status. You perform a battery of tests on your client. After you complete the testing you discover your client is in imminent danger. You receive a legal court order to turn over the test scores. You a. must get a signed release from the client. b. you must turn over the test records complete with the test scores. c. turn over the test records without the scores. d. should recall that according to "aspirational ethics," your client comes first and so you will do nothing.

b. you must turn over the test records complete with the test scores.

You are supervising a graduate student. The client she is discussing was raped and robbed several days prior to your session with this student. When you ask your supervisee for more information she says, "Well, I'm certain the fact that she was carrying a very expensive handbag and wearing tight clothes was an issue." Based on gestalt psychologist Fritz Heider's concept of attribution theory a. your supervisee is relying on situational attributions. b. your supervisee is relying on dispositional attributions. c. paradoxically, the expensive handbag and tight clothes would ward off crime. d. the tight clothes were an issue, but not the expensive handbag.

b. your supervisee is relying on dispositional attributions.

Which statement best describes the counseling profession's reaction to computer-assisted counseling and computer-managed counseling? a. Counselors are very humanistic and seem to dislike CMC and CAC technology. b. Counselors have welcomed both forms of computer technology with open arms. c. CMC has been well received since it cuts down time on paperwork, scheduling, and record keeping, but there is a mixed reaction to CAC as some feel it depersonalizes counseling. d. Counselors dislike CMC but praise CAC highly

c. CMC has been well received since it cuts down time on paperwork, scheduling, and record keeping, but there is a mixed reaction to CAC as some feel it depersonalizes counseling.

Virginia Satir is considered a leading figure in experiential family therapy. ___ is sometimes called the dean of experiential family therapy. a. Ludwig von Bertalanffy b. Gregory Bateson c. Carl Whitaker d. Murray Bowen

c. Carl Whitaker

A TA counselor and a strict behaviorist are both in the same case conference to staff a client. Which technique would the two most likely agree on when formulating a plan of action? a. Empty chair technique. b. Ego state analysis. c. Contracting. d. Formal assertiveness training.

c. Contracting.

A counselor is using telephone coaching with a client. The counselor is most likely to base her treatment on a. William Glasser's reality therapy with choice theory. b. REBT as set forth by Albert Ellis. c. DBT as set forth by Marsha M. Linehan. d. systematic desensitization

c. DBT as set forth by Marsha M. Linehan.

The decision-making theory, which refers to periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment, was proposed by a. John O. Crites. b. John Holland. c. David Tiedeman and Robert O'Hara. d. Donald Super.

c. David Tiedeman and Robert O'Hara.

Some exams will split hairs and distinguish a dual-earner household from a dual-career household or family. All the statements below are false except: a. Dual-earner families have a better chance for advancement than dual-career families. b. Dual-earner families are more likely to have managerial or administrative jobs than dual-career families. c. Dual-career families earn more than dual-earner families. d. Dual-career families have less competition.

c. Dual-career families earn more than dual-earner families.

If an ANOVA yields a significant F value, you could rely on ___ to test significant differences between group means. a. one- and two-tailed t tests b. percentile rank c. Duncan's multiple-range, Tukey's, or Scheffe's test d. summative or formative evaluation

c. Duncan's multiple-range, Tukey's, or Scheffe's test

A counselor who wanted to teach a client to produce alpha waves for relaxation would utilize a. EMG feedback. b. GSR feedback. c. EEG feedback. d. EKG feedback.

c. EEG feedback.

A counselor discovered that a client became nervous and often experienced panic attacks when she would tense her frontalis muscle over her eyes. The counselor wanted direct muscle feedback and thus would rely on a. the Jacobson relaxation method. b. GSR feedback. c. EMG feedback. d. a simple yet effective mood ring.

c. EMG feedback.

A counselor has an answering machine in her office. Which statement most accurately depicts the ethical guidelines related to this situation? a. Ethical guidelines forbid the use of answering machines. b. Ethical guidelines allow answering machines, but forbid speaking with clients via a cell phone. c. Ethical guidelines allow answering machines, but experts insist that unauthorized staff should not be allowed to listen or retrieve such messages. d. Ethical guidelines are clear that a pager should be used rather than an answering machine.

c. Ethical guidelines allow answering machines, but experts insist that unauthorized staff should not be allowed to listen or retrieve such messages.

____ expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of moral development a. Erik Erikson b. Lev Vygotsky c. Lawrence Kohlberg d. John B Watson

c. Lawrence Kohlberg

Which of the following would most likely yield a perfect correlation of 1.00? a. IQ and salary. b. ICD diagnosis and salary. c. Length in inches and length in centimeters. d. Height and weight.

c. Length in inches and length in centimeters.

A counselor is working with a family who just lost everything in a fire. The counselor will ideally focus on a. Maslow's higher-order needs, such as self-actualization b. building accurate empathy of family members c. Maslow's lower-order needs, such as physiological and safety needs d. the identified patient

c. Maslow's lower-order needs, such as physiological and safety needs

The first studies, which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes, were conducted by a. Edward Thorndike. b. Joseph Wolpe. c. Neal Miller. d. Ivan Pavlov.

c. Neal Miller.

In transactional analysis (TA), the ________ is the conscience, or ego state concerned with moral behavior, while in Freudian theory it is the ________. a. Adult, unconscious b. Parent, ego c. Parent, superego d. Parent, id

c. Parent, superego

A researcher creates a new motoric test in which clients throw a baseball at a target 40 feet away. Each client is given 100 throws, and the mean on the test is 50. (out of 100 throws the mean number of times the client will hit the target is 50 times.) Sam took the test and hit the target just two times out of the 100 throws allowed. Jeff, on the other hand, hit the target an amazing 92 times out of 100 trials. Using the concept of statistical regression toward the mean the research would predict that a. Sam's and Jeff's scores will stay about the same if they take the test again. b. Sam and Jeff will both score over 95 next time. c. Sam's score will increase while Jeff's will go down. d. Sam will beat Jeff if they both are tested again.

c. Sam's score will increase while Jeff's will go down.

Freud's theory speaks of Eros and Thanatos. A client who threatens a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily by a. Eros. b. Eros and the id. c. Thanatos. d. both Eros and Thanatos.

c. Thanatos.

Which statement is not true of the trait-and-factor approach to career counseling? a. The approach attempts to match the person's traits with the requirements of a job. b. The approach usually relies on psychometric information. c. The approach is developmental and thus focuses on career maturity. d. The approach is associated with the work of Parsons and Williamson.

c. The approach is developmental and thus focuses on career maturity.

___ seemingly is related to serotonin in the brain. Deficits of serotonin are thought to cause depression. a. Vitamin B5, also known as pantothenic acid, b. L-Arginine, an amino acid, c. Tryptophan, an amino acid, d. Omega 3 from sources such as fish oil, krill oil, or algae,

c. Tryptophan, an amino acid,

Before ___ child psychologists studied the child, sociologists studied the family, anthropologists studied society, economists analyzed the economic framework, and political scientists investigated the political structure. a. James W. Fowler b. Daniel Levinson c. Urie Bronfenbrenner d. Nancy Chodorow

c. Urie Bronfenbrenner

In terms of the previous question: a. A certified public accountant (CPA) would be preferable to a mental health professional such as Dr. Kline to use as a custodian for the records. b. An attorney would make the best custodian for the records. c. Using a mental health professional on staff or at another facility is preferable to using a lawyer or a CPA. d. A CPA, an attorney, or a mental health professional would be an excellent choice.

c. Using a mental health professional on staff or at another facility is preferable to using a lawyer or a CPA.

Which is more important, validity or reliability? a. Reliability. b. They are equally important. c. Validity. d. It depends on the test in question.

c. Validity.

A cost-benefit analysis (CBA) answers the question: a. Should the counseling organization become a private practice or a 501(c)(3) nonprofit? b. Should a counseling center opt to do brief strategic therapy? c. Was the money wisely spent or does the counseling center need a new program? d. Which clients should receive pro bono services?

c. Was the money wisely spent or does the counseling center need a new program?

Historically speaking, the first psychology laboratory was set up by a. Frank Parsons, who set up community centers to help individuals in search of work b. Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis c. Wilhelm Wundt, in 1879 in Leipzig Germany d. E.G. Williamson

c. Wilhelm Wundt, in 1879 in Leipzig Germany

Frankl is an existentialist. So are a. Ellis and Perls. b. Perls and Stampfl. c. Yalom and May. d. Janov and Beck.

c. Yalom and May.

Piaget's final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage a. abstract thinking emerges b. problems can be solved using deduction c. a & b d. the child has mastered abstract thinking but still feels helpless

c. a & b (a. abstract thinking emerges AND b. problems can be solved using deduction)

Freud's Oedipus Complex a. is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occurs b. occurs during the phallic stage c. a & b d. is a concept Freud ultimately eliminated from his theory.

c. a & b (a.is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occurs AND b. occurs during the phallic stage)

Nosology refers to a system of classification. Name the nosological system(s) utilized by professional counselors who diagnose clients. a. DSM. b. ICD. c. a and b. d. The Rogerian classification system.

c. a and b. (a. DSM. AND b. ICD.)

A registry would be a. a list of licensed psychologists in the state of Illinois. b. a list of CRCs in the United States. c. a and b. d. the registration process for counselor licensure in the state of Missouri.

c. a and b. (a. a list of licensed psychologists in the state of Illinois. AND b. a list of CRCs in the United States.)

An adept group leader will a. attempt to safeguard clients against risks. b. work to reduce risks and dangers. c. a and b. d. let the group handle the dangers on their own.

c. a and b. (a. attempt to safeguard clients against risks. AND b. work to reduce risks and dangers.)

A displaced homemaker might have grown children or a. be widowed and seeking employment. b. be divorced and seeking employment. c. a and b. d. none of the above.

c. a and b. (a. be widowed and seeking employment. AND b. be divorced and seeking employment.)

Cohesiveness, or group unity, is desirable. It promotes bonding and a sense of "we-ness" between group members. When cohesiveness is strong, nevertheless, it also can be negative as a. it can stunt creativity. b. it can boost conformity. c. a and b. d. it can cause the group to split into factions.

c. a and b. (a. it can stunt creativity. AND b. it can boost conformity.)

Millie has a panic attack whenever she drives across a bridge. She has a. situationally bound panic attacks. b. cued panic attacks. c. a and b. d. predisposed panic attacks.

c. a and b. (a. situationally bound panic attacks. AND b. cued panic attacks.)

Bowel popularized a three-generational pictorial diagram as a therapy tool. This is known as a. a histogram b. a sociogram c. a genogram d. family sculpting

c. a genogram

According to Eric Berne a life script is actually a. an ulterior transaction. b. an ego state. c. a life drama or plot based on unconscious decisions made early in life. d. a series of parallel transactions.

c. a life drama or plot based on unconscious decisions made early in life.

One distinct disadvantage of an open group is that a. new members are not accepted after the first meeting. b. the leader does not control the screening process. c. a member who begins after the first meeting has missed information or experiences. d. the group is generally too behavioristic for depth therapy to occur.

c. a member who begins after the first meeting has missed information or experiences.

A reliability coefficient of 1.00 indicates a. a lot of variance in the test. b. a score with a high level of error. c. a perfect score which has no error. d. a typical correlation on most psychological and counseling tests.

c. a perfect score which has no error.

According to the OOH, the highest-paying profession would be a. a social worker. b. a counselor. c. a psychiatrist. d. an I/O psychologist.

c. a psychiatrist.

A researcher takes a group of clients and gives them a depression inventory. He then provides each client with two sessions of brief solution-oriented therapy and gives them the same depression inventory. A t test is used to compare the two sets of scores on the same people (i.e., the before and after measures of depressions). The would be a. a between-groups design b. a correlation coefficient c. a related measure within-subject design d. survey research

c. a related measure within-subject design

When a counselor reads the journals in this field, it becomes evident that a. group counseling has more research than individual counseling. b. researchers and practitioners are working very closely to provide accurate and effective group strategies. c. a researcher/practitioner split exists in group work. d. no journals focus solely on group work.

c. a researcher/practitioner split exists in group work.

Group therapy initially flourished in the United States due to a. Freud's lectures in this country. b. a shortage of competent career counselors. c. a shortage of individual therapists during World War II. d. pressure from nondirective therapists pushing encounter groups.

c. a shortage of individual therapists during World War II.

When a distribution of scores is not distributed normally, statisticians call it a. Gauss's curve. b. a symmetrical bell-shaped curve. c. a skewed distribution. d. an invalid distribution.

c. a skewed distribution.

Tests are often classified as speed tests versus power tests. A timed typing test used to hire secretaries would be a. a power test. b. neither a speed test nor a power test. c. a speed test. d. a fine example of an ipsative measure.

c. a speed test.

Piaget is a. a maturationist b. a behaviorist c. a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative d. cognitive-behavioral

c. a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative

To complete a t test you would consult a tabled value of t. In order to see if significant differences exist in an ANOVA you would consult a. the mode. b. a table for t values. c. a table for F values. d. the chi-square.

c. a table for F values.

285. When a counselor refers to a counseling paradigm, she really means a. she is nondirective. b. she is very directive. c. a treatment model. d. she is not a depth psychologist.

c. a treatment model.

A counselor wins the lottery and closes her practice without telling her clients. This counselor's course of action is best described as a. a multiple relationship. b. defamation. c. abandonment. d. nonmaleficence.

c. abandonment.

If a researcher changes the significance level from .05 to .001, then a. alpha and beta errors will increase. b. alpha errors increase but beta errors decrease. c. alpha errors decrease; however, beta errors increase. d. this will have no impact on Type I and Type II errors.

c. alpha errors decrease; however, beta errors increase.

In the Gelatt Model the predictive system deals with a. personal likes, dislikes, and preferences. b. personal rules. c. alternatives and the probability of outcomes. d. the Self-Directed Search.

c. alternatives and the probability of outcomes.

Urie Bronfenbrenner is one of the codevelopers of the National Head Start Program. He proposed a theory of development that is a. essentially the same as Piaget's constructivism. b. almost identical to Watson's behaviorism. c. an ecological systems theory. d. based on 12 discrete stages.

c. an ecological systems theory.

An interest inventory would be least valid when used with a. a first-year college student majoring in philosophy. b. a third-year college student majoring in physics. c. an eighth-grade male with an IQ of 136. d. a 46-year-old white male construction worker.

c. an eighth-grade male with an IQ of 136.

A 16-year-old girl threatens to kill herself and you fail to inform her parents. Your behavior as a counselor is best described as a. an example of a multiple relationship. b. an example of informed consent. c. an example of negligence, which is a failure to perform a duty, and in this instance is an obligation to protect the client. d. multiple submission.

c. an example of negligence, which is a failure to perform a duty, and in this instance is an obligation to protect the client.

Your client, who is in an outpatient hospital program, is keeping a journal of irrational thoughts. This would be a. an unethical practice based on NBCC ethical guidelines. b. considered a standardized test. c. an informal assessment technique. d. an aptitude measure.

c. an informal assessment technique.

A group member who insists on asking other members inappropriate questions is known as a Peeping Tom or a. an energizer. b. a scapegoat. c. an interrogator. d. a follower.

c. an interrogator.

An association that naturally exists, such as an animal salivating (an unconditioned response known as a UR or UCR) when food is presented, is called a. an operant. b. a conditioned stimulus (CS). c. an unconditioned stimulus (UCS). d. an acquisition period.

c. an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

C. J. Jung felt that society caused men to deny their feminine side known as ________ and women to deny their masculine side known as ________. a. Eros; Thanatos b. animus; anima c. anima; animus d. yin;yang

c. anima; animus

The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life a. still developed in a normal fashion b. still related very well with animals reared normally c. appeared to be autistic d. were fixated in concrete operational thought patterns

c. appeared to be autistic

The initial group stage has been called forming, orientation, or the preaffiliation stage. This stage is characterized by a. avoidance-avoidance conflicts. b. a tendency for members to compete with the leader for power. c. approach-avoidance behavior. d. members working on the interpretation of unconscious.

c. approach-avoidance behavior.

At its zenith the DOT listed a. approximately 10,000 job titles. b. nearly 5,000 job titles. c. approximately 20,000 job titles. d. nearly 100,000 job titles.

c. approximately 20,000 job titles.

Elementary school counseling and guidance services a. have been popular since the early 1900s b. became popular during WW2 c. are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s d. none of the above

c. are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s

Approximately 40% of all elementary schools have shortened recess or student playtime. Counselors a. are excited about this change because U.S. children are behind other countries academically and thus need more study time. b. believe the change will actually have little or no impact on the children. c. are concerned because some research indicates that recess can have a positive impact since children are less fidgety on days when they have recess; especially if they are hyperactive. d. are not concerned as boys have better concentration on days when they do not have recess.

c. are concerned because some research indicates that recess can have a positive impact since children are less fidgety on days when they have recess; especially if they are hyperactive.

In a healthy group, members a. assume a role and never change it. b. have no roles. c. are flexible and can change roles. d. spend a great deal of time practicing role reversal.

c. are flexible and can change roles.

A counselor identifies herself as an ABA practitioner. The technique she would be least likely to use would be a. VR reinforcement. b. FR reinforcement. c. asking the client to talk about his dreams as if the dream is occurring in the present. d. thinning.

c. asking the client to talk about his dreams as if the dream is occurring in the present.

You have impeccable training and experience as a counseling supervisor. One of your supervisees comes in for her session and she is crying uncontrollably because her boyfriend told her he was breaking up with her. It is clear counseling would be beneficial and she asks you for counseling. You should a. provide appropriate crisis counseling and then assist her in finding an appropriate counselor. b. begin counseling her immediately as she needs it, but refer her to another supervisor. c. assist her in finding an appropriate counselor. d. begin counseling her immediately as she needs it, but make her sign a statement saying there could be issues and if she begins to feel the sessions are exploitative in any way, you will refer her to another colleague.

c. assist her in finding an appropriate counselor.

A colleague of yours who is not a certified counselor behaves in an unethical manner. The ethical thing for you to do is a. ignore it; unfortunately you have no rights in this situation. b. consult the school the person graduated from. c. attempt to rectify the condition via institutional channels, and if this fails report it to regulatory organizations. d. all of the above are considered ethical.

c. attempt to rectify the condition via institutional channels, and if this fails report it to regulatory organizations.

Anne Roe suggested a personality approach to career choice a. based on cognitive-behavioral therapy. b. based on a model of strict operant conditioning. c. based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need. d. based on the work of Pavlov.

c. based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need.

Allen E. Ivey has postulated three types of empathy: a. positive, negative regard, and cognitive. b. reflective, micro-empathy, and forced choice. c. basic, subtractive, and additive. d. micro-empathy, basic, and level 8 empathy.

c. basic, subtractive, and additive.

Nathan Azrin studied with B. F. Skinner. His job club groups are based on a. REBT. b. narrative therapy. c. behaviorism based somewhat on positive reinforcement. d. DBT.

c. behaviorism based somewhat on positive reinforcement.

In Freud's psychodynamic theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psyhcologists a. emphasize id processes b. refute the concept of superego c. believe in man's powers of reasoning d. are sometimes known as racial behaviorists

c. believe in man's powers of reasoning

Our culture is more diverse than in the past. Multicultural counselors often work with persons who are culturally different. This means the client a. is culturally biased b. suffers from the diagnosis of cultural relativity c. belongs to a different culture from the helper d. present problems which deal only with culturally charged issues

c. belongs to a different culture from the helper

The null hypothesis suggests that there will not be a significant difference between the experimental group which received the IV and the control group which did not. Thus, if the experiment in Q 708 was conducted, the null hypothesis would suggest that a. all students receiving biofeedback training would score equally well on the board exam. b. systematic desensitization might work better than biofeedback. c. biofeedback will not improve the board exam scores. d. meta-analysis is required.

c. biofeedback will not improve the board exam scores.

A professor of counselor education hypothesized that biofeedback training could reduce anxiety and improve the average score on written board exams. If this professor decides to conduct a formal experiment the IV will be the ___, and the DV will be the ___. a. professor; anxiety level b. anxiety level; board exam score c. biofeedback; board exam score d. board exam score; biofeedback

c. biofeedback; board exam score

John Bowlby, the British psychiatrist, is most likely associated with a. the work of psychologist and pediatrician, Arnold Gesell, a maturationist b. developmental stage theorists c. bonding and attachment d. the unconscious mind

c. bonding and attachment

Special career counseling groups can be set up. Some examples include a group with displaced homemakers or persons receiving public assistance. Groups of this nature a. are discriminatory and are not recommended. b. have been used, but are rarely desirable. c. can be very helpful. d. are never a good choice if individual sessions are available.

c. can be very helpful.

According to expert John Krumboltz a. career groups with a psychodynamic slant are the most effective. b. group career counseling is important, but will not have an impact on your happiness. c. career decision issues are crucial in terms of one's happiness. d. career groups should focus primarily on developmental issues.

c. career decision issues are crucial in terms of one's happiness.

A group therapist is constructing a diagram to better understand the dynamics between subgroups and members. This is called a. sculpturing. b. ego state analysis. c. charting a pictorial sociogram. d. charting the variance.

c. charting a pictorial sociogram.

A counselor is utilizing a thought log—also known as a thought record—with an anxious client. She is practicing a. psychodynamic therapy. b. career counseling based on the work of Donald Super. c. cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). d. the transtheoretical model which draws from all of the available theories to help the client change.

c. cognitive behavior therapy (CBT).

An African American client tells a white counselor that the dance she went to last night was "bad," though she literally means it was good. The counselor's misunderstanding could best be described as a a. client of color error. b. cognitive dissonance error. c. connotative error. d. confounding variable.

c. connotative error.

Your client was seeing Dr. Doyle for counseling for three years. The client has now stopped seeing Dr. Doyle and has an appointment to see you. You should a. refuse to see the client unless she will sign a release so you can secure the information Dr. Doyle compiled. b. call Dr. Doyle. In this situation no release of information or consent form is necessary. c. counsel the client. d. put something in writing and send it to Dr. Doyle prior to the second session of counseling.

c. counsel the client.

APA is to psychologist as ACA is to a. APGA. b. certified clinical mental health counselor. c. counselor. d. NCC.

c. counselor.

One possible negative aspect of counselor licensure is that a. counselors would receive more third-party payments. b. counselors might be accepted as providers by insurance companies. c. counselors may not be as creative during their graduate work and simply take courses aimed at fulfilling the requirements to take the licensure exam. d. it will take business away from psychologists.

c. counselors may not be as creative during their graduate work and simply take courses aimed at fulfilling the requirements to take the licensure exam.

A 72-year-old woman you are counseling in a family reminds you of your mother and this is bringing up unresolved childhood issues for you as the counseling. This is an example of a. positive transference b. negative transference c. countertransference d. ambivalent transference

c. countertransference

A counselor has an obese client imagine that he is terribly sick after eating a high-caloric, high-fat meal. The client then imagines a pleasant scene in which his eating is desirable. This technique is called a. behavioral rehearsal. b. in vivo sensitization. c. covert sensitization. d. in vivo desensitization.

c. covert sensitization.

Culture is really a set of rules, procedures, ideas, and values shared by members of a society. Culture is said to be normative. This implies that a. one culture will have norms which differ only slightly from another b. culture excludes customs c. culture provides individuals with standards of conduct d. culture is never socially learned

c. culture provides individuals with standards of conduct

Counseling is a relatively new profession. The first counselors in the United States were not allied counselors. They were a. psychoanalysts practicing short-term therapy. B. behaviorists practicing short-term therapy. c. deans and advisors employed after the Civil War in college settings to watch over young women d. humanistic psychologists

c. deans and advisors employed after the Civil War in college settings to watch over young women

Punishment a. is the same as negative reinforcement. b. is much more effective than reinforcement. c. decreases the probability that a behavior will occur. d. is used extensively in reality therapy.

c. decreases the probability that a behavior will occur.

A true/false test has ___ recognition items. a. similar b. free choice c. dichotomous d. no

c. dichotomous

Most experts would agree that the Wechsler IQ tests gained popularity, as the Binet a. must be administered in a group. b. favored the geriatric population. c. didn't seem to be the best test for adults. d. was biased toward women.

c. didn't seem to be the best test for adults.

Simon and Binet pioneered the first IQ test around 1905. The test was created to a. assess high school seniors in America. b. assess U.S. military recruits. c. discriminate children without an intellectual disability from children with an intellectual disability. d. measure genius in the college population

c. discriminate children without an intellectual disability from children with an intellectual disability.

The ABC theory of personality postulates that the intervention that occurs at D, ____ leads to E, ____. a. the dogmatic attitude; effective behavior b. direct living; evaluation c. disputing the irrational behavior at B; a new emotional consequence d. the emotional disease; a new emotional consequence

c. disputing the irrational behavior at B; a new emotional consequence

In terms of leisure time and dual-career families/couples, a. dual-career families/couples have more leisure time. b. dual-career families/couples have the same amount of leisure time as families/couples with one wage earner. c. dual-career families/couples have less leisure time. d. dual-career families/couples have more weekend leisure time.

c. dual-career families/couples have less leisure time.

In the 1960's C. Gilbert Wrenn's book, The Counselor in a Changing World, urged counselors to a. use biofeedback b. rely more heavily on projective testing c. emphasize developmental concerns rather than merely focusing on crises and curing emotional illness d. stick to proven non directive techniques

c. emphasize developmental concerns rather than merely focusing on crises and curing emotional illness

Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as a. organismic theorists b. statistical developmentalists c. empiricists d. all of the above

c. empiricists

A family is seeing a structural family therapist because there is a huge argument every time the subject of the 16-year-old daughter's boyfriend comes up. The therapist says, "Okay, I want you to play like you are at home and act out precisely what transpires when the subject of your daughter's boyfriend is mentioned." the structural family therapist is using a technique called a. joining b. reframing c. enactment d. cognitive disputation

c. enactment

Holland's theory would predict that the vice president of the United States would be a. artistic. b. social. c. enterprising. d. realistic.

c. enterprising.

A practicum supervisor who says to his or her supervisee "You can deal with your Asian American clients the same as you deal with anybody else" is espousing the a. emic viewpoint. b. alloplastic viewpoint. c. etic viewpoint, derived from the term phonetic referring to sounds that remain the same in any language. d. autoplastic viewpoint.

c. etic viewpoint, derived from the term phonetic referring to sounds that remain the same in any language.

The statement "All humans, from all cultures, all races, and all nations, are more alike than different" is based on the a. emic viewpoint. b. alloplastic viewpoint. c. etic viewpoint. d. autoplastic viewpoint.

c. etic viewpoint.

When counselors state that privileged communication is "qualified," they actually mean that a. the counselor must have certification before privileged communication applies. b. privileged communication applies only to doctoral-level counselors. c. exceptions may exist. d. all of the above.

c. exceptions may exist.

Your sexual attraction toward your client is hindering the counseling process. You should a. continue treatment but be honest and empathic with the client. b. ignore your feelings; after all you are a professional. c. explain this to the client and then refer the client to another provider. d. continue to see the client but ignore psychosexual topics.

c. explain this to the client and then refer the client to another provider.

In one experiment, a dog was conditioned to salivate to a bell paired with a fast-food cheeseburger. The researcher then kept ringing the bell without giving the dog the cheeseburger. This is known as a. instrumental learning via shaping. b. positive reinforcement. c. extinction, and the salivation will disappear. d. negative reinforcement.

c. extinction, and the salivation will disappear.

In a new experiment, a counselor educator wants to ferret out the effects of more than one IV. She will use a ___ design. a. Pearson Product-Moment r. b. Spearman rank order rho c. factorial d. Solomon four-group

c. factorial

Statistically speaking, males typically use ___ and females use ___ to commit suicide. a. poison; firearms b. heroin; alcohol c. firearms; poison d. heroin; jumping off a building or bridge

c. firearms; poison

A client wants his records sent to a psychiatrist he is seeing. You should a. advise against it based on current research. b. refuse to do so based on ethical guidelines. c. first have the client sign a dated release of information form that stipulates whether the information can be released once (or for what period of time it can be released) and then you can send the information. d. call the psychiatrist to discuss the case but explain that state law prohibits a counselor from sending anything in writing about the client.

c. first have the client sign a dated release of information form that stipulates whether the information can be released once (or for what period of time it can be released) and then you can send the information.

Ritualistic behaviors, which are common to all members of a species, are known as a. hysteria b. pica c. fixed-action pattern elicited by sign stimuli d. dysfunctional repetition

c. fixed-action pattern elicited by sign stimuli

Eric Berne created transactional analysis (TA). The model was popularized via his books Games People Play and What Do You Say After You Say Hello? TA therapists are most likely to incorporate _____ in the treatment process. a. Meichenbaum's self-instructional therapy b. reality therapy c. gestalt therapy d. vegotherapy

c. gestalt therapy

The study of group operations is often called a. group desensitization. b. the hot seat technique. c. group dynamics. d. structuring the group.

c. group dynamics.

A mother insists on accompanying her 20-year-old daughter on a date. A structural therapist would assume that the family a. has clear boundaries b. has rigid boundaries c. has diffuse boundaries d. supports individuation

c. has diffuse boundaries

Kohlberg's highest level of morality is termed postconventional morality. Here the individual a. must truly contend with psychosexual urges b. has the so-called "good boy/good girl" orientation c. has self-imposed morals and ethics d. a & b

c. has self-imposed morals and ethics

A group leader who wishes to assess the impact of the group ideally would a. hand out a written evaluation form during the final session. b. hold a follow-up session so members can share experiences. c. have an outside "observer" sit in during group sessions and consequently rate the level of behavioral change. d. give each member a pretest and a posttest utilizing a projective measure.

c. have an outside "observer" sit in during group sessions and consequently rate the level of behavioral change.

Most research would suggest that a woman who has the same intelligence, skills, and potential as a man will often a. make the same job choice as a man. b. choose a supervisory position more often than a man. c. have lower career aspirations than a man. d. choose a career well above her ability level.

c. have lower career aspirations than a man.

Most individuals believed that people whom they perceive as attractive a. are nonassertive b. are aggressive c. have other positive traits d. are socially adept but not very intelligent

c. have other positive traits

You are performing career counseling with a client. This client is extremely depressed. The client goes on a job interview and doesn't get the job. Based on research related to attribution theory a. in most instances this client will begin having suicidal ideation within 24 hours. b. the client's view of reality will be swayed due to his depression and thus he will insist that the interviewer was a total jerk. c. he will blame himself for his poor performance during the interview. d. he will make a joke out of the fact that he did not get the job.

c. he will blame himself for his poor performance during the interview.

In the United States, middle and upper-class citizens seem to want a counselor who a. will give them "a good talking-to" b. gives a specific and steady stream of advice c. helps them work it out on their own d. is highly authoritarian and autocratic

c. helps them work it out on their own

Prior to the 1960s most counseling took place a. in a group setting. b. with the entire family present. c. in a dyadic relationship. d. in behavior therapy clinics.

c. in a dyadic relationship.

A wealth of research demonstrates that a. surprisingly enough, African Americans generally request Asian American counselors b. surprisingly enough, Asian Americans generally request African American counselors c. in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race and a similar cultural background d. in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race yet a different culture

c. in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race and a similar cultural background

The major trend that impacted upon the counseling movement in the 1980's a. was reality therapy b. was behavior modification c. included an emphasis on professionalism, certification, and licensing d. was the group movement

c. included an emphasis on professionalism, certification, and licensing

Piaget's Preoperational Stage a. is the final stage, which includes abstract reasoning b. includes mastering conservation c. includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema. d. all of the above

c. includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema.

Cloe Madanes insisted that symptoms serve a function. A child, for example, sees that her mother is depressed. The daughter throws a glass cup to the floor to break it. This brings her mother out of the depressed state and makes her mother angry and powerful. This is known as, a. symptom substitution b. the perverse triangle c. incongruous hierarchy d. latency

c. incongruous hierarchy

Your agency uses a collection agency when clients don't pay their bills. You should a. not take a chance on degrading the therapeutic relationship by mentioning it. b. explain to the client that ethically the agency can do this; however, a private practitioner is not allowed to use a collection agency and thus a private counselor might be a wiser choice. c. inform the client of this before the counseling begins. d. never do this as it is unethical in our field.

c. inform the client of this before the counseling begins.

The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is a. actually the major theme in all 8 stages b. generativity vs stagnation (35-60 y/o) c. intimacy vs isolation (23-34 y/o) d. a critical factor which Erikson fails to mention

c. intimacy vs isolation (23-34 y/o)

Ellis feels that ____ is at the core of emotional disturbance. a. a trauma before age 5 b. a current traumatic activating event c. irrational thinking at point B d. repression of key feelings

c. irrational thinking at point B

Development a. begins at birth b. begins during the 1st trimester of pregnancy c. is a continuous process which begins at conception d. a & c

c. is a continuous process which begins at conception

Whereas culture is defined primarily via norms and values, a society differs from a culture in that a society a. is defined as a set of mores b. has a distinct lack of norms c. is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory d. none of the above

c. is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory

A counselor reading this book says, "I couldn't care less about passing my comprehensive exam." This a. is displacement b. is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions c. is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, thus minimizing tension d. is projection

c. is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, thus minimizing tension

The school psychometrician refers Katie to you for individual counseling. She indicates that Katie's IQ is at the 50th percentile. Katie's IQ a. indicates she has an intellectual disability. b. cannot be estimated based on this statistic. c. is approximately 100. d. is well above the norm for children her age.

c. is approximately 100.

A counselor educator is running an experiment to test a new form of counseling. Unbeknownst to the experimenter one of the clients in the study is secretly seeing a gestalt therapist. This experiment a. is parsimonious. b. is an example of Occam's Razor. c. is confounded/flawed. d. is valid and will most likely help the field of counseling.

c. is confounded/flawed.

The tendency to affiliate with others a. is highest in the middle child. b. is highest in children with DSM diagnoses. c. is highest in firstborns and only children. d. is based on hormonal output.

c. is highest in firstborns and only children.

Early vocalization in infants a. is more complex in African American babies b. is more complex in white babies c. is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe d.. is the finest indicator of elementary school performance

c. is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe

Negative reinforcement requires the withdrawal of an aversive (negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur. Negative reinforcement is not used as often as positive reinforcement and a. is really the same as punishment. b. effectively lowers the frequency of behavior in young children. c. is not the same thing as punishment. d. is a psychodynamic conceptualization.

c. is not the same thing as punishment.

A group leader who utilizes an abundance of group exercises is a. probably not running an assertiveness training group. b. is running an unstructured group. c. is running a structured group. d. is invariably running a self-help group.

c. is running a structured group.

According to attribution theory and the self-serving bias, if you pass your exam ___ and if you fail your exam ___. a. it is because of external issues; it is because of internal issues b. it is because of situational issues; it is because of dispositional issues c. it is because of dispositional issues; it is because of situational issues d. you lucked out; the authors of the exam chose poor exam questions

c. it is because of dispositional issues; it is because of situational issues

A 37-year-old white male states during a counseling session that he is working as a clerk at Main Street Plumbing. This verbalization depicts the client's a. career. b. lifestyle. c. job or position. d. occupation.

c. job or position.

The relationship that the therapist has with the client in reality therapy is a. detached but very empathic. b. like that of a warm caring mother. c. like that of a friend who asks what is wrong. d. friendly, nevertheless punishment is used when it is appropriate.

c. like that of a friend who asks what is wrong.

Freud has been called the most significant theorist in the entire history of psychology. His greatest contribution was his conceptualization of the unconscious mind. Critics, however, contend that a. he was too concerned with the totem and the taboo. b. he failed to emphasize sex. c. many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint. d. he was pro female.

c. many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint.

In regard to an individual's behavioral style or so-called modal orientation, Holland believed that a. every person has a pure or discrete orientation that fits perfectly into one of the six categories. b. occupational measures like the Strong Vocational are for the most part useless. c. most people are not pure personality types and thus can best be described by a distribution of types such as Realistic, Social, Investigative (RSI). d. a and b.

c. most people are not pure personality types and thus can best be described by a distribution of types such as Realistic, Social, Investigative (RSI).

You are supervising a counselor-in-training and focusing on the OARS core skills. You are teaching her how to perform a. psychodynamic group therapy. b. gestalt therapy created by Fritz Perls. c. motivational interviewing (MI) created mainly by William Miller and Stephen Rollnick. d. career counseling using directive techniques.

c. motivational interviewing (MI) created mainly by William Miller and Stephen Rollnick.

An exam has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 20. Phil has a score of 90. His score would fall a. at the 40th percentile. b. at the 5th stanine. c. near the 98th percentile and the 9th stanine. d. in the 6th stanine.

c. near the 98th percentile and the 9th stanine.

Nine of the world's finest counselor educators are given an elementary exam on counseling theory. Needless to say, all of them scored extremely high. The distribution of scores would most likely be a. a bell-shaped curve. b. positively skewed. c. negatively skewed. d. indicative that more information would be necessary.

c. negatively skewed.

Matt was diagnosed with a somatic symptom disorder (SSD), with predominant pain. It is safe to say that a. Matt is at least 40 years of age. b. Matt has never had a physical exam in regard to his pain. c. no physiological basis or medical condition can be found to explain his reaction. d. Matt's pain can be carefully traced to a precise physical cause.

c. no physiological basis or medical condition can be found to explain his reaction.

A Japanese client who was reluctant to look you in the eye during her counseling session would most likely be displaying a. severe negative transference. b. positive transference. c. normal behavior within the context of her culture. d. ambivalent transference.

c. normal behavior within the context of her culture.

A reliable test is ____ valid. a. always b. 90% c. not always d. 80%

c. not always

Critics assert that gestalt therapy is an effective treatment that a. often fails to emphasize the importance of dreams. b. ignores nonverbal behavior. c. often fails to emphasize cognitive concerns. d. uses the making the rounds technique, which is not appropriate for group work.

c. often fails to emphasize cognitive concerns.

The Soloman four-group is considered a true experimental design since each group is chosen via random sample. When using this design a. all groups receive a pretest b. there is no pretest c. one control group receives a pretest and one experimental group receives a pretest; the other control group and experimental group do not d. there is no posttest

c. one control group receives a pretest and one experimental group receives a pretest; the other control group and experimental group do not

A counselor who repeats what a client has stated in the counselor's own words is using a. contracting. b. confrontation. c. paraphrasing. d. parroting.

c. paraphrasing.

Gerald Corey, who has written extensively on group therapy, believes ________ is necessary for an effective group leader. a. a master's degree in guidance and counseling b. a doctorate in counselor education c. participation in a therapeutic group and participation in a leader's group (even if the individual is well-educated and is licensed and certified) d. three credit hours in a graduate course in group theory

c. participation in a therapeutic group and participation in a leader's group (even if the individual is well-educated and is licensed and certified)

According to the DSM-5 a. pathological gambling is not a disorder. b. pathological gambling is a disorder and is listed with Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders just like trichotillomania. c. pathological gambling is a disorder and is listed with Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders. d. pathological gambling is a conduct disorder.

c. pathological gambling is a disorder and is listed with Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders.

A popular TWA career counseling model by René V. Dawis and Lloyd Lofquist uses the abbreviation PEC. This stands for a. person emotion consequence b. person education consequence c. person environment correspondence d. person environment consequence

c. person environment correspondence

Both the Rorschach and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are projective tests. The Rorschach uses 10 inkblot cards while the TAT uses a. a dozen inkblot cards. b. verbal and performance IQ scales. c. pictures. d. incomplete sentences.

c. pictures.

A family counselor notices that the husband in a blended family is having obsessive sexual thoughts about a woman living down the street. A strict behaviorist would most likely a. analyze the man's dreams. b. have him chart the incidence of the behavior, but do little else. c. practice thought stopping. d. rely primarily on Wolpe's systematic desensitization.

c. practice thought stopping.

A couple tells a therapist using strategic family therapy that they have a quarrel at least once every evening. The therapist says, "between now and the next time I see you I want you to have a serious quarrel at least twice every evening." This is an example of a. relabeling, which is commonly used in this form of therapy b. reframing, which is commonly used in this form of therapy c. prescribing the symptom d. a directive that is not paradoxical or a double bind

c. prescribing the symptom

When you see the letter P in relation to a test of significance it means a. portion. b. population parameter. c. probability. d. the researcher is using an ethnographic qualitative approach.

c. probability.

Program evaluation (PE) helps agencies, organizations, and centers make wiser decisions. PE takes place in a natural, rather than a laboratory or controlled, setting and helps ___ answer questions posed via ___. a. researchers; staff b. programs; researchers c. programs; staff c. staff; researchers

c. programs; staff

One impetus for counselor licensing was that a. Academy of Certified Social Workers (ACSW) wanted to restrict counselors. b. politicians demanded that counselors be licensed. c. psychology licensure bodies sought to restrict the practice of counselors so counselors could not receive third-party payments from insurance and managed care companies. d. insurance companies pushed strongly for it.

c. psychology licensure bodies sought to restrict the practice of counselors so counselors could not receive third-party payments from insurance and managed care companies.

In terms of research and the group leader's personality, a. extroverts are the most effective leaders. b. introverts are the most effective leaders. c. qualities such as flexibility, enthusiasm, and common sense may be helpful to a very small degree. d. qualities such as flexibility, enthusiasm, and common sense have a tremendous positive impact.

c. qualities such as flexibility, enthusiasm, and common sense may be helpful to a very small degree.

A researcher wants to run a true experiment but insists she will not use a random sample. You could safely say that a. she absolutely, positively cannot run a true experiment. b. her research will absolutely, positively be casual comparative research. c. she could accomplish this using systematic sampling. d. her research will be correlational.

c. she could accomplish this using systematic sampling.

According to the foot in the door compliance technique, which has two distinct steps, a counselor who needs to make a home visit to a resistant to client's home a. should conduct the interview from the porch b. should double-blind the client c. should ask to come in the home d. should exude accurate empathy, but never asked to enter the home

c. should ask to come in the home

Experts in the field of multicultural counseling feel that the counselor's training a. must come from an APA-approved graduate program. b. must come from a supervisor who is from a different culture than the graduate student. c. should be broad and interdisciplinary. d. need not include rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT).

c. should be broad and interdisciplinary.

Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family counseling session. The term that best describes the phenomenon is a. the primal scene b. preconscious psychic processes c. sibling rivalry d. BASIC-ID

c. sibling rivalry

Ethical guidelines were first created for the helping professions in 1953 when the APA published their first code of ethics. The National Association of Social Workers (NASW) created their code in 1960, and in 1961, the organization that is now ACA adopted ethics for counselors. Ethics always describe a. laws. b. universal principles which apply to all helpers. c. standards of conduct imposed by the ACA and NBCC. d. all of the above.

c. standards of conduct imposed by the ACA and NBCC.

Several graduate students in counseling trained a poodle to salivate to a child's toy horn using Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm. One day the department chairman was driving across campus and honked his horn. Much to the chagrin of the students, the poodle elicited a salivation response. What had happened? a. experimental neurosis had obviously set in. b. extinction. c. stimulus generalization or what Pavlov termed irradiation. d. stimulus discrimination.

c. stimulus generalization or what Pavlov termed irradiation.

Studies indicate that a. students receive ample vocational guidance. b. most parents can provide appropriate vocational guidance. c. students want more vocational guidance than they receive. d. career days meet the vocational guidance needs of most students.

c. students want more vocational guidance than they receive.

Joseph Wolpe created systematic desensitization, a form of reciprocal inhibition based on counterconditioning. His strategy has been used in individual and group settings. When using his technique, the acronym SUDS stands for a. standard units of dysfunction. b. a given hierarchy of dysfunction. c. subjective units of disturbance scale. d. standard units of distress scale.

c. subjective units of disturbance scale.

An aggressive person who becomes a professional boxer because he or she is sadistic is displaying a. suppression. b. rationalization. c. sublimation. d. displacement.

c. sublimation.

You have just made a landmark discovery which you feel could literally change the entire field of counseling and thus you write an article which depicts your findings. The next step would be to a. submit the article to no more than two journals simultaneously. b. submit the article to every major APA and ACA journal published. c. submit the article to one publication at a time despite your conviction that the article must get published. d. write your state licensing board and request permission for multiple submission privileges.

c. submit the article to one publication at a time despite your conviction that the article must get published.

When development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client a. has learned "learned helplessness" syndrome b. suffers from a phobia c. suffers from fixation d. is displaying the risky shift phenomenon

c. suffers from fixation

A counselor who favors a behavioristic mode of career counseling would most likely a. analyze dreams related to jobs and/or occupations. b. give the client a standardized career test. c. suggest a site visit to a work setting. d. a and b.

c. suggest a site visit to a work setting.

In the general US population a. the suicide rate is 2/100,000 b. suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode, but rarely after the depression lifts c. suicide rates tend to increase with age d. suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode, but rarely after the depression lifts, and suicide rates tend to increase with age

c. suicide rates tend to increase with age

When a counselor reviews what has transpired in past counseling sessions he or she is using a. paraphrasing. b. reflection. c. summarization. d. confrontation.

c. summarization.

The simplest form of descriptive research is the ___, which requires a questionnaire return or completion rate of ___ to be accurate. a. survey; 5% b. survey; 10-25% c. survey; 50-75% d. survey; 95%

c. survey; 50-75%

Behaviorists often utilize N = 1, which is called intensive experimental design. The first step in this approach would be to a. consult a random number table. b. decide on a nonparametric statistical test. c. take a baseline measure. d. compute the range.

c. take a baseline measure.

A lesbian client wants to become heterosexual and asks for conversion or reparative therapy. You explain that you ethically do not believe in this form of intervention. She asks you to refer her to a practitioner who will perform this type of therapy. You should a. comply, since ethical counselors provide an appropriate referral. b. comply, but you must provide her with at least three referrals. c. tell the client you prefer not to refer her to a therapist who engages in this form of treatment. Discuss the potential harm and risks with the client emphasizing that this is an unproven form of treatment. d. tell her to secure a consultation with a licensed physician prior to making a referral.

c. tell the client you prefer not to refer her to a therapist who engages in this form of treatment. Discuss the potential harm and risks with the client emphasizing that this is an unproven form of treatment.

The type of mental health service provided to the client is coded via ___ and is generally required for insurance payments. a. the DSM b. the ICD c. the AMA's Current Procedural Terminology (e.g., CPT 90844) d. the Psychiatric Dictionary

c. the AMA's Current Procedural Terminology (e.g., CPT 90844)

Noted psychotherapy author and scholar Raymond Corsini once referred to the early 1940s as the "modern era" of group work. In the 1940s the two organizations for group therapy were created and group work became a legitimate specialty. The groups are a. NASW and NBCC. b. ASGW and AAS. c. the American Society for Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama (ASGPP) spawned by the work of Jacob Moreno in 1942 and the American Group Psychotherapy Association (AGPA) which resulted from the effort of Samuel Richard Slavson in 1943. d. AACD and APA.

c. the American Society for Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama (ASGPP) spawned by the work of Jacob Moreno in 1942 and the American Group Psychotherapy Association (AGPA) which resulted from the effort of Samuel Richard Slavson in 1943.

In the girls the Oedipus complex may be referred to as a. systematic desensitization b. covert desensitization c. in vivo desensitization c. the Electra complex

c. the Electra complex

A counselor is told by his supervisor to measure the internal consistency reliability (i.e., homogeneity) of a test but not to divide the test in halves. The counselor would need to utilize a. the split-half method. b. the test-retest method. c. the Kuder-Richardson coefficients of equivalence. d. cross-validation.

c. the Kuder-Richardson coefficients of equivalence.

Some support for Roe's theory comes from a. the BDI. b. the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV). c. the Rorschach and the TAT. d. the gestalt therapy movement.

c. the Rorschach and the TAT.

An elementary school counselor tells the third-grade teacher that a test revealed that certain children will excel during the school year. In reality, no such test was administered. Moreover, the children were unaware of the experiment. By the end of the year, all of the children who were supposed to excel did excel! This would best be explained via a. the Hawthorne effect. b. the Halo effect. c. the Rosenthal effect or the experimenter expectancy effect. d. observer bias

c. the Rosenthal effect or the experimenter expectancy effect.

Robert Kegan speaks of a "holding environment" in counseling in which a. the client is urged to relive a traumatic experience in an encounter group b. biofeedback training is highly recommended c. the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction d. the activity of meaning-making is discouraged

c. the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction

In intercultural/multicultural counseling the term therapeutic surrender means a. nothing - it is not a valid term b. most therapists will give up in 16 sessions or less if progress is not evident c. the client psychologically surrenders himself or herself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts d. the therapist assumes a passive therapeutic stance

c. the client psychologically surrenders himself or herself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts

A male client who hates his job is trying desperately to be the perfect father, husband, and family man. This phenomenon is best described as a. the recency effect. b. the leniency/strictness bias. c. the compensatory effect. d. spillover.

c. the compensatory effect.

Genuineness, or congruence, is really a. identical to concreteness. b. selective empathy. c. the counselor's ability to be himself or herself. d. an archaic Freudian notion.

c. the counselor's ability to be himself or herself.

When comparing the autocratic, democratic, and laissez faire styles, a. the autocratic is the most desirable. b. the laissez faire is the most desirable. c. the democratic, or what Sam Gladding called a facilitator, is the most desirable. d. there is no discernible difference in effectiveness.

c. the democratic, or what Sam Gladding called a facilitator, is the most desirable.

The landmark 1969 case, Tarasoff v. the Board of Regents of the University of California illuminated a. difficulties caused when a counselor has sex with a client. b. ethical issues in relation to research. c. the duty to warn a client in imminent danger. d. the impact of an impaired professional.

c. the duty to warn a client in imminent danger.

The most valuable type of research is a. always conducted using a factor analysis. b. conducted using the chi-square. c. the experiment, used to discover cause-and-effect relationships. d. the quasi-experiment.

c. the experiment, used to discover cause-and-effect relationships.

A married couple brings their two children to counseling for behavioral problems. The 14-year-old daughter stays out late and their 17-year-old son is using drugs. According to most marriage and family therapists the identified patient would be a. the 17-year-old son b. the 14-year-old daughter c. the family d. both children

c. the family

In 1909 a landmark book entitled Choosing a Vocation was released. The book was written by Frank Parsons. Parsons has been called a. the father of lifestyle. b. the father of modern counseling. c. the father of vocational guidance. d. the fourth force in counseling.

c. the father of vocational guidance.

Solution-oriented therapy as practiced by William O'Hanlon, Insoo Kim Berg, Steve de Shazer, and Michelle Weiner Davis focuses primarily on a. the past b. the present c. the future d. dream analysis

c. the future

A client would generally feel the most suspicious of others in a. the final stage of separation or termination. b. the intimacy stage. c. the group formation/exploratory stage. d. a group with coleadership, also known as cofacilitation.

c. the group formation/exploratory stage.

The SDS (available online or in print) score will reveal a. career aptitude. b. the personality via projective measures. c. the individual's three highest scores based on Holland's personality types. d. spillover personality tendencies.

c. the individual's three highest scores based on Holland's personality types.

During the course of a family session you discover that the man and his 14-year-old son are putting pressure on mom to quit her job. Mom very much likes her work. In Haley's theory this set of dynamics would be called; a. reframing b. equifinality c. the perverse triangle d. paradox

c. the perverse triangle

A researcher gives a depressed patient a sugar pill and the individual's depression begins to lift. This is known as a. the Hawthorne effect. b. the Halo effect. c. the placebo effect. d. the learned helplessness syndrome.

c. the placebo effect.

Existential counselors as well as Rogerian person-centered counselors adhere to what Martin Buber called the I-Thou relationship, which asserts that a. the counselor is seen as a highly trained expert with answers. b. the relationship is vertical. c. the relationship is horizontal. d. empathy is not necessary.

c. the relationship is horizontal.

Researchers often utilize naturalistic observation when doing ethological investigations or studying children's behavior. In this approach a. the researcher manipulates the IV. b. the researcher manipulates the IV and the DV. c. the researcher does not manipulate or control variables. d. the researcher will rely on a 2 × 3 factorial design.

c. the researcher does not manipulate or control variables.

If a distribution is bimodal, then there is a good chance that a. the curve will be normal. b. the curve will be shaped like a symmetrical bell. c. the researcher is working with two distinct populations. d. the research is useless in the field of counseling.

c. the researcher is working with two distinct populations.

Everybody picks on a. the gatekeeper. b. the harmonizer, also known as the conciliator. c. the scapegoat. d. the storyteller, the intellectualizer, the attacker, and the joker.

c. the scapegoat.

Mike takes a math achievement test. In order to predict his score if he takes the test again the counselor must know a. the range of scores in his class. b. the standard deviation. c. the standard error of measurement (SEM). d. the mode for the test.

c. the standard error of measurement (SEM).

A platykurtic distribution would look approximately like a. the upper half of a bowling ball. b. the normal distribution. c. the upper half of a hot dog, lying on its side over the abscissa. d. a camel's back.

c. the upper half of a hot dog, lying on its side over the abscissa.

One major criticism of interest inventories is that a. they have far too many questions. b. they are most appropriate for very young children. c. they emphasize professional positions and minimize blue-collar jobs. d. they favor jobs that will require a bachelor's degree or higher.

c. they emphasize professional positions and minimize blue-collar jobs.

You wish to use an experimental treatment strategy. According to NBCC a. this is a blatant ethics violation. b. you can do it since you are advancing the profession in a scientific manner. c. this could be ethical if you explain this to the client and the client agrees. d. it could be ethical, but since it is experimental you must make an audio or video recording of the interview.

c. this could be ethical if you explain this to the client and the client agrees.

Most experts in the field of group counseling would agree that the most important trait for group members is the ability a. to open up. b. to listen. c. to trust. d. to convey empathy.

c. to trust.

T-groups often stress ways employees can express themselves in an effective manner. The "T" in T-groups merely stands for a. techniques. b. taxonomy. c. training. d. testing.

c. training.

When a client projects unconscious feelings toward the therapist that he or she originally had toward a significant other, it is called a. free association. b. insight. c. transference. d. resistance.

c. transference.

The statement 'Native Americans, also called American Indians in some of the literature, have a problem with alcoholism and suicide" is a. false b. true as far as alcoholism is concerned however false where suicide is concerned c. true d. true regarding the suicide rate, however false regarding their use of alcoholic beverages

c. true

Sensorimotor is to Piaget as oral is to Freud, and as ___ is to Erikson. a. integrity vs despair b. Kohlberg c. trust vs. mistrust d. play therapy

c. trust vs. mistrust

If the researcher in the previous question utilized two IVs then the statistic of choice would be the a. median. b. t test. c. two-way ANOVA or MANOVA. d. ANOVA.

c. two-way ANOVA or MANOVA.

Positive transference is to love or affection, as negative transference is to hostility, and as ambivalent transference is to a. anger. b. hate. c. uncertainty. d. admiration.

c. uncertainty.

A client asks you (and you have NCC status) for classical psychoanalysis yet you have no training whatsoever in this area. If you agree to analyze the client, you are a. violating the duty to warn. b. still ethical if you possess LPC or NCC. c. unethical as this is misrepresentation. d. still ethical if, and only if, you have a doctorate.

c. unethical as this is misrepresentation.

A counselor is performing CBT. He believes his client is not dealing with the real or core issue causing the difficulty. The most effective ploy would be to a. change his approach to narrative therapy. b. give the client a projective personality test. c. use the downward arrow technique, created by David D. Burns, M.D. d. prescribe rational imagery (RI), often advocated by Albert Ellis.

c. use the downward arrow technique, created by David D. Burns, M.D.

Roe spoke of three basic parenting styles: overprotective, avoidant, or acceptant. The result is that the child a. experiences neurosis or psychosis. b. will eventually have a lot of jobs or a lack of employment. c. will develop a personality which gravitates (i.e., moves) toward people or away from people. d. will suffer from depression in the work setting or will be highly motivated to succeed.

c. will develop a personality which gravitates (i.e., moves) toward people or away from people.

In a cyclical test a. the items get progressively easier. b. the difficulty of the items remains constant. c. you have several sections which are spiral in nature. d. the client must answer each question in a specified period of time.

c. you have several sections which are spiral in nature.

A Type I error occurs when a. you have a beta error. b. you accept null when it is false. c. you reject null when it is true. d. you fail to use a test of significance.

c. you reject null when it is true.

You want to admit only 25% of all counselors to an advanced training program in psychodynamic group therapy. The item difficulty on the entrance exam for applicants would be best set at a. 0.0. b. .5 regardless of the admission requirement. c. 1.0. d. .25.

d. .25.

The same test is given to the same group of people using the test-retest reliability method. The correlation between the first and second administration is .70. The true variance (i.e., the percentage of shared variance or the level of the same thing measured in both) is a. 70%. b. 100%. c. 50%. d. 49%.

d. 49%.

The variance is a measure of dispersion of scores around some measure of central tendency. The variance is the standard deviation squared. A popular IQ test has a SD of 15. A counselor would expect that if the mean IQ score is 100, then a. the average score on the test would be 122. b. 95% of the people who take the test will score between 85 and 115. c. 99% of the people who take the test will score between 85 and 115. d. 68% of the people who take the test will score between 85 and 115.

d. 68% of the people who take the test will score between 85 and 115.

The WAIS-IV IQ test is given to 100 adults picked randomly. How many of the adults most likely would receive an IQ score between 85 and 115? a. 7. b. 99. c. 95. d. 68.

d. 68.

___ would be an informal method of appraisal. a. IQ testing b. Standardized personality testing c. GRE scores d. A checklist

d. A checklist

Which choice would most likely violate the counseling ethic or law termed "scope of practice"? a. A counselor who is using good, accurate empathy with a client, but fails to confront her about her excessive drinking. b. A licensed counselor who gives the client a DSM diagnostic code for insurance. c. A counselor who is too active-directive with a client. d. A counselor who is conducting a strict Freudian psychoanalysis with the client.

d. A counselor who is conducting a strict Freudian psychoanalysis with the client.

Transgender individuals have an attempted suicide rate which is approximately 25 times higher than the rate for the general population. A high percentage of transgender youth experience oppression and are physically assaulted. A transgender does not identify with the gender they were given at birth or the person's expression differs from societal expectations. What is cisgender? a. All females. b. All males. c. The same as genderfluid. d. A person who identifies with the gender they were assigned at birth and hence by definition this person is not a transgender individual.

d. A person who identifies with the gender they were assigned at birth and hence by definition this person is not a transgender individual.

The researcher in Q 727 now attempts a more complex experiment. One group receives no assertiveness training, a second group receives four assertiveness training sessions, and a third receives six sessions. The statistic of choice would be the a. mean. b. t test. c. two-way ANOVA. d. ANOVA.

d. ANOVA.

Self-efficacy theory is based on the work of a. Anne Roe. b. John Holland. c. H. B. Gelatt. d. Albert Bandura.

d. Albert Bandura.

The first intelligence test was created by a. David Wechsler. b. J. P. Guilford. c. Francis Galton. d. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon.

d. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon.

In a parametric test the assumption is that the scores are normally distributed. In nonparametric testing the curve is not a normal distribution. Which of these tests are nonparametric statistical measures? a. Mann-Whitney U test, often just called the U test. b. Wilcoxon signed-rank test for matched pairs. c. Soloman and the Kruskal-Wallis H test. d. All of the above are nonparametric measures.

d. All of the above are nonparametric measures.

Which statement is true regarding Native American families? a. They are a very diverse group as they belong to over 550 state-recognized tribes, with over 220 in Alaska b. Extended family and the tribe are very significant c. A high percentage of children have been placed in foster care homes, residential facilities, or adoption homes that are non-Native American. d. All of the above are true

d. All of the above are true

An advantage of group career counseling over individual career counseling is a. other clients in the group can help you to rev up your motivation. b. you get to help other clients and they get to help you. c. participants can role-play situations such as how to answer questions during a job interview. d. All of the above statements are correct.

d. All of the above statements are correct.

NBCC's Code of Ethics describes ethical issues related to private practice. Which of these situations is clearly an ethics violation? a. A private practitioner who advertises in the Yellow Pages. b. A private practitioner who advertises in a daily newspaper. c. A counselor who terminates a professional relationship with a client because she feels it is no longer productive for her client. She refers the client to another helper. d. An executive director of a private practice who has his name listed on the practice's website as a counseling provider despite the fact that he is out of the country and is engaged in a research project for the next two years.

d. An executive director of a private practice who has his name listed on the practice's website as a counseling provider despite the fact that he is out of the country and is engaged in a research project for the next two years.

The sequence of object loss, which goes form protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of a. Freud b. Adler on birth order c. Erikson d. Bowlby

d. Bowlby

Empathy and counselor effectiveness scales reflect the work of a. Perls and Berne. b. Ellis and Harper. c. Prochaska's transtheoretical model (TTM). d. Carkhuff and Gazda.

d. Carkhuff and Gazda.

The personality types of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) are associated with the work of a. psychoanalysis. b. Sigmund Freud. c. Alfred Adler. d. Carl G. Jung.

d. Carl G. Jung.

Which theorist would most likely assert that EQ is more important than IQ? a. David Wechsler b. Alfred Binet c. Charles Spearman d. Daniel Goleman

d. Daniel Goleman

You create a career group to examine the clients' roles in life as a child, student, citizen, homemaker/parent, worker, citizen, and time spend participating in leisure activities (leisurite). You should use a. the MBTI based on the work of psychiatrist Carl Jung. b. Nathan Azrin's job club model, based on behaviorism. c. John Holland's SDS or so-called Self-Directed Search. d. Donald Super's life career rainbow.

d. Donald Super's life career rainbow.

___ was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues. a. Mark Savickas, a major figure in career construction theory relying on narrative therapy b. Alfred Adler, the father of individual psychology c. Maxie Maultsby, the father of RBT d. Frank Parsons, the father of guidance

d. Frank Parsons, the father of guidance

A counselor who says he or she practices depth psychology technically bases his or her treatment on a. Pavlov'sdogs. b. Mary Cover Jones. c. John B. Watson. d. Freud's topographic hypothesis.

d. Freud's topographic hypothesis.

___ did research and concluded that intelligence was normally distributed like height or weight and that it was primarily genetic. a. Spearman b. Guilford c. Williamson d. Galton

d. Galton

Holland relied on a personality theory of career choice. Robert Hoppock's theory, based on the work of ________ is also considered a personality approach. a. Donald Super b. Robert Rosenthal c. David Wechsler d. Henry Murray

d. Henry Murray

A correlation coefficient between variables X and Y is 0.60. If we square this figure we now have the coefficient of determination or true common variance of 36%. What is the coefficient of nondetermination that shows unique rather than common variance? a. There is no such concept. b. You would subtract 36 from 100 c. It would still be 36% d. It would be 64%

d. It would be 64%

You secure a state license and NCC status and open a private practice. Your cousin comes to the agency for supervision to get his state license. a. You would supervise him just like anybody else. b. You could supervise him if he is your second cousin, but not your first cousin. c. Consultation is very important in today's world. You could supervise him if you receive a consultation and the consultant approves of it. d. It would be unethical to supervise him.

d. It would be unethical to supervise him.

Nathan Ackerman is considered a famous psychoanalytic family therapist; so are a. Carl Rogers and Albert Ellis b, Arnold Lazarus and Joseph Wolpe c. William Glasser and Robert Wubbolding d. James Framo and Robin Skynner

d. James Framo and Robin Skynner

The frustration-aggression theory is associated with a. Albert Ellis b. Robert Havinghurst, who created the idea of the developmental task concept c. Eric Berne the creator of transactional analysis d. John Dollard and Neal Miller

d. John Dollard and Neal Miller

Ken's supervisor told Ken to do a meta-analysis related to treating children with sleep disorders. a. Ken can use a correlation coefficient. b. Ken can set up a true experiment with a control group and an experimental group. c. Ken can use a single subject N = 1 intensive design. d. Ken will use statistics based on numerous studies to investigate the issue.

d. Ken will use statistics based on numerous studies to investigate the issue.

Which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency? a. Carl Rogers b. B F Skinner c. Frank Parsons, the father of guidance d. Konrad Lorenz

d. Konrad Lorenz

IQ stands for intelligence quotient, which is expressed by a. CA/MA × 50. b. CA/MA × 100. c. MA/CA × 50. d. MA/CA × 100.

d. MA/CA × 100.

In 1908, books by ________ helped to introduce social psychology in America. a. Moreno and Yalom b. Holland and Roe c. Barber and Salter d. McDougall and Ross

d. McDougall and Ross

Narrative therapy, which highlights stories in counseling, is associated with the work of a. William O'Hanlon b. William Glasser c. Milton H. Erickson d. Michael White, his wife Cheryl White, and David Epston

d. Michael White, his wife Cheryl White, and David Epston

Edmund Griffith Williamson's work (or the so-called Minnesota Viewpoint) purports to be scientific and didactic, utilizing test data from instruments such as the a. Rorschach and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). b. Binet and the Wechsler. c. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). d. Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales.

d. Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales.

All of the statements below are true about bullying except: a. More girls are bullied than boys. b. More whites are bullied than minorities. c. Fewer students claim they are being bullied in recent years. d. More students are harassed in the hallways than on social media.

d. More students are harassed in the hallways than on social media.

As a private practice counselor your ___ would be most important in terms of filing claims. a. graduate transcript b. undergraduate and graduate transcript c. NCC provider number d. NPI number

d. NPI number

Which treatment match-up is incorrect? a. Vivitrol for alcoholism. b. Lithium for bipolar disorder. c. Suboxone for opiod dependence. d. Narcan for schizophrenia.

d. Narcan for schizophrenia.

The theory of psychodynamic family counseling is primarily associated with a. William Glasser. b. Sigmund Freud. c. Virginia Satir and Carl Whitaker. d. Nathan Ackerman.

d. Nathan Ackerman.

A counselor who is interested in trends in the job market should consult the a. State Department of Economic Regulation or the Department of Insurance, Financial Institutions, and Professional Regulations. b. SOC. c. SIC. d. OOH.

d. OOH.

A question on your comprehensive exam asks you to compute the coefficient of determination. You are given a correlation coefficient of 0.70. How would you mathematically accomplish this task? a. You would subtract 0.70 from a perfect correlation of 1.00. b. You would multiply the mean of the population by 0.70 c. You would add 0.70 to a perfect correlation of 1.00 d. You would square the 0.70.

d. You would square the 0.70.

A person who lives by his or her individual conscience and universal ethical principles a. has, according to Kohlberg, reached the highest stage of moral development b. is in the preconventional level c. is in the postconventional level of self-accepted moral principles d. a & c

d. a & c (a. has, according to Kohlberg, reached the highest stage of moral development AND c. is in the postconventional level of self-accepted moral principles)

In the case of an individual who purchased a $50,000 watch, cognitive dissonance theory postulates that a. he or she might ignore positive information regarding other models and secure a lot of information regarding the $50,000 Platinum model b. he or she might sell the $50,000 wash immediately following the purchase c. he or she might Focus heavily on negative information regarding rival models d. a & c

d. a & c (a. he or she might ignore positive information regarding other models and secure a lot of information regarding the $50,000 Platinum model AND c. he or she might Focus heavily on negative information regarding rival models)

A critical period a. makes imprinting possible b. emphasizes manifest dream content c. signifies a special time when a behavior must be learned or the behavior won't be learned at all d. a & c

d. a & c (a. makes imprinting possible AND c. signifies a special time when a behavior must be learned or the behavior won't be learned at all)

A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered a. object permanence b. reflexive response c. representational thought d. a & c

d. a & c (a. object permanence AND c. representational thought)

We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers? a. 19 y/o male college student b. a 23 y/o male drummer in a rock band c. a 57 y/o female stockbroker d. a 13 y/o male middle school student

d. a 13 y/o male middle school student

The term reentry woman would best describe a. a 32-year-old female police officer promoted to sergeant. b. a 22-year-old female teacher who becomes a school counselor. c. a 59-year-old female administrative assistant who switched positions for two years and will return to her job. d. a 29-year-old female who was babysitting in her home but is currently working at a fast-food restaurant.

d. a 29-year-old female who was babysitting in her home but is currently working at a fast-food restaurant.

A researcher performs a study that has excellent external or so-called population validity, meaning that the results have generalizability. To collect his data the researcher gave clients a rating scale in which they were to respond with strongly agree, somewhat agree, neutral, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree. This is a. a projective measure. b. unacceptable for use in standardized testing. c. a speed test. d. a Likert Scale.

d. a Likert Scale.

A counselor who is genuine a. does not role-play someone he or she is not, so as to be accepted by the client. b. does not change his or her true values from session to session. c. is not empathic. d. a and b.

d. a and b. (a. does not role-play someone he or she is not, so as to be accepted by the client. b. does not change his or her true values from session to session.)

In general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on _____, while behavior therapy emphasizes _____. a. instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning b. Pavlovian principles; Skinnerian principles c. Skinnerian principles; Pavlovian principles d. a and c

d. a and c (a. instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning AND c. Skinnerian principles; Pavlovian principles)

A Type II error a. is also called a beta error. b. means you reject null when it is applicable. c. means you accept null when it is false. d. a and c.

d. a and c. (a. is also called a beta error. AND c. means you accept null when it is false.)

From a mathematical standpoint, the mean is merely the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores. The mean is misleading when a. the distribution is skewed. b. the distribution has no extreme scores. c. there are extreme scores. d. a and c.

d. a and c. (a. the distribution is skewed. AND c. there are extreme scores.)

The model Krumboltz suggested is a. a human capital theory. b. an accident theory of career development. c. a status attainment theory. d. a behavioristic model of career development.

d. a behavioristic model of career development.

Madanes advocated pretend techniques that are somewhat paradoxical. An example might be a. a child who has panic attacks pretends he has a mental bullhorn in his head and shouts stop. b. a child who has panic attacks pretends in his mind that a therapist is counseling him c. a child who has panic attacks pretends his dad is a therapist during the actual family therapy session d. a child who has panic attacks pretends to have one during the session and the parents pretend to help him.

d. a child who has panic attacks pretends to have one during the session and the parents pretend to help him.

Person-centered counseling would prove least effective with a. a bright verbal male. b. a bright verbal female. c. a graduate student who had a knowledge of phrenology. d. a client who is not very verbal.

d. a client who is not very verbal.

A counselor is using the memory device: IS PATH WARM? He is most likely working with a. a client with bipolar disorder. b. a client with test anxiety. c. a client diagnosed on the autism spectrum disorder. d. a client whom he feels could be suicidal.

d. a client whom he feels could be suicidal.

A classic experiment in social psychology was conducted by the social psychologist Muzafer Sherif et al. at a boys' summer camp near Robbers' Cave, Oklahoma. The important finding in this study was that a. most people cooperate in a social setting. b. competition plays a small role in most of our lives. c. a and b. d. a cooperative, or so-called superordinate, goal attained only by working in a joint manner, can bring two hostile groups together.

d. a cooperative, or so-called superordinate, goal attained only by working in a joint manner, can bring two hostile groups together.

A major limitation related to group work is that a. REBT cannot be utilized in group therapy. b. it is not really cost effective. c. gestalt therapy cannot be used in a group setting. d. a group leader can lose control and members could experience emotional harm.

d. a group leader can lose control and members could experience emotional harm.

Experts firmly believe that a common weakness in many groups is a. setting too many goals. b. using a male and a female coleader. c. that the leader uses a democratic style. d. a lack of goal setting.

d. a lack of goal setting.

The MMPI-2 is a. an IQ test. b. a neurological test. c. a projective personality test. d. a standardized personality test.

d. a standardized personality test.

Clients should know that a. validity is more important than reliability. b. projective tests favor psychodynamic theory. c. face validity is not that important. d. a test is merely a single source of data and not infallible.

d. a test is merely a single source of data and not infallible.

From a purely statistical standpoint, in order to compare a control group (which does not receive the IV or experimental manipulation) to the experimental group the researcher will need a. a correlation coefficient b. only descriptive statistics. c. percentile rank. d. a test of significance.

d. a test of significance.

The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg's theory as a. a brick is to a house b. Freud is to Jung c. the Menninger Clinic is to biofeedback d. a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered

d. a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered

Consulting is included in ethical guidelines. Consultation can best be defined as a. a voluntary relationship between a professional helper and a help-needing individual that is generally longer than supervision. b. a brand or paradigm of long-term psychotherapy. c. a systematic process based on classical conditioning. d. a voluntary relationship between a professional helper and a help-needing individual, group, or social unit in which the consultant helps define or solve problems related to clients, the client system, or work-related issues.

d. a voluntary relationship between a professional helper and a help-needing individual, group, or social unit in which the consultant helps define or solve problems related to clients, the client system, or work-related issues.

America has been called the most diverse country on the face of our planet. Counseling a client from a different social and / or cultural background is known as a. cross-cultural counseling b. multicultural counseling c. intercultural counseling d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Culture refers to a. customs shared by a group which distinguished it from other groups b. values shared by a group that are learned from others in the group c. attitudes, beliefs, art, and language would characterize members of a group often passed from generation to generation d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Erikson's middle age stage (ages 35 to 60) is known as generativity versus stagnation. Generativity refers to a. the ability to do creative work or raise a family b. the opposite of stagnation c. the productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure time d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Feminist therapy criticizes traditional therapies a. because they are androcentric (i.e., they use male views to analyze the personality) b. because they are gendercentric (i.e., they assume that there are two separate psychological developmental patterns - one for men and one for women) c. because they emphasize heterosexism and debase same-sex relationships d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring and a. assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes b. assumes the heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes c. assumes that genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code d. all of the above

d. all of the above

In a traditional culture which places a high premium on authority figures, a. passivity on the part of the counselor would be viewed in a negative manner b. a client would be disappointed if he or she did not receive advice c. assigning homework in teaching on the part of the counselor would be appropriate d. all of the above

d. all of the above

PL 94-142 (the Education for All Handicapped Children Act) states that a. all children between ages 5 and 21 are assured free education b. handicapped persons are placed in the least-restrictive environment (LRE) c. an individualized education plan (IEP) is developed for each child d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The significance of the 1958 National Defense Education Act was that it a. provided financial aid for graduate education in counseling b. expanded school guidance services c. improved guidance for gifted children d. all of the above

d. all of the above

When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that, in general a. girls group up to smile more b. girls are using more feeling words by age 2 c. girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The placater is a people pleaser under stress while the blamer a. will sacrifice others to feel good about himself b. will often say, "if it weren't for you...' c. will point the finger at others to avoid dealing with his or her own issues d. all of the above are typical behaviors of the blamer

d. all of the above are typical behaviors of the blamer

A counselor can assume that, in general a. women make less money than men for the same job. b. most complaints against counselors for exploitation come from women complaining about male counselors. c. women are not as comfortable as men when they are involved in competitive situations d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

A group with more than one leader is said to utilize coleaders. Coleadership is desirable because a. the group can go on even if one leader is absent. b. two leaders can focus on group dynamics better than one leader since two individuals will have better observational skills. c. leaders can process their feelings between sessions. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

According to Public Law 93-380, also known as the Buckley Amendment, a 19-year-old college student attending college a. could view her record, which included test data. b. could view her daughter's infant IQ test given at preschool. c. could demand a correction she discovered while reading a file. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

An exception to confidentiality, or what is termed as relative confidentiality, could occur when a client is suicidal. Suicidal warning signs include a. repeatedly joking about killing one's self. b. giving away prized possessions after one has been depressed for an extended period of time. c. a previous suicide attempt and a very detailed suicide plan for the future. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

Coleadership, also referred to as cofacilitation, can be a disadvantage when a. leaders are working against each other; this can fragment the group. b. leaders are intimate with each other. c. leaders question each other's competence. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

In contrast with classical psychoanalysis, psychodynamic counseling or therapy a. utilizes fewer sessions per week. b. does not utilize the couch. c. is performed face to face. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

In terms of research related to affiliation a. misery loves miserable company. b. firstborns are more likely to affiliate than other children born later. c. people affiliate in an attempt to lower fear. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

In terms of trust and therapeutic surrender, a. it is easier to trust people from one's own culture. b. lower-income people often don't trust others from a highersocial class. c. lower-income clients may feel that they will end up as losers dealing with a counselor from a higher social class. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

The Child ego state is like the little kid within. The child may manifest itself as a. the Natural Child. b. the Adapted Child. c. the Little Professor. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

The Self-Directed Search (SDS) is a. based on the work of Holland and yields scores on his six types. b. self-administered. c. self-scored and self-interpreted. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

The ethical requirement to have a transfer plan in writing would apply to a. a situation in which a counselor became disabled. b. a situation in which a counselor died. c. a situation where a counselor moved to another state. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

Your supervisor wants you to find a new personality test for your counseling agency. You should read a. professional journals. b. the Buros Mental Measurements Yearbook. c. classic textbooks in the field as well as test materials produced by the testing company. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

There are behavioral, structural, and maturational theories of development. The maturational viewpoint utilizes the plant growth analogy, in which the mind is seen as being driven by instinct while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limits on development. Counselors who are maturationists a. conduct therapy in the here and now b. focus primarily on nonverbal behavior c. believe group work is most effective d. allow clients to work through early conflicts

d. allow clients to work through early conflicts

Type I and Type II errors are called ___ and ___ respectively. a. beta; alpha b. .01; .05 c. a and b d. alpha; beta

d. alpha; beta

You are the owner of a counseling practice. You make the sole decision which counselor receives the new referrals. According to new ACA ethics on fee splitting a. you can charge counselors 50% of the agency counseling fee for office space. b. you can charge counselors one third of the agency counseling fee for office space, but it must never exceed one third. c. fee splitting is totally ethical and the director could set the fee split at any cost he or she feels is appropriate. d. although many counselors believe this is controversial, it is unethical based on the fact that charging a percentage of the payment rate per client appears to be a kickback scheme similar to accepting a referral fee.

d. although many counselors believe this is controversial, it is unethical based on the fact that charging a percentage of the payment rate per client appears to be a kickback scheme similar to accepting a referral fee.

A group setting has a flexible seating arrangement in which clients are free to sit wherever they wish. In this setting it is likely that a. an African American client and a white leader would sit close together. b. a Latino/a client and an African American leader would sit close together. c. an Asian American client and an African American leader would sit close together. d. an Asian American leader and an Asian American client would sit close together.

d. an Asian American leader and an Asian American client would sit close together.

Eleanor Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing a. Piaget's concept of conservation b. Erikson's trust vs mistrust paradigm c. Piaget's formal operations. d. an apparatus known as the visual cliff

d. an apparatus known as the visual cliff

Milgram discovered that normal people would administer seemingly fatal electric shocks to others when instructions to do so were given by a person perceived as a. a peer. b. an equal. c. an individual from another culture. d. an authority figure.

d. an authority figure.

A client says, "I lost my job and it's the most terrible thing in the world." This client is engaging in a. rational self-talk. b. self-induced empathy. c. cognitive restructuring. d. awfulizing and terriblizing, also known as catastrophizing.

d. awfulizing and terriblizing, also known as catastrophizing.

According to the Yale research by Daniel J Levinson a. Erikson's generativity versus stagnation stage simply doesn't exist b. 80% of the men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crises c. an "age 30 crisis" occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes d. b & c

d. b & c (b. 80% of the men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crises AND c. an "age 30 crisis" occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes)

Balance Theory postulates a. a move from cognitive consistency to inconsistency b. a move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency c. a tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state d. b & c

d. b & c (b. a move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency AND c. a tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state)

A counselor who is seeing a 15-year-old boy who is not doing well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind that a. in general, boys posses better verbal skills than girls b. in general, girls posses better verbal skills than boys c. in general, boys have better visual-perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls d. b & c

d. b & c (b. in general, girls posses better verbal skills than boys AND c. in general, boys have better visual-perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls)

A counselor who is part of a research study will be counseling clients in the polar regions and then at a point near the equator her primary concern will be a. universal culture b. national culture c. ecological culture d. b & c

d. b & c (b. national culture AND c. ecological culture)

Ethnocentrism a. is not universal b. promotes a sense of patriotism and National sovereignty c. promotes stability and pride, yet danger in the nuclear age d. b & c

d. b & c (b. promotes a sense of patriotism and National sovereignty AND c. promotes stability and pride, yet danger in the nuclear age)

Daniel Levinson proposed a controversial stage crisis view Theory with several major life transitions. He a. is the father of multicultural counseling b. wrote the 1978 classic Seasons of a Man's Life and the 1997 sequel Seasons of a Woman's Life c. postulated a midlife crisis for men between ages of 40 and 45 and for women approximately 5 years earlier d. b & c

d. b & c (b. wrote the 1978 classic Seasons of a Man's Life and the 1997 sequel Seasons of a Woman's Life AND c. postulated a midlife crisis for men between ages of 40 and 45 and for women approximately 5 years earlier)

Pick the best example(s) of the psychoanalytic theory concept of splitting a. a client who realistically perceives her therapist as a very empathic person b. client who realistically perceives her therapist as only having good qualities c. client who sees her therapist as all bad d. b and c

d. b and c (b. client who realistically perceives her therapist as only having good qualities AND c. client who sees her therapist as all bad)

Which statement is the trust of African American Families? a. they are the largest minority in the United States b. fewer African Americans are getting married c. African Americans are less likely to be concerned about gender roles (e.g. men and women can cook meals or work outside of the home). d. b and c

d. b and c (b. fewer African Americans are getting married AND c. African Americans are less likely to be concerned about gender roles)

A family counselor treats an Asian American family exactly like he treats the Arab American families in his caseload. He also imposes values from his own culture on them. This counselor has been described in the literature as a. culturally sensitive b. lacking cultural sensitivity c. culturally encapsulated d. b and c

d. b and c (b. lacking cultural sensitivity AND c. culturally encapsulated)

Adaptability is the ability of the family to balance a. ego strength b. stability and change c. morphostasis and morphogenesis d. b and c

d. b and c (b. stability and change AND c. morphostasis and morphogenesis)

ACA ethical guidelines stipulate that a counselor can refrain from making a diagnosis if the counselor believes the diagnosis could harm the client or others. a. Therefore, a counselor could ethically diagnose all clients as having an adjustment disorder to secure insurance since this diagnosis is somewhat benign and not likely to harm the client. b. A counselor could refrain from making a diagnosis if it is in the best interest of the client. c. A decision to refrain from making a diagnosis is ideally made in collaboration with the client, although the counselor has the final say. d. b and c

d. b and c b. A counselor could refrain from making a diagnosis if it is in the best interest of the client. AND c. A decision to refrain from making a diagnosis is ideally made in collaboration with the client, although the counselor has the final say.)

Although task roles and maintenance roles are indeed positive, the group can suffer if the group is not flexible and remains in one or the other role too long since a. an effective group needs some self-serving roles. b. if a group gets stuck in task roles, interaction suffers. c. if a group gets stuck in maintenance roles, little work (or tasks) will be accomplished. d. b and c.

d. b and c. (b. if a group gets stuck in task roles, interaction suffers. AND c. if a group gets stuck in maintenance roles, little work (or tasks) will be accomplished.)

Critics of the Rogerian approach feel that a. it does not emphasize relationship concerns. b. some degree of directiveness is needed after the initial phase of counseling. c. more confrontation is necessary, though Rogers did encourage caring confrontations. d. b and c.

d. b and c. (b. some degree of directiveness is needed after the initial phase of counseling. AND c. more confrontation is necessary, though Rogers did encourage caring confrontations.)

The trait-and-factor or actuarial approach asserts that a. job selection is a long-term development process. b. testing is an important part of the counseling process. c. a counselor can match the correct person with the appropriate job. d. b and c.

d. b and c. (b. testing is an important part of the counseling process. AND c. a counselor can match the correct person with the appropriate job.)

In terms of the labor market a. music is very effective in increasing the workers' output. b. the number of employees that employers want to hire goes down as salary goes up. c. the number of employees willing to work for an employer goes up as the salary increases. d. b and c.

d. b and c. (b. the number of employees that employers want to hire goes down as salary goes up. AND c. the number of employees willing to work for an employer goes up as the salary increases.)

Self-serving or individual roles are negative inasmuch as a. they promote democratic leadership. b. they work against the group. c. they serve the individual and not the group. d. b and c.

d. b and c. (b. they work against the group. AND c. they serve the individual and not the group.)

A counselor created an achievement test with a reliability coefficient of .82. The test is shortened since many clients felt it was too long. The counselor shortened the test but logically assumed that the reliability coefficient would now a. be approximately .88. b. remain at .82. c. be at least 10 points higher or lower. d. be lower than .82.

d. be lower than .82.

A behavioristic family counselor suggests that the family chart the number of times that 6-year-old Billy says "no" when he is told to do something. The baseline of the chart would refer to the period a. when positive reinforcement is being implemented. b. when negative reinforcement is being implemented. c. when quid pro quo is being implemented. d. before the behavior modification begins.

d. before the behavior modification begins.

A counselor who utilizes the term instinctual technically means a. behavior results from unconscious aggression b. women will show the behavior to a higher degree than men c. a & b d. behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species

d. behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species

A counselor suggests that her client join an assertiveness training group. Most assertiveness training groups are a. unstructured. b. psychodynamic or person-centered. c. focused heavily on existential concerns. d. behavioristic and highly structured.

d. behavioristic and highly structured.

Although behavior therapy purports to be highly scientific, it has been criticized on the grounds that it is simplistic, and does not deal with underlying causes. Existential therapy, on the other hand, has been criticized for a. being too short-term. b. overemphasizing techniques. c. ignoring group strategies. d. being too vague regarding techniques and procedures.

d. being too vague regarding techniques and procedures.

The final group stage (also called the termination stage) is geared toward a. developing intimacy. b. working through power and control issues. c. exploration. d. breaking away.

d. breaking away.

An 11-year-old child comes to your office with a black eye and tells you she can't remember how she received it. You have reason to suspect abuse. You should a. be empathic and discuss her feelings regarding the matter. b. drop the matter as it could embarrass her. c. refer her to a medical doctor of your choice. d. call the child abuse/neglect hotline.

d. call the child abuse/neglect hotline.

Three years ago an inpatient addiction treatment center in a hospital asked their clients if they would like to undergo an archaic form of therapy created by Wilhelm Reich known as "vegotherapy." Approximately half of the clients stated they would like try the treatment while the other 50% stated that they would stick with the tried-and-true program of the center. Outcome data on their drinking was compiled at the end of seven weeks. Today—three years later—a statistician compared the two groups based on their drinking behavior at the end of the seven weeks using a t test. This study could best be described as a. correlation research. b. a true experiment. c. a cohort study. d. causal comparative research.

d. causal comparative research.

Sex-role stereotyping would imply that a. a counselor would only consider traditional feminine careers for his female client. b. a male counselor would rate a female client's emotional status differently than he would a male client's. c. female clients are treated the same as male clients. d. choices a and b.

d. choices a and b (a. a counselor would only consider traditional feminine careers for his female client AND b. a male counselor would rate a female client's emotional status differently than he would a male client's)

Dr. X discovered that the correlation between therapists who hold NCC status and therapists who practice systematic desensitization is .90. A student who perused Dr. X's research told his fellow students that Dr. X had discovered that attaining NCC status causes therapists to become behaviorally oriented. The student is incorrect because a. systematic desensitization is clearly not a behavioral strategy. b. this can only be determined via a histogram. c. the study suffers from longitudinal and maturational effects. d. correlation does not imply causal.

d. correlation does not imply causal.

A counselor educator, Dr. Y, is doing research on his classes. He hypothesizes that if he reinforces students in his morning class by smiling each time a student asks a relevant question, then more students will ask questions and exam grades will go up. Betty and Linda accidentally overhear Dr. Y discussing the experiment with the department chair. Betty is a real people pleaser and decides that she will ask lots of questions and try to help Dr. Y confirm his hypothesis. Linda, nevertheless, is angry that she is being experimented on and promises Betty that Dr. Y could smile until the cows came in but she still wouldn't ask a question. Both Linda and Betty exemplify a. internal versus external validity. b. ipsative versus normative interpretation of test scores. c. the use of the nonparametric chi-square test. d. demand characteristics of experiments.

d. demand characteristics of experiments.

In the person-centered approach, an effective counselor must possess a. the skill to be confrontational. b. the ability to give advice. c. the ability to do formal psychological testing. d. empathy, congruence, genuineness, and demonstrate unconditional positive regard to create a desirable "I-Thou relationship."

d. empathy, congruence, genuineness, and demonstrate unconditional positive regard to create a desirable "I-Thou relationship."

Counselors who work as consultants a. generally adhere to reality therapy. b. generally adhere to one single theory. c. generally adhere to consultation theory. d. generally do not adhere to one single theory.

d. generally do not adhere to one single theory.

You are counseling your first cousin for depression. This is a. ethical. b. not actually an ethical issue. c. ethical if you continue to counsel her and refer her to a psychiatrist for an antidepressant. d. generally unethical as it would constitute a dual or so-called multiple relationship.

d. generally unethical as it would constitute a dual or so-called multiple relationship.

Group norms a. exist only in encounter groups. b. exist only in career counseling groups. c. are not related to group cohesiveness. d. govern acceptable behavior and group rules.

d. govern acceptable behavior and group rules.

When Jay Haley began investigating psychotherapy he a. was already trained as a Freudian analyst like so many other pioneers in the field b. was already trained as a behaviorist c. had studied REBT with Albert Ellis d. had a degree in the arts and communication rather than the helping professions

d. had a degree in the arts and communication rather than the helping professions

Overall, Rogerian person-centered counseling a. is rarely utilized in cross-cultural counseling b. is too non-directive for intercultural counseling c. a & b d. has been used more than other models to help promote understanding between cultures and races

d. has been used more than other models to help promote understanding between cultures and races

Some behavioral scientists have been critical of the Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget's developmental research inasmuch as a. he utilized the t test too frequently b. he failed to check for type 1 or alpha failures c. he worked primarily with minority children d. his findings were often derived from observing his own children

d. his findings were often derived from observing his own children

A family that is stable and reaches an equilibrium is in a state of a. adaptability b. enmeshment c. nonsummativity d. homeostasis

d. homeostasis

A model by Olson, Sprenkle, and Russell suggests that family functioning can be described in two dimensions - cohesion and adaptability. The family therapy term cohesion refers to the level of emotional bonding between family members. Adaptability refers to a. a family's level of enmeshment or disengagement b. a family's ability to adapt to the therapist's personality c. a family's ability to adapt to the theoretical persuasion of the therapist d. how rigid, structured, flexible, or chaotic the family is.

d. how rigid, structured, flexible, or chaotic the family is.

Eric Berne's transactional analysis (TA) posits three ego states: the Child, the Adult, and the Parent. These roughly correspond to Freud's structural theory that includes a. oral, anal, and phallic. b. unconscious, preconscious, and conscious. c. a and b. d. id, ego, and superego.

d. id, ego, and superego.

In Minuchin's structural approach, clear boundaries are a. pathological b. rigid c. also called diffuse boundaries d. ideal- firm yet flexible

d. ideal- firm yet flexible

Jane feels very inferior. She is now president of the board at a shelter for the homeless. She seems to be obsessed with her work for the agency and spends every spare minute trying to help the cause. When asked to introduce herself in virtually any social situation, Jane invariably responds with, "I'm the president of the board for the homeless shelter." Jane is engaging in a. projection. b. displacement. c. introjection. d. identification.

d. identification.

A screening for group members can be done in a group or privately. Although private screening interviews are not as cost effective or as time efficient as group screening, many group leaders feel that private screening sessions are superior a. because they intensify transference. b. because they encourage catharsis. c. because they intensify abreaction. d. in terms of counselor-client interaction.

d. in terms of counselor-client interaction.

You are a middle school counselor at a public school. A child is threatening to kill another student and admonishes you to keep it a secret. According to the ethical principle of minimal disclosure the best course of action would be to a. try to talk the client out of his plan of action but do not violate his confidentiality by telling anyone else. b. call the major radio and television stations as research clearly indicates that publicity can stop school tragedies. c. call the police and give them a complete blow-by-blow description of the counseling session. d. inform the parents of the student in danger, inform the principal, and call the police immediately, discussing only material related to the threat.

d. inform the parents of the student in danger, inform the principal, and call the police immediately, discussing only material related to the threat.

a person who has successfully mastered Erikson's first 7 stages would be ready to enter Erikson's final or 8th stage a. generativity vs stagnation b. initiative vs guilt c. identity crisis of the later years d. integrity vs despair

d. integrity vs despair

To research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow a. used gosling's as did Konrad Lorenz b. psychoanalyzed over 400 neurotics c. works exclusively with schizophrenics in residential settings d. interviewed the best people he could find who escaped "the psychology of the average"

d. interviewed the best people he could find who escaped "the psychology of the average"

The most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the CS and the US a. is irrelevant—it does not influence the learning process. b. is 5 seconds. c. is the .05 level according to social scientists. d. is .5 or half a second.

d. is .5 or half a second.

Multicultural counselors often adhere to the emic viewpoint. The word emic a. is associated with the Supreme Court decision of 1954 outlawing segregation. b. suggests that all clients are alike regardless of culture. c. is associated with rational behavior therapy (RBT). d. is a "culture-specific" perspective, from the word phonemic meaning sounds in a particular language.

d. is a "culture-specific" perspective, from the word phonemic meaning sounds in a particular language.

During a professional staff meeting, a counselor says he is worried that if techniques are implemented to stop a 6-year-old boy from sucking his thumb, then he will begin biting his nails or stuttering. The counselor a. is using ACT or acceptance and commitment therapy, a mindfulness-based behavior therapy. b. is using Donald Meichenbaum's cognitive behavior modification. c. is most likely a behaviorist concerned with symptom substitution. d. is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution.

d. is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution.

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, level 3, which is postconventional or self-accepted moral principles, a. refers to the naive hedonism stage b. operates on the premise that rewards guide morals. c. a & b d. is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level

d. is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level

Binge-eating disorder (BED) a. is not a valid DSM diagnosis. b. occurs mainly in men. c. results in vomiting and extreme bouts of exercise. d. is the most common type of eating disorder.

d. is the most common type of eating disorder.

In the dual-career family, partners seem to be more self-sufficient than in the traditional family. In a dual-career household, the woman a. generally has children before entering the workforce. b. rarely if ever has children. c. is not self-reliant. d. is typically secure in her career before she has children.

d. is typically secure in her career before she has children.

During a counseling session your client tells you in great detail how he robbed a convenience store six months ago. He got away with a huge sum of money and shot the owner. His descriptions are extremely specific and you believe every word he says. In reality, you are very familiar with the case because the police never solved it and it has been all over the radio and television stations in your town. There is even a huge reward to anybody who can help law enforcement agencies solve the case. Ethically, you should a. call the police and tell them everything you know. b. urge the client to call the police and turn himself in. c. call the anonymous crime tips line since as a counselor you would not be permitted to reveal your true identity. d. just keep it confidential.

d. just keep it confidential.

Gender issues impact career counseling such as career segregation. Men are overrepresented in ____ positions while women often have ____ . a. nursing; physician's positions b. pink-collar; executive positions c. CEO; positions as financial advisors d. labor and executive positions; pink-collar jobs

d. labor and executive positions; pink-collar jobs

The Freudian developmental stage which "least" emphasizes sexuality is a. oral b. anal c. phallic d. latency

d. latency

When a leader attempts to relate one person's predicament to another person's predicament, it is known as a. summarization. b. clarification. c. blocking. d. linking.

d. linking.

In adolescence a. female commit suicide more than males b. suicide is a concern but statistically very rare c. the teens who talk about suicide are not serious d. males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often

d. males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often

You have written a very popular book on reality therapy. Now you are teaching a graduate course on counseling at a local university. Ethically, you a. may not use the textbook in your class. b. may not use the textbook in your class, but other teachers at the university may indeed use your book as a textbook. c. may use the book as a textbook in your class; however, the royalties you receive must be donated to the institution. d. may use the book as a textbook in your class.

d. may use the book as a textbook in your class.

Regardless of the shape, the ___ will always be the high point when a distribution is displayed graphically. a. degrees of freedom (df) b. mean c. median d. mode

d. mode

A group therapist must make a. fewer decisions than an individual therapist. b. the same number of decisions as an individual therapist. c. modality changes for each group. d. more decisions than an individual therapist.

d. more decisions than an individual therapist.

Billy received an 82 on his college math final. This is Billy's raw score on the test. A raw score simply refers to the number of items correctly answered. A raw score is expressed in the units by which it was originally obtained. The raw score is not altered mathematically. Billy's raw score indicates that a. he is roughly a B student. b. he answered 82% correctly. c. his percentile rank is 82. d. more information is obviously necessary.

d. more information is obviously necessary.

The notion of the hidden job market would suggest that a. most jobs will appear on college bulletin boards. b. most jobs will appear in supermarket tabloids. c. most jobs will appear in daily newspaper classified ads. d. most jobs are not advertised.

d. most jobs are not advertised.

A ratio scale is an interval scale with a true zero point. Ratio measurements are possible using this scale. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division all can be utilized on a ratio scale. In terms of counseling research a. the ratio scale is the most practical. b. all true studies utilize the ratio scale. c. a and b. d. most psychological attributes cannot be measured on a ratio scale.

d. most psychological attributes cannot be measured on a ratio scale.

In a projective test the client is shown a. something which is highly reinforcing. b. something which is highly charged from an emotional standpoint. c. a and b. d. neutral stimuli.

d. neutral stimuli.

Many researchers have tried putting the UCS (the meat) before the CS (the bell). This usually results in a. increased learning. b. anger on the part of the dog. c. experimental neurosis. d. no conditioning.

d. no conditioning.

The follower goes along with whatever the rest of the group thinks. From a personality standpoint, the follower is a. aggressive. b. assertive. c. practicing excitation. d. nonassertive.

d. nonassertive.

Minuchin would often mimic the family's style. This is known as a. cognitive disputation b. the structural map c. permeable boundaries d. none of the above

d. none of the above

An advertising agency secretly imbeds the word SEX into newspaper ads intended to advertise the center's chemical dependency program. This is the practice of a. sublimation. b. repression. c. introjection. d. none of the above.

d. none of the above.

According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the 3rd stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests a. that heavier objects are more difficult for a child to lift b. the child is ambidextrous c. the child is more cognizant of mass than weight d. one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its original shape

d. one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its original shape

Ellis most likely would not be impressed with a behaviorist's new animal study related to the psychotherapeutic process since a. he does not believe in the scientific method. b. the study would not take transference into account. c. Ellis thoroughly dislikes hypothesis testing. d. only humans think in declarations (internal sentences that can cause or ward off emotional discord).

d. only humans think in declarations (internal sentences that can cause or ward off emotional discord).

Nondirective is to person-centered as a. psychological testing is to counseling. b. confounding is to experimenting. c. appraisal is to research. d. parsimony is to Occam's Razor.

d. parsimony is to Occam's Razor.

Most experts in the field of career counseling would classify Roe, Brill, and Holland as ____ theorists. a. behavior modification b. ego psychologists c. experiential d. personality

d. personality

The id is present at birth and never matures. It operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the a. reality principle. b. notion of transference. c. Eros principle. d. pleasure principle, suggesting humans desire instinct gratification such for libido, sex, or the elimination of hunger or thirst.

d. pleasure principle, suggesting humans desire instinct gratification such for libido, sex, or the elimination of hunger or thirst.

Rogers viewed man as a. basically evil. b. driven by instincts. c. a product of reinforcement. d. positive when he develops in a warm, accepting, trusting environment.

d. positive when he develops in a warm, accepting, trusting environment.

When a counselor tells a client that the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) will predict her ability to handle graduate work, the counselor is referring to a. good concurrent validity. b. construct validity. c. face validity. d. predictive validity.

d. predictive validity.

R. K. Conyne suggested that group intervention is intended to a. ferret out unconscious material. b. enhance rational self-talk. c. illuminate dysfunctional nonverbal behavior. d. prevent, correct, or enhance behavior.

d. prevent, correct, or enhance behavior.

The Adult ego state a. contains the "shoulds" and "oughts." b. is the seat of feelings. c. is like Freud's superego. d. processes facts and does not focus on feelings.

d. processes facts and does not focus on feelings.

The counselor who favors projective measures would most likely be a a. Rogerian. b. strict behaviorist. c. TA therapist. d. psychodynamic clinician.

d. psychodynamic clinician.

Freud's stages are pyschosexual while Erik Erikson's stages are a. psychometric b. psychodiagnostic c. psychopharmacological d. psychosocial

d. psychosocial

A major meta-analysis (a term coined by researcher Gene V. Glass) of 375 outcome studies using effect size (ES) by Mary Lee Smith, Gene V. Glass, and Thomas I. Miller revealed that a. psychotherapy is approximately as effective as antidepressants, about .31. b. psychotherapy is less effective than antidepressants, about .22. c. psychotherapy was too hard to define to come up with an ES statistic. d. psychotherapy had a strong or so-called big effect, checking in at a .85.

d. psychotherapy had a strong or so-called big effect, checking in at a .85.

In the famous experiment by Harry Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers a. showed marked borderline personality traits b. surprisingly enough became quite friendly c. demonstrated a distinct lack of emotion d. ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers

d. ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers

A client who wishes to work on an assembly line would fit into Holland's ____ typology. a. artistic b. conventional c. social d. realistic

d. realistic

Systematic desensitization consists of these orderly steps: a. autogenic training, desensitization in the imagination, and construction of the hierarchy. b. relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, in vivo desensitization, and desensitization in imagination. c. relaxation training, desensitization in imagination, and construction of hierarchy. d. relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, and in vivo desensitization.

d. relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, and in vivo desensitization.

If an experiment can be replicated by others with almost identical findings, then the experiment is a. impacted by the observer effect. b. said to be a naturalistic observation. c. the result of ethological observation. d. said to be reliable.

d. said to be reliable.

The most effective method adults use to find jobs in the United States is a. to see a state employment counselor for job leads. b. to visit a private practice career counselor for job leads. c. surfing the Web to find job leads. d. securing information via ads in the newspaper.

d. securing information via ads in the newspaper.

The final stage suggested by theories of group stages generally deals with issues of a. group tasks. b. transition. c. power and control. d. separation and termination.

d. separation and termination.

The mean score on a new counseling exam is 65. The standard deviation is 15. Tanja scored a 35. This tells us that a. she had a z-score of +1. b. she had a z-score of -1. c. she had a t-score of 40. d. she had a z-score of -2.

d. she had a z-score of -2.

You are counseling a client from a different culture. She cannot move her right arm, but has been examined by some of the finest physicians and they cannot find any physical reason for her condition. The irony is that she is there to work on some personal issues but states forthrightly that the total lack of mobility in her arm does not bother her and thus is not an issue to deal with in the counseling sessions. The most likely explanation would be a. she is displaying malingering. b. she was severely abused as a young child. c. she is suicidal. d. she has a conversion disorder with la belle indifference.

d. she has a conversion disorder with la belle indifference.

Holland categorized ____ personality orientations which correspond to analogous work environments. a. two b. five c. three d. six

d. six

A client who likes her flower-arranging job begins doing flower arranging in her spare time on weekends and after work. This phenomenon is best described as a. the contrast effect. b. sublimation. c. the compensatory effect. d. spillover.

d. spillover.

The department chairman found the poodle's response (see Q 272) to his automobile horn humorous. He thus instructed the graduate students to train the dog to salivate only to his car horn and not the original toy bell. Indeed the graduate students were able to perform this task. The poodle was now demonstrating a. experimental neurosis. b. irradiation. c. pica d. stimulus discrimination.

d. stimulus discrimination.

When the past is discussed in reality therapy, the focus is on a. failures. b. irrational internal verbalizations. c. transference issues. d. successful behaviors.

d. successful behaviors.

A counselor who works primarily with older adults needs to be aware that a. too many counselors choose gerontology as their specialty b. individuals over 65 tend to overuse hotline and helpline crisis counseling services c. surprisingly, attractiveness is a fine predictor of retirement adjustment d. surprisingly, financial security and health are the best predictors of retirement adjustment

d. surprisingly, financial security and health are the best predictors of retirement adjustment

A client remarks that he was just dumped by his girlfriend. The counselor responds, "Oh, you poor dear. It must be terrible! How can you go on living?" This is an example of a. EMDR. b. accurate empathy. c. confrontation. d. sympathy.

d. sympathy.

Piaget felt a. that homework depresses the elementary child's IQ b. strongly that the implementation of Glasser's concepts in Schools Without Failure should be made mandatory in all elementary settings c. that teachers should lecture a minimum of four hours daily d. that teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation

d. that teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation

One criticism of using cognitive-behavioral methods like REBT with families or individuals in multicultural counseling would be a. that the theory is not intended to be used with diverse populations b. the theory suggests that the therapist must have ethnic or racial ties with the client in order for efficacious treatment to occur c. that it ignores present moment problems d. that the cognitive disputation could go against cultural messages

d. that the cognitive disputation could go against cultural messages

Equilibration is a. a term which emphasizes the equality between the sexes b. performed via the id according to the Freudians c. a synonym for concrete operational thought d. the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation)

d. the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation)

According to Anne Roe, who categorized occupations by fields and levels, a. the decision to pursue a career is purely a conscious decision. b. using the Strong is the best method of explaining career choice. c. early childhood experiences are irrelevant in terms of career choice. d. the choice of a career helps to satisfy an individual's needs.

d. the choice of a career helps to satisfy an individual's needs.

Behavior therapists often shy away from punishment because a. ACA ethics forbid the use of this technique. b. NBCC ethics prohibit the use of operant conditioning. c. extinction works more quickly. d. the effects of punishment are usually temporary and it teaches aggression.

d. the effects of punishment are usually temporary and it teaches aggression.

All of these statements are ethnocentric except a. you can't trust anyone over the age of 40 b. Americans are generous c. blue-collar workers are mean and selfish d. the gross domestic product in the United States exceeds the figure in Mexico

d. the gross domestic product in the United States exceeds the figure in Mexico

In a spiral test a. the items get progressively easier. b. the difficulty of the items remains constant. c. the client must answer each question in a specified period of time. d. the items get progressively more difficult.

d. the items get progressively more difficult.

A man yells at his wife and then slaps her, stating that she does nothing around the house. The woman begins crying and he puts his arm around her to comfort her. He then begins crying and says that he doesn't know how he can continue doing all the housework because it is too difficult. A TA therapist who analyzes the situation using Stephen Karpman's drama triangle would say a. the man is stuck in the "I'm Not OK—You're Not OK" life position. b. the Critical Parent is dominating. c. the man is obviously an adult child of an alcoholic. d. the man has moved from the persecutor, to the rescuer, to the victim role.

d. the man has moved from the persecutor, to the rescuer, to the victim role.

Group content refers to material discussed in a group setting. Group process refers to a. analysis of the unconscious. b. analysis of the ego. c. the T-group paradigm. d. the manner in which discussions and transactions occur.

d. the manner in which discussions and transactions occur.

When comparing a tertiary group with a primary or secondary group a. the tertiary group focuses less on individual members. b. the tertiary group focuses more on the here and now. c. the tertiary group is less likely to deal with severe pathology. d. the tertiary group is more likely to deal with severe pathology.

d. the tertiary group is more likely to deal with severe pathology.

When professional career counselors use the term leisure they technically mean a. the client is having fun at work or away from work. b. the client is relaxing at work or away from work. c. the client is working at less than 100% capacity at work or away from work. d. the time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations.

d. the time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations.

The family counselor explains to Mrs. Smith that the next time that 9-year-old Sally hits her little brother she must sit in the family room by herself. The counselor is using a. shaping. b. shaping with successive approximations. c. reciprocity. d. time-out, a procedure that most behaviorists feel is a form of extinction.

d. time-out, a procedure that most behaviorists feel is a form of extinction.

Occupational aptitude tests such as the Differential Aptitude Test (DAT), the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Test Battery (ASVAB), and the O*NET Ability Profiler grew out of the a. cognitive therapy movement. b. humanistic psychology movement. c. individual psychology movement. d. trait-and-factor movement related to career counseling.

d. trait-and-factor movement related to career counseling.

The statement: "Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations" is a. false b. true due to genetics c. true only in middle-aged men d. true according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin

d. true according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin

Although the length of group counseling sessions will vary, most experts would agree that ____ is plenty of time even when critical issues are being examined. a. three hours per session b. one hour per session c. six hours per session d. two hours per session

d. two hours per session

Id, ego, superego is to structural theory as ________ is to topographical theory. a. Child, Adult, Parent b. abreaction, catharsis, introspection c. ego ideal d. unconscious, preconscious, conscious

d. unconscious, preconscious, conscious

Biological similarities and sameness are indicated by a. ecological culture b. mores c. regional and national culture d. universal culture

d. universal culture

An IQ score on an IQ test which was 3 SD above the mean would be a. about average. b. slightly below the norm for adults. c. approximately 110. d. very superior.

d. very superior.

A 14-year-old male threatens to blow up his parents' garage because he has been grounded. You believe his threat is genuine. You should a. ask the child if he will sign a release of information so you can talk to his parents. b. not talk to the parents since this would weaken the bond of trust you have with the client. c. have the child sign a contract stating he will not blow up the garage but mention nothing to the parents. d. warn the parents that their property is in danger.

d. warn the parents that their property is in danger.

Groups promote the concept of universality, which suggests that a. we are unique and so are our problems. b. there is a universal way to solve nearly any difficulty. c. a and b. d. we are not the only ones in the world with a given problem.

d. we are not the only ones in the world with a given problem.

In cross-cultural counseling, structuring is very important. This concept asserts that counseling is most effective a. when structured exercises are utilized. b. when a counselor takes an active-directive stance. c. when nondirective procedures are emphasized. d. when the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session.

d. when the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session.

A counselor who sports NCC after her name a. will need not concern herself with continuing education. b. will need to complete three graduate courses every 10 years. c. will never receive credit for workshops but should attend for her own personal growth nevertheless. d. will need a specified amount of continuing education contact hours before she can be recertified, or she will need to take the NCE again.

d. will need a specified amount of continuing education contact hours before she can be recertified, or she will need to take the NCE again.

Privileged communication refers to the fact that anything said to a counselor by a client a. can be revealed in a court of law if the counselor decides it is beneficial. b. can be revealed only if a counselor testifies in court. c. is protected by laws in every state. d. will not be divulged outside the counseling setting without the client's permission.

d. will not be divulged outside the counseling setting without the client's permission.

Assume that you have decided to refer a client elsewhere because you were unable to help her. Upon you mentioning this, the client insists that she has seen several other therapists and you are the finest one. Ethics guidelines would dictate that a. you must see her; your duty is to the client b. you must refer her to a medical practitioner c. you must ask her to consider hospitalization d. you are not obligated to continue the relationship

d. you are not obligated to continue the relationship

You are a counselor in a state that does not legally support privileged communication. You refuse to testify in court. In this situation a. ACA will back you for doing the ethical thing. b. NBCC will back you if, and only if, you have attained NCC status. c. you need not testify if your case was supervised by a licensed psychologist and/or psychiatrist. d. you could be held in contempt of court.

d. you could be held in contempt of court.

Virginia Satir felt that a major goal of therapy was to improve intrafamily communication. According to Satir, four basic patterns prevented good communication under stress. These defensive postures or stress positions are: placating, blaming, being overly reasonable, and being irrelevant. Placating means a. you disagree with all the other family members. b. you pick a favorite family member and agree with him or her c. you ignore the other family members d. you try to please everybody out of fear of rejection

d. you try to please everybody out of fear of rejection