m3 sickle-cell disease set 3

Place the stages of meiosis II in the correct order, beginning with the first stage.

1. prophase II 2. metaphase II 3. anaphase II 4. telophase II

Place the following steps in order to describe the events within meiosis II. Begin with the events of prophase II.

1. the nuclear envelope fragments and spindle fibers begin to form. 2. pairs of sister chromatids align at the center of the cell with each pole of the chromatid attached to a separate spindle fiber. 3. spindle fibers begin to contract and sister chromatids break apart and travel to opposite ends of the cell. 4. sister chromatids reach opposite ends of the cell, the nuclear envelope begins to reform, the spindle fibers disassemble.

What is the probability of two parents, genotypes Tt and TT, having an offspring of genotype TT?

2/4

autosomal chromosomes

22 pair (44 total) in adult females Determine a range of traits, including the presence of sickle-cell disease, eye color, and height.

Which of the following scenarios best describes a codominant form of inheritance?

A white goat is bred with a black goat and the resulting offspring are both white with large black spots.

Which of the following is an example of multiple allele inheritance?

ABO blood typing

(based on the photo above) If the female in the first generation had partnered with an affected male and had offspring, what would be the most likely outcome for their offspring?

All offspring would be affected.

(based on the photo above) In the pedigree shown, if the affected male in generation 3 partnered with an affected female, what is the likely phenotypic outcome of their offspring?

All offspring would be affected.

Which of the following best describes alleles?

Alleles are variations of genes and include examples such as eye color, height, and ability to digest lactose.

(based on the photo above) Select all of the following that are possible based on your interpretation of the human pedigree shown.

An affected and unaffected individual are able to have affected offspring. Two unaffected individuals are able to have affected offspring. An affected and unaffected individual are able to have unaffected offspring.

(based on the photo above) Select all of the following that are possible based on the human pedigree shown.

An affected and unaffected individual are able to have unaffected offspring. Two unaffected individuals are able to have unaffected offspring.

recessive alleles

Are masked by other alleles of that same gene; two are required for phenotypic expression

(based on the photo above) In the pedigree shown, what type of inheritance is depicted?

Autosomal recessive

Which of the following statements best describes how CRISPR can be used to treat sickle-cell disease?

CRISPR can repair the mutation that causes sickle-cell disease, reducing the impacts of the disease.

Select all of the following ways that CRISPR can be used to treat sickle-cell disease.

CRISPR can repair the mutation that causes sickle-cell disease. CRISPR can reduce the impacts of sickle-cell disease on patients.

homologous chromosomes

Choice Two copies of different chromosomes, found in diploid organisms

sister chromatids

Choice Two copies of the same single chromosome that are attached to each other physically

Select the statements that best describes the relationship between genes and chromosomes.

Chromosomes are composed of long strands of DNA organized into chunks called genes.

How does meiosis produce genetic variation in offspring?

Crossing-over during prophase I allows homologous chromosomes to swap alleles and homologous chromosomes are randomly aligned at the center of the cell during metaphase I.

Which of the following best describes the difference between recessive and dominant forms of inheritance?

Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles. So, an individual must have two recessive alleles to express a recessive trait, but only one dominant allele to express a dominant trait.

Select all of the following that result from meiosis in humans.

Four haploid gametes Gametes are genetically different from each other and the parent.

Which of the following statements best summarizes the process of genome editing?

Genome editing allows for the targeting and replacement of specific DNA sequences.

Which statements describe how genome editing can be used to treat genetic diseases?

Genome editing can inactivate certain genes, preventing them from causing disease. Genome editing can replace nucleotides to correct mutations that cause genetic disease.

Which of the following best describes how genome editing systems like CRISPR can treat genetic diseases?

Genome editing systems can remove and replace nucleotides, preventing mutations that result in genetic disease.

homozygous

HH, hh

Interpret the following scenario to describe one form of non-Mendelian inheritance: A parent with curly hair and a parent with straight hair have a child with wavy hair. Which interpretation is most likely to be accurate?

Hair texture may follow an incomplete dominance form of inheritance.

heterozygous

Hh

Which of the following events occur during meiosis I? Select all that may apply.

Homologous chromosomes align closely together and swap alleles. Homologous chromosomes split and travel to opposite ends of the cell. Homologous chromosomes align at the center of the cell.

Select the sentence that best defines sister chromatids.

Identical copies of a chromosome, formed by DNA replication.

In which of the following inheritance patterns are heterozygotes expressed as an intermediary between the dominant and recessive phenotypes?

Incomplete dominance

dominant alleles

Mask the appearance of other alleles of that same gene; only one is required for phenotypic expression

How are the processes of egg and sperm formation different between males and females?

Meiosis is complete immediately in the production of sperm in males, but isn't complete until after fertilization in females. Males begin producing sperm during puberty and females begin producing eggs while still in the womb.

Select all of the following that are stages of meiosis II.

Metaphase II Anaphase II

the formation of eggs

Oogenesis Begins in the ovaries of a female fetus and finishes upon fertilization

Which statement best describes the inheritance of sickle-cell disease?

Sickle-cell disease is an autosomal recessive disease, meaning it is carried on recessive alleles and requires both diseased alleles in order to be expressed.

the formation of sperm

Spermatogenesis Occurs in the testes of adult males

Which of the following is most likely to occur during prophase II of meiosis?

The nuclear envelope disappears and spindle fibers form.

Which of the following best defines crossing-over?

The shuffling of alleles between homologous chromosomes that occurs during prophase I of meiosis.

Which of the following best describes autosomal chromosomes?

Those that do not vary depending on the sex of an individual.

What is the purpose of a karyotype?

To visualize chromosomes to determine changes in number or size that may indicate disease.

Select all of the following that are expected to result from a cross between two individuals with the following genotypes: Tt x TT.

Tt TT

Which of the following best defines multiple allele inheritance?

When a trait is controlled by interactions between many different alleles.

Select the correct genotype for diploid female humans.

XX

sex chromosomes

XX in females; XY in males Determine if an individual is male or female

Select the correct genotype for a typical human male.

XY

In a pedigree displaying a family that carries sickle-cell disease, what would be the expected genotype of affected individuals?

aa

On a pedigree, a filled-in square represents a(n) _____.

affected male

Variations in eye color, height, blood type, and physiological differences are considered to be the result of differences between the _______ of genes.

alleles

Variations of a gene are called _______ and include examples such as eye color, blood type, or height.

alleles

_____ are variations of a gene.

alleles

Humans have 22 pairs of _________ chromosomes that control most aspects of our being.

autosomal

Sickle-cell disease follows _______ _______ inheritance, meaning it is carried on autosomal chromosomes and it requires two alleles to be expressed.

autosomal recessive

Genes carry instructions for making proteins or other gene products. This means that:

changes in genes can change our physical traits.

The shuffling of alleles from homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis is called ______-over.

cross

Which of the following are processes within meiosis that produce genetic variation in offspring?

crossing-over during prophase I metaphase I

Humans are _______, meaning they have pairs of each chromosome, for a total of 46 chromosomes.

diploid

Humans are _______, meaning they have two pairs of chromosomes.

diploid

A(n) _______ allele masks the expression of an alternative form of the same gene; while a(n) ______ allele can be masked by other forms of the same gene.

dominant, recessive

Alleles that are ______ mask the expression of alleles that are ______.

dominant, recessive

On a pedigree, an unfilled circle represents an unaffected _______ (male/female).

female

Use one of the terms in parentheses to complete the sentence. ________ (Males/Females) have two X chromosomes for their sex chromosomes.

females

During sexual reproduction, meiosis is responsible for the production of haploid male and female ______ that later fuse to form a diploid zygote.

gamete

The basic units of inheritance are called _______ and are carried on chromosomes.

genes

Units called ______ control our physical traits through controlling the manufacturing of proteins and other products.

genes

The process of _____ _____ allows for the broad-use targeting and replacement of specific DNA sequences.

genome editing

The process of spermatogenesis produces _____ and the process of oogenesis produces _____.

haploid sperm; haploid egg

An individual with the genotype Gg would be considered _____.

heterozygous

An organism carrying two dominant alleles of a particular gene would be considered _____ for that trait.

homozygous dominant

An individual with the genotype tt would have two recessive alleles for a trait. Another name for this genotype is

homozygous recessive

When a heterozygote is a phenotypic intermediary between the dominant and recessive phenotypes, it is considered to be an example of _______ _______.

incomplete dominance

In humans, _______ (females/males) have an X and Y chromosome for their sex chromosomes.

males

During _____ of meiosis, homologous chromosomes align at the center of the cell, with the centromere of each chromosome attached to spindle fibers.

metaphase I

ABO blood typing is an example of _____ inheritance.

multiple allele

If a phenotypic trait is influenced by several different alleles interacting with each other, it is said to be classified as _____.

multiple allele inheritance

A chart that depicts a family's history in the context of a particular genetic trait is called a(n) ______.

pedigree

Charts that depict a family history of a specific gene trait are called _____.

pedigrees

A rabbit has a brown-spotted coat that is controlled by two different alleles. A spotted coat results from a heterozygous allele combination. In this example, the brown coat is considered the rabbit's _____, while the heterozygous allele combination is considered the rabbit's _____.

phenotype; genotype

The _____ refers to an organism's physical appearance or characteristics, while the _____ refers to the allele combination it has.

phenotype; genotype

The stages of meiosis I in the correct order are

prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I.

Chromosomes that exhibit variations due to the sex of an individual are called ______ chromosomes.

sex

Chromosomes that vary depending on the sex of an individual are called _______ chromosomes.

sex

Those chromosomes that determine if an individual is male or female are called _______ chromosomes, while all other chromosomes are called ________ chromosomes

sex, autosomal

Identical copies of the same chromosome are called ______, while two different copies of a chromosome are called _____.

sister chromatids, homologous chromosomes

Two copies of the same single chromosome that are physically attached to each other are called _______ _______.

sister, chromatids

The process of creating gametes is called _____ in males and _____ in females.

spermatogenesis; oogenesis

Select all of the following that are stages within meiosis I.

telophase I metaphase I anaphase I prophase I

The purpose of a karyotype is to

visualize all the chromosomes within a genome to look for differences in number or size.