Magic Mushrooms - Prelim 2
Coccidioidomycosis is endemic to ...
US southwest and Mexico
button mushrooms contain the compound ____
agaritine
ergot contains harmful ...
alkaloid mycotoxins
truffles are under the phylum
ascomycota
what type of fruiting bodies does Claviceps make?
ascospores - sexual fruiting bodies
what was the biggest killer of soldiers?
bacteria pneumonia
beer is the ___ most popular beverage
third
What did Mullis do?
Invented the Polymerase Chain Reaction, a way to "photocopy" DNA.
Exserohilumis an opportunist meaning ...
It can't get in on its own, and needs a depressed immune system
truffle cultivation helped build our understanding of _____
Ecosystem Services
generating the divine within
Entheogen
Mycoprotein from a mold:
Fusarium venenatum
yeast are carried by ____
social wasps, fruit flies, and other bugs
Fungal fruiting bodies that grow underground
Truffles
Coccidioidomycosis make lots of spores in soil and once inhaled can cause disease
Valley Fever
Secondary Decomposers eat
compost
tempeh is made by fermenting ___
cooked soybeans and Rhizopusoligosporus
we originally made insulin from
cow and pig pancreas
most US corn is food for___
cows
Truffle ancestors were
cup fungi
Amanita phalloides are also called
death caps
Different mushrooms are poisonous in different ways - they contain_____
different toxins
psychedelics can cause ____ pupils, _____ in heart beat & blood pressure
dilated, mild increase
Laurel Wilt
disease carried by beetles that killed redbay trees
What is ergot?
disease of wheat and rye
morels come out during which season?
spring
which animal is immune to amatoxins
squirrels
how does ergot disease work?
It infects the developing seeds of its host
How does Cyclosporine work?
Suppresses the immune system
Aspergillus niger
mold - FPC
Heart Rot
rots the inside of the tree
Impacts of fungal disease each year
1 billion human infections 1.7 million deaths
Why are we seeing more deaths from fungal diseases?
1. aging population 2. virsuses 3. drug resistance
How to manage fungal diseases?
1. antifungal drugs 2. boost immune system 3. reduce exposure to pathogens
how to control ergot?
1. breed resistant varieties of wheat and ergot 2. kill sclerotia in the soil
what happens if you eat ergot?
1. ganggrene (vasoconstriction) 2. abortion 3. psychedelic distortion of time and space 4. affects CNS
To be a pathogen a fungus must (4)
1. get into us 2. grow at our body temperature 3. fight or evade our immune system 4. eat some part of us
what is a microdose?
1/10th of a normal dose
what percentage of people are allergic to penicillin
10%
using anaerobic respiration - From one glucose, you can charge up...
2 ATPs
how much protein is in dried yeast?
40-50% protein
who gets infected by Coccidioidomycosis?
60% do not get sick and the rest have flu-like symptoms 0.5% develop the disseminated fatal form that spread to the lungs and attack organs
_____% of plants on earth form _____ relationships with ____
90, symbiotic, fungi
popular super market mushrooms are from the same species ____
Agaricusbisporus
Two major classes of antifungal drugs
Amphotericin B ("amphoterrible") Azole drugs (itraconazole and others)
what is bicycle day?
Anniversary of Hoffman's first trip
Many good edible mushrooms _____ be cultivated
CANNOT
Removing ____ from Coccidioides can make the fungus less virulent
CPS1
________ are made almost like beer, but add an extra step—using enzymes to break down cellulose into sugars
Cellulosic biofuels
Personally tried over 600 American mushroom species between 1881 and 1900.
Charles McIlvaine
what causes ergot disease?
Claviceps purpurea (Ascomycota)
The most virulent of human fungal diseases (used for human warfare)
Coccidioidomycosis
half of the mushrooms produced in the US come from
Kennett Square, PA
Ergot is a natural source of ...
LSD
ergot produce
LSD
psychedelic chemical found in ergot sclerotia
LSD
we all have at least one fungi inside of us... give an example
Malassezia
the process of inducing seeds to germinate
Malting
It binds to GABA receptors in the brain, leading to psychedelic and sedative effects
Muscimol
Do all penicillium make penicillin?
No, some make penicillin and others make mycotoxins
These are the little asci of yeast.
Phylum Ascomycota (sexual reproduction)
_____ binds to the same receptors in the brain as serotonin
Psilocin
all most all mushrooms belong belong in the genus
Psilocybe
the active component of shrooms
Psilocybin
Amatoxins block _______ , a key enzyme in our cells
RNA polymerase II
an example of a fungal source of rennet
Rhizomucor miehei
Brewer's and Baker's yeast contain which fungus?:
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
the must abundant fungus in the world?
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
LSD is classified as a:
Schedule I Drug - illegal to possess
_______ can help you identify mushrooms
Spore prints
Another name for ergotism?
St. Anthony's Fire
Why can't we cultivate mushrooms?
They need to grow with trees
Tree diseases often come from somewhere else?
True
Coccidioidomycosis is a ...
True pathogens
Penicillin
a chemical produced by some penicillium species
Honeydew contain what type of spores?
a fungal nectar containing ASEXUAL spores of the ergot fungus
in bread and beer, yeast ferments the sweetness into which two chemicals?
alcohol & CO2
Cordycepin
an immunomodulating compound - increases stamina
what type of respiration do yeast use?
anaerobic
you should not use LSD if you are taking?
antidepressants that affect serotonin regulation
Phloem
brings sugar down the tree (from leaves to roots)
Xylem
brings water up the tree (from roots to leaves)
penicillin inhibits ...
cell wall formation in bacteria
Fungi contain...
ergosterol
Saccharomyces cerevisiae produce
ethanol
What compound do fruit flies seek?
ethanol
fruit flies prefer ____ over ____
ethanol over water
in temperate climates, which season is best for mushrooms?
fall
Most tree disease kill the tree?
false
raw morels are safe to eat?
false - they are poisonous
microbial conversion of foods to alcohols and other products
fermentation
Fungal meningitis symptoms
fever, stiff neck, vomiting
Butt Rot
fungus gets through the bark at weak points where the tree sits on the ground
Canker
fungus grows between bark and wood; they burst out forming cankers
Dutch Elm
fungus that grows on the vascular system of trees and causes wilt disease
during harvest, ergots get mixed with
good grains and some will fall off and sprout the next spring
Ringworm
grows as circular colonies on the outer, dead layers of your skin
____ are added to beer
hops
toxin that causes brain lesions
ibotenic acid
Amanita muscaria have mind altering compounds? (2)
ibotenic acid muscimol
A. muscaria contains (2)
ibotenic acid and muscimol.
Drug Quality and Security Act
improves regulation and tracking of compounded drugs
beta 1-3 glucan is an important active ingredient found ..
in part of the fungus cell wall
good ergot control will ___ grain yield
increase
what helps spread asexual fruiting bodies?
insects
Fungus diseases of the superficial layers of skin eat...
keratin - a tough protein in our skin (can be spread from person to person)
Cyclosporine A is...
key drug used to suppress the rejection of transplanted organs
amatoxins cause death through
liver failure
Yeast is high in ______ - an essential amino acid not in grains
lysine
Psilocybe species produce
magical mushrooms
Sugar for beer comes from
malt
______ often fruit in fairy rings on lawns
meadow mushrooms
LSD's actions come from its similarity to which neurotransmitter?
serotonin
serotonin regulates which processes?
mood, perception, appetite, circadian clock
Coccidioidomycosis prefers to grow on __________ and not humans
mouse poop
ibotenic acid converts to _____ upon drying
muscimol
Work on truffles led to the discovery of
mycorrhizae
Amanita muscaria is a ______________ fungus
mycorrhizal
wild mushrooms are ____ with trees
mycorrhizal
Fresh Amanita muscaria contains a _____ that causes brain lesions
neurotoxin(ibotenic acid)
____ is added to wine
nothing (not even water)
Exserohilum is an ...
opportunist in terms of human disease
A rise in mushroom picking leads to concerns about
overharvesting
where is insulin made?
pancreas
Ways that trees get sick
parasite wilt disease canker rot disease butt rot root rot heart rot
blue cheese uses the fungus
penicillium roqueforti
In fruit flies, ethanol promotes what behavior?
sexual
Maria Sabina was a
shaman
truffels of spores dont ______ rather they travel through ___
shoot their spores, rodents
A single dose may lead to long term changes in
personality
which animals can smell out truffels?
pigs and dogs
Wilt disease
plugs up xylem so that the tree does not get water
what crop saved many from the ergot disease (replaced wheat and rye?)
potato
Exserohilum prefers to eat...
prefers to eat grass, but can grow in our spinal fluid
what does hops do?
preserves the beer and gives it a bitter taste
_____ works as a fast acting anti-depressant
psilocybin
brain interconnections dramatically increase and reorganize while using ____
psilocybin
has the lowest harm potential of drugs including alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco.
psilocybin
psychedelics can lead to a ___ phase where there loosening of boundaries
psychic
psychedelics can have a ______ effect that is known as a _____ phase
psychological, sensory
psychedelic drugs work by
reducing brain connectivity that controls perception and cognition
Primary Decomposers eat
sawdust, straw
How do parasites make a tree sick?
steal food from tree, but does not kill it
As seeds germinate, they convert their own starches into
sugar
good antifungal drugs...
target cellular processes that humans do not have
Mycophobia
the fear of mushrooms
Mycophilia
the love of mushrooms
Studies suggests that for trouffels most trouble comes from _____ and _____
trampling and habitat loss
Amanita muscaria and its chemicals are not regulated by law:
true
It is hard to kill fungal cells without hurting the patient
true
There is no reliable kitchen or field test for poisons in mushrooms
true
Valley Fever is not contagious
true
spores are carried in dust
true
Some other fungi are ...
true pathogens
Fungal fruiting bodies that grow underground
truffles
mushrooms deliver which type of taste?
umami
fruiting bodies grow ____ for truffles
underground
Rot Disease
use chemicals to rot the tree
Root Rot
use rhizomorphs to travel to the tree
what four ingredients does brewing require?
water, grain, hops, yeast
How do fungi get into trees?
weather water damage animals insects humans
we can get insulin from..
yeast
Kluveromyces lactis
yeast - FPC
