MANA 3335 Chapter 13 Practice Quiz

In the context of motivation, direction of effort refers to the choices that people make:

in deciding where to put forth effort in their jobs.

In the context of motivation, _____ is concerned with the choices that people make about how much effort to put forth in their jobs.

initiation of effort

Marcia, a science teacher, is not only a great source of inspiration for her students, but she has also made the curriculum easier and more interesting by using innovative tools. Marcia's efforts were appreciated, and she was awarded a performance bonus. Marcia was motivated by this, and she believed that the reward was proportionate to her performance. According to expectancy theory, the factor that triggered Marcia's motivation was _____.

instrumentality

A schedule of reinforcement refers to:

the set of rules that specify which behaviors will be reinforced.

Ability can be defined as the:

knowledge, skills, and talent that a worker possesses to do a job well.

Goal-setting theory states that in order to motivate employees, managers must:

make sure workers accept organizational objectives.

In expectancy theory, _____ refers to the attractiveness or desirability of various rewards or outcomes.

valence

In the context of motivation, _____ are the physical or psychological requirements that must be met to ensure survival and well-being.

needs

According to reinforcement theory, _____ strengthens behavior by withholding an unpleasant consequence when employees perform a specific behavior.

negative reinforcement

As per reinforcement theory, _____ is also known as avoidance learning.

negative reinforcement

Alicia, an employee of Fazitrex Corp., was suspended for three days from work as she was unpunctual and had a casual attitude toward work. This scenario is an example of:

punishment.

In the context of equity theory, other people with whom people compare themselves to determine if they have been treated fairly are called _____.

referents

In equity theory, which of the following is an example of an outcome of an employee ?

Assignments

Which of the following is true of underreward—a form of inequity?

Employees receive fewer outcomes relative to their inputs compared to a referent.

_____ is a reinforcement strategy in which a favorable consequence is no longer allowed to follow a previously reinforced behavior.

Extinction

Natsuko, an accountant, creates an easy-to-use excel sheet that auto-populates the required fields when the variables are entered. This would reduce an employee's duration of work on a ledger by half. Noticing Natsuko's efforts, her manager promotes her. Which of the following types of rewards has Natsuko received in this scenario?

Extrinsic reward

Which of the following is an intermittent reinforcement schedule based on behavior?

Fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

_____ states that people will be motivated to the extent to which they accept specific, challenging objectives and receive feedback that indicates their progress toward achieving those objectives.

Goal-setting theory

According to expectancy theory, which of the following factors affects conscious choices of people about their motivation?

Instrumentality

_____ are natural rewards associated with performing a task or activity for its own sake.

Intrinsic rewards

Which of the following defines an extrinsic reward?

It is visible to others and is given to employees contingent on the performance of specific tasks.

According to the expectancy theory, which of the following is a step that managers should take to motivate employees?

Linking rewards to individual performance

Which of the following equations represents expectancy theory?

Motivation = Valence x Expectancy x Instrumentality

_____ refers to the perceived fairness of the process used to make reward allocation decisions in an organization.

Procedural justice

_____ states that behavior is a function of its consequences, that behaviors followed by positive consequences will occur more frequently, and that behaviors either followed by negative consequences or not followed by positive consequences will occur less frequently.

Reinforcement theory

Which of the following describes reinforcement contingencies?

They are the cause-and-effect relationships between the performance of specific behaviors and specific consequences.

Which of the following is true of situational constraints?

They include policies and resources that have an effect on job performance.

Which of the following is a difference between expectancy and instrumentality?

Unlike instrumentality, expectancy is the perceived relationship between effort and performance.

To motivate employees, the goal-setting theory states that the managers must start by:

assigning specific, challenging targets.

Fareed is a marketing manager in a firm, and recently found that his colleague who has similar work experience and job profile receives higher pay than him. Fareed, instead of getting demotivated, compares his output/input ratio with other marketing managers and realizes that there is only a minor difference between his pay and the pay of other marketing managers. According to equity theory, Fareed has _____ to restore equity in this scenario.

changed his referent

Harry is a freelance writer and earns $20 for every piece that he writes. He receives his paycheck as soon as he submits each piece. Harry often writes several pieces in a month in order to make more money. This scenario is an example of a(n) _____.

continuous reinforcement schedule

Notions Inc. laid off 25 percent of its employees due to recession. Several retained employees expressed their discontent over the management's decision. However, they later rationalized the decision by telling themselves that they still at least had their jobs and things could have been worse. This method of restoring equity is called _____.

distorting inputs or outcomes

Ivana, a fashion designer, was assigned a task to design costumes for a play in two weeks' time. The short time duration made the task extremely challenging for her. However, Ivana knew that if she pulled it off her efforts would be acknowledged and recognized by her manager. According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs theory, Ivana was motivated by _____.

esteem needs

According to Alderfer's ERG Theory, the three levels of needs are:

existence, relatedness, and growth.

According to expectancy theory, _____ is the perceived relationship between effort and performance.

expectancy

LMU Technologies is a computer software company. It gives paychecks to its employees on the last day of every month. This is an example of a:

fixed interval reinforcement schedule.

A(n) _____ is a target, objective, or result that someone tries to accomplish.

goal

In the context of goal-setting theory, goal acceptance is similar to the idea of _____.

goal commitment

Entente University accepts students with a Grade Point Average (GPA) of 3.0. Gabriele sets a goal to achieve a GPA of 3.8 to ensure that she can get into this reputed university. According to the goal-setting theory, this scenario exemplifies _____.

goal difficulty

According to goal-setting theory, _____ is the extent to which goals are detailed, exact, and unambiguous.

goal specificity