MANA 5345 - Exam 2- Chapter 16

T/F 3. One of the GLOBE cultural dimensions, power distance, is defined as the degree to which members of a group favor strategic physical distance close to or away from others.

Ans: F

T/F 7. The GLOBE study identified only valued leadership attributes

Ans: F

T/F 8. There is one unified theory of culture and leadership.

Ans: F

T/F 1. Globalization has created a need to understand how cultural differences affect leadership performance.

Ans: T

T/F 2. Global leaders need to be skilled in creating transcultural visions.

Ans: T

T/F 4. Ethnocentrism can be a major obstacle to effective leadership.

Ans: T

T/F 5. Hofstede's benchmark research identified six major dimensions on which cultures differ.

Ans: T

T/F 6. A strength of the GLOBE study is that it provided a classification of cultural dimensions that is more expansive than Hofstede's classification system.

Ans: T

T/F 9. Globalization has created a need to understand how cultural differences affect leadership performance.

Ans: T

8. The largely fixed attitude, belief, or emotion held by an individual about another individual or group based on faulty or unsubstantiated data is the definition of ______. A. ethnocentrism B. culture C. prejudice D. diversity

Ans: C

39. I like working with my supervisor because she lets me do things the way I think they should be done. She encourages me to be creative and unique in my approach to problems. Which of the global leadership behaviors am I using? A. autonomous B. humane-oriented C. self-protective D. participative

Ans: A

40. Which of the six global leadership behaviors is focused on ensuring the safety and security of the leader and the group? A. self-protective B. team-oriented C. participative D. humane-oriented

Ans: A

44. Which global leadership profile cluster does not place a high value on self-protective leadership behavior? A. Germanic Europe B. Middle East C. Confucian Asia D. Eastern Europe

Ans: A

1. Which of the following is not one of Adler's leader cross-cultural competencies? A. to fight discrimination in the workplace B. to understand worldwide business, political, and cultural environments C. to learn the perspectives and technologies of other cultures D. to adapt to living and communicating in other cultures

Ans: A

13. Which scholar(s) authored Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies? A. House et al. B. Hofstede C. Heifetz D. Avolio et al.

Ans: A

18. The extent to which people are devoted to their organizations and families is ______. A. in-group collectivism B. future orientation C. institutional collectivism D. humane orientation

Ans: A

22. I am really lucky to belong to an organization that places an emphasis on rewarding us for meeting challenging goals. My organization in this example is using which cultural dimension from the GLOBE studies? A. performance orientation B. future orientation C. institutional collectivism D. gender egalitarianism

Ans: A

25. How many distinct clusters, or groups of countries, are represented in the GLOBE studies? A. 10 B. 32 C. 6 D. 107

Ans: A

35. My supervisor involves all of us in making and implementing decisions. Which of the global leadership behaviors am I using? A. participative B. team-oriented C. autonomous D. humane oriented

Ans: A

72. A portrait of an exceptional leader includes all of the following attributes except ______. A. charisma B. integrity C. egocentric D. interpersonal skill

Ans: C

46. The study of culture and leadership identifies the complex nature of the leadership process and how leadership is influenced by cultures. This statement ______. A. is a strength of the GLOBE studies B. is a criticism of the GLOBE studies C. is an ethnocentric view of leadership D. is prejudicial

Ans: A

48. The six global leadership behaviors in the GLOBE studies helped the researchers ______. A. identify the leadership behavior profiles of the 10 country clusters B. identify the same behaviors from Hofstede's research C. identify the cultural dimensions used in GLOBE research D. identify the universally desirable attributes in the GLOBE research

Ans: A

50. A definition of culture does not include ______. A. individual qualities B. customs and scripts of a group C. traditions that are shared by a group D. learned beliefs and values

Ans: A

52. Global leadership behaviors include all of these except ______. A. self-directive leadership B. team-oriented leadership C. participative leadership D. autonomous leadership

Ans: A

62. Who developed five cross-cultural competencies for leaders? A. Adler and Bartholomew B. Hofstede C. Lord and Maher D. House et al.

Ans: A

64. How many "country clusters" did GLOBE focus its findings on? A. 10 B. 5 C. 15 D. 20

Ans: A

67. According to the research, the Eastern Europe cluster scored high on ______. A. in-group collectivism B. future orientation C. performance orientation D. uncertainty avoidance

Ans: A

69. A major factor in the need for increased cross-cultural awareness is ______. A. increase of globalization B. environmental issues C. changes in civil rights D. government regulation

Ans: A

7. Why is ethnocentrism an obstacle to effective leadership? A. it prevents people from fully respecting the viewpoints of others B. it is focused on cultural competence, not individual rights C. it is focused on diversity of opinions of others D. it encourages understanding of multiple viewpoints of others

Ans: A

70. A criticism of the GLOBE research study, cited in the text, is ______. A. the way the study measured leadership B. the narrow scope of the study C. underdeveloped quantitative research design D. classification system is not as expansive as the Hofstede classification system

Ans: A

75. Which of the following attributes characterize the assertiveness cultural dimension? A. confrontational B. altruistic C. loyal D. confidence builder

Ans: A

9. "Men just seem to be naturally better at math than women; that's just a fact!" This statement is an example of ______. A. prejudice B. gender egalitarianism C. institutional collectivism D. diversity

Ans: A

10. Which scholar reported that a primary characteristic of culture is the degree to which the culture is individualistic or collectivistic? A. Greenleaf B. Hall C. Trompenaars D. Eagly

Ans: B

15. Which cultural dimension is defined as the extent to which a society, organization, or group relies on established social norms, rituals, and procedures to make things more predictable and less unclear? A. power distance B. uncertainty avoidance C. in-group collectivism D. gender egalitarianism

Ans: B

20. The assertiveness dimension of culture in the GLOBE studies is described as ______. A. the degree to which people assert their influence when planning for the future B. the degree to which people in the culture are determined and confrontational C. the degree to which a society provides rewards for excellence D. the degree to which a society relies on established procedures to avoid failure

Ans: B

21. The extent to which people engage in behaviors such as planning, investing in the future, and delaying gratification is which cultural dimension? A. power distance B. future orientation C. institutional collectivism D. gender egalitarianism

Ans: B

26. The questionnaires used in the GLOBE studies were analyzed to determine whether the groupings of cultures were in fact valid. They found that ______. A. the clusters shared some categories across the cultures B. the clusters represented are valid and reliable in differentiating cultures of the world C. the clusters represented are not valid or reliable in differentiating cultures of the world D. the clusters did have some differentiation but also shared many categories across cultures

Ans: B

3. Culture as defined in the text is ______. A. common actions of a group of people who care about each other B. learned beliefs, values, symbols, and norms that are common to a group of people C. learned beliefs and norms that are common to more than one group of people D. common tendency of one group to place their group in higher regard than other groups

Ans: B

30. Which cluster of cultures in the GLOBE studies have high scores on humane orientations and are generally very concerned for and sensitive to others? A. Latin America B. Sub-Saharan Africa C. Germanic Europe D. Eastern Europe

Ans: B

31. What was the main purpose of the GLOBE project? A. to refute the concepts found in implicit leadership theory B. to determine how people from different cultures viewed leadership C. to describe how transformational leadership is different in multiple cultures D. to refute the concepts in Hofstede's five cultural dimensions of leadership

Ans: B

34. I incorporate all staff into development of the purpose of our team by using collaborative and diplomatic behaviors. Which of the global leadership behaviors am I using? A. charismatic/value based B. team-oriented C. autonomous D. humane oriented

Ans: B

41. How does the GLOBE research inform leaders and followers about the different ways in which the various cultural clusters view leadership? A. the studies identified the four main leadership behaviors in each cluster B. the studies identified the relative importance of the six behaviors in each cluster C. the studies compared/contrasted cluster behaviors by similar geographic location D. the studies compared transformational leader behaviors to the six global leadership behaviors

Ans: B

76. The power distance cultural dimension is concerned with the way cultures are stratified to create unequal levels between groups of people. The levels of stratification are based on all of the following except ______. A. prestige B. status C. spontaneity D. wealth

Ans: C

47. One weakness of the culture and leadership research is ______. A. self-protective leader behaviors were consistent across all 10 cultural clusters B. the definitions of some cultural dimensions and leadership behaviors are unclear C. Hofstede's five dimensions should have been used, not the nine dimensions from GLOBE research D. the subscales of leadership behaviors showed strong validity but lacked reliability

Ans: B

5. Jenny is the project manager of a small web design firm. She identifies with Christian and American cultures. Working alone, Jenny created the work flow calendar for the next six months, carefully including days off for Easter and the Fourth of July. Rajiv, one of the firm's new designers who practices Islam, was disappointed to see that Jenny scheduled a huge project in late June during one of his important cultural holidays, Ramadan. hen Jenny was designing the work calendar, she was using ______. A. multicultural sensitivity B. ethnocentrism C. prejudice D. cultural competence

Ans: B

53. Universally desirable leadership attributes do not include ______. A. effective bargainer B. dictatorial C. plans ahead D. win-win problem solver

Ans: B

58. Researchers used divided the data collected from 62 countries into regional clusters to provide a convenient way to ______. A. generate hypotheses to predict the relative value of one cultural group over another B. analyze the similarities and differences between cultural groups C. make assumptions about cultural dimensions by high- and low-score clusters D. correlate scores from individual respondents across different regional clusters

Ans: B

68. According to the text, the conceptualization of leadership used by GLOBE was derived in part from ______. A. transformational leadership theory B. implicit leadership theory C. LMX theory D. transactional theory

Ans: B

73. A portrait of an ineffective leader includes all of the following attributes except ______. A. asocial B. decisive C. malevolent D. self-focused

Ans: B

77. Which of the following is not one of behaviors associated with team-oriented leadership? A. collaborative B. malevolent C. integrative D. administratively competent

Ans: B

79. A required characteristic of the institutional collectivism cultural dimension is ______. A. future-oriented behaviors B. group cohesion and loyalty C. consensus and collaborative efforts D. shared power and equal influence

Ans: B

12. Hofstede's five dimensions on which culture differs include all of the following except ______. A. uncertainty avoidance B. masculinity-femininity C. performance orientation D. long-term-short-term orientation

Ans: C

16. The power distance cultural dimension in the GLOBE studies is defined as ______. A. the degree to which cultural norms are clearly defined B. the degree to which gender inequality is viewed C. the degree to which the group expects that power should be shared unequally D. the degree to which the group is expected to take collective action

Ans: C

24. The GLOBE researchers published data on regional cultural clusters that included how many different countries? A. 10 B. 32 C. 62 D. 107

Ans: C

28. Which cultural dimension had no high-score clusters? A. future orientation B. gender egalitarianism C. power distance D. uncertainty avoidance

Ans: C

32. Implicit leadership theory states in part that individuals have implicit beliefs and convictions about the attributes that distinguish leaders from nonleaders. This concept is similar to the main concept of which leadership approach in the text? A. skills approach B. situational approach C. trait approach D. adaptive approach

Ans: C

38. My leader is only worried about his job and getting the next prestigious promotion. He does not care about me or my co-workers. Which of the global leadership behaviors am I using? A. participative B. team-oriented C. self-protective D. autonomous

Ans: C

4. The existence of different cultures or ethnicities within a group or organization is the definition of ______. A. multicultural B. ethnocentrism C. diversity D. prejudice

Ans: C

42. The leadership profile that places the most importance on charismatic/value-based, team-oriented, and self-protective leader behaviors is ______. A. Confucian Asia B. Southern Asia C. Latin America D. Latin Europe

Ans: C

45. A strength of the GLOBE studies is ______. A. no universal leader attributes were agreed upon, just like the trait approach B. the skill level of leaders was identified among all nine cultural dimensions C. the data in the studies included quantitative research methods D. the classification system used Hofstede's five dimensions, which are considered reliable and valid

Ans: C

51. According to the GLOBE study, which of these is not a cultural dimension? A. institutional collectivism B. in-group collectivism C. division of labor D. future orientation

Ans: C

54. Universally undesirable leadership behaviors include all of the following except ______. A. asocial B. loner C. explicit D. dictatorial

Ans: C

57. According to the Sub-Saharan Africa Anglo culture cluster, the most desirable leader behavior is ______. A. charismatic/value-based leadership B. participative leadership C. humane-oriented leadership D. team-oriented leadership

Ans: C

60. According to GLOBE researchers, which of the following statements is false? A. the Anglo cluster is high in performance orientation and low in in-group collectivism B. the Eastern Europe cluster tends to be forceful and supportive of its coworkers C. the Latin Europe cluster places value on institutional collectivism and societal goals D. the Sub-Saharan Africa cluster tends to place higher concern for family and friends than for themselves

Ans: C

61. Who is (are) the most referenced researcher(s) identifying five major dimensions on which cultures differ? A. House et al. B. Adler and Bartholomew C. Hofstede D. Lord and Maher

Ans: C

65. What was an element that GLOBE used to create regional clusters? A. nonverbal communication B. personal values C. common language D. population density

Ans: C

80. Globalization has created a need for all of the following except ______. A. leaders with greater understanding of cultural differences B. leaders with increased competencies in cross-cultural communication C. leaders who are able to utilize cultural superiority to manage groups D. leaders who are able to design effective multinational organizations

Ans: C

11. Trompenaars completed a large survey of people in 47 different countries and determined two organizational cultural classifications: ______. A. power distance and uncertainty avoidance B. person versus task and in-group versus out-group C. egalitarian versus hierarchical and institutional versus in-group collectivism D. person versus task and egalitarian versus hierarchical

Ans: D

14. How many cultural dimensions did the GLOBE researchers identify? A. 2 B. 5 C. 6 D. 9

Ans: D

17. The cultural dimension defined as the degree to which an organization encourages institutional or societal collective action is ______. A. in-group collectivism B. future orientation C. assertiveness D. institutional collectivism

Ans: D

19. In my organization, women and men share power and influence equally. My organization uses a high degree of which dimension of culture? A. power distance B. humane orientation C. institutional collectivism D. gender egalitarianism

Ans: D

2. At the new student orientation of your university, the guides taught you the common cheer that is a part of most sporting and other major assemblies on campus. The process of learning this common language and tradition of your university describes the definition of which of the following: ______. A. diversity B. prejudice C. ethnocentrism D. culture

Ans: D

23. The dimension of culture that is concerned with how much a society or organization emphasizes sensitivity to others, social support, and community values is ______. A. values orientation B. future orientation C. in-group orientation D. humane orientation

Ans: D

27. In the Anglo cultural cluster, high scores were found in which of the cultural dimensions? A. assertiveness orientation B. gender egalitarianism C. power distance D. performance orientation

Ans: D

29. People in which cluster in the GLOBE studies exhibit forceful behaviors but are also supportive of their coworkers and treat men and women equally? A. Latin Europe B. Middle East C. Southern Asia D. Eastern Europe

Ans: D

33. The GLOBE leader behavior of charismatic/value-based leadership is most similar to which transformational leadership factor in the Full Model of Transformational Leadership? A. individualized consideration B. contingent reward C. model the way D. idealized influence

Ans: D

36. Which global leader behavior is also a leader behavior in path-goal theory? A. charismatic/values-based B. team oriented C. autonomous D. participative

Ans: D

37. Our team leader asks us about our needs, is generous with his time, and considerate of our personal and professional goals. Which of the global leadership behaviors is our leader using? A. participative B. team-oriented C. autonomous D. humane oriented

Ans: D

43. The Nordic Europe leadership profile places low importance on which two global leadership behaviors? A. participative and self-protective B. autonomous and charismatic/value-based C. self-protective and participative D. humane-oriented and self-protective

Ans: D

49. Five cross-cultural competencies for leaders include all of the following except ______. A. being able to adapt to living and communicating in other cultures B. learning the perspectives, trends, and tastes of many cultures C. understanding business, political, and cultural environments worldwide D. teaching the importance of one's own culture to other cultures

Ans: D

55. Applications for culture and leadership do not include ______. A. can help leaders understand their own cultural biases and preferences B. help our leaders adapt their styles to be more effective in different cultural settings C. can be used to build culturally sensitive websites D. help maximize profit within a locally owned and operated organization

Ans: D

56. According to the Anglo culture cluster, the least desirable leader behavior is ______. A. charismatic/value-based leadership B. participative leadership C. humane-oriented leadership D. self-protective leadership

Ans: D

59. The cultural dimension in which organizations encourage and reward members for excellence is ______. A. humane orientation B. assertiveness C. power distance D. performance orientation

Ans: D

6. "Why on earth do some countries function in non-democratic ways, especially not allowing the right for all adults to vote?" This statement is an example of ______. A. multicultural competence B. diversity C. egalitarianism D. ethnocentrism

Ans: D

63. Who researched culture and leadership resulting in the GLOBE research program? A. Adler and Bartholomew B. Hofstede C. Lord and Maher D. House et al.

Ans: D

66. According to the Germanic culture cluster, the most desirable leadership behavior is ______. A. charismatic/value-based leadership B. participative leadership C. self-protective leadership D. autonomous leadership

Ans: D

71. Training and development programs using the cultural behaviors, dimensions, and clusters from the GLOBE studies could focus on all except which of the following topics to help leaders be more effective in working with others from different cultures? A. teaching cultural sensitivity B. helping individuals understand their own cultural biases C. new employee orientation programs D. present stereotypical behaviors from multiple cultures

Ans: D

74. Prejudice has a negative impact because it ______. A. emphasizes collectivity in groups and cultures B. allows for flexible generalizations to promote change C. helps leaders think highly of another culture without sufficient evidence D. inhibits leaders from seeing the many facets and qualities of others

Ans: D

78. Which of the following is not one of behaviors associated with self-protective leadership? A. conflict inducing B. procedural C. status conscious D. autonomous

Ans: D

T/F 10. Assertiveness is a universally desirable leader attribute.

Ans: F