management ch12 SB
Asked to describe what was most meaningful about his job at the senior citizen center, Marc answered, "I make a difference every day to the lives of elderly people in our community." This is an example of which element of the job characteristics model?
Task significance
Which core job characteristic refers to the degree to which the individual perceives that the job affects the lives of others, whether inside or outside of the organization?
Task significance
True or false: Pay for performance allows different salaried employees to get different pay raises and other rewards.
True
What are three types of learning opportunities?
Tuition reimbursement Learning and development Studying co-workers
A survey showed that while most employees were pleased with the company's advancement opportunities and merit system, they were dissatisfied with factors such as pay scale and sharing an office with someone they disliked. These results exemplify which theory of motivation?
Two-factor theory
Cash awards given to employees who achieve specific performance objectives are called ______.
bonuses
Your professor awards five bonus points for coming to class on time. This is an example of ______.
positive reinforcement
What is the first step in developing career readiness?
Identify your most important long-term goal.
In equity theory, the outputs received from an organization include which of the following?
Bonuses Pay Praise
After you identify a long-term goal, what is the second step in developing career readiness?
Break your long-term goal into several short-term goals.
According to the 2019 Jobvite survey of 1,500 Americans, which is the most important motivating criteria to job seekers?
Career growth opportunities
After tasks on a to-do list are prioritized, what is the next step in developing career readiness?
Create a time schedule for reaching your long-term goal.
Match each component of organizational justice (on the left) with its description (on the right).
Distributive=Reflects perceived fairness of rewards being given out. Procedural=Reflects perceived fairness of the process of making allocation decisions. Interactional=Reflects how organizational representatives treat employees while implementing procedures.
What should you remember about recharging yourself?
Each person has a unique way to recharge.
What are the stages of Victor Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation? (Choose every correct answer.)
Effort to performance Performance to outcomes
Which of the following are personal factors in motivation? (Choose every correct answer.)
Emotions Values Personality
What theory asserts that motivation is essentially a decision about how much effort to exert to get what you want in a particular situation?
Expectancy
Which theories of motivation are characterized as process perspectives? (Choose every correct answer.)
Expectancy theory Equity theory Goal-setting theory
Which types of reinforcement are intended to weaken a behavior?
Extinction Punishment
Money is the best motivator.
False
What are the three tips for recharging yourself as part of your self-motivation approach? (Choose every correct answer.)
Figure out how you can best recharge Accept kindness Relax mentally and physically
How does goal setting motivate employees? (Choose every correct answer.)
Increasing employee persistence Fostering employee use of action plans Directing employee attention Regulating employee efforts
Why is creating a time schedule important when it comes to developing a career management plan? (Choose every correct answer.)
It enables you to monitor your progress. It helps you organize your schedule.
Which of the following focuses on five core job characteristics that affect the psychological states of an employee, which in turn affect work outcomes?
Job characteristics model
What are the two means by which jobs are fitted to people? (Choose every correct answer.)
Job enlargement Job enrichment
What are the three critical psychological states identified by the job characteristics model? (Choose every correct answer.)
Knowledge of actual results of the work Meaningfulness of work Responsibility for work outcomes
How does McClelland view needs?
Needs are something that we learn from our culture.
What area of equity theory is concerned with the extent to which people believe they are being treated fairly at work?
Organizational justice
When analyzing the pay scale of her staff, Nanci saw that several equivalent positions in the department were paid at various rates. She felt that they needed to be balanced. Which aspect of equity theory is Nanci taking into consideration?
Outputs
Hillary knows she needs a full-time job so she can buy groceries and clothing for her three children. Which level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs does this describe?
Physiological
Merilee is a seamstress in a garment factory, and she is paid $10 for each skirt she produces. What compensation plan does this describe?
Piece rate
After the creation of a "to-do" list for accomplishing short-term goals, what is the next step in developing career readiness?
Prioritize the tasks you need to complete to reach your goal.
Which are principal perspectives on motivation? (Choose every correct answer.)
Process Job design Reinforcement Content
Which perspectives on motivation are concerned with the thought progression that leads to people deciding how to act?
Process perspectives
What Tamika loves about her job is that every day brings new challenges, and she can use different talents and abilities to complete her job tasks. This is an example of which core job characteristic?
Skill variety
Which of the following are core job characteristics in the Hackman and Oldham job characteristics model? (Choose every correct answer.)
Skill variety Feedback Task significance Autonomy
Which core job characteristic describes the extent to which a job requires the worker to perform all of the tasks needed to complete the job from beginning to end?
Task identity
Which answer best describes flourishing?
The extent to which our lives contain positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement
What is true of people who are motivated by the need for achievement?
They want fair and balanced feedback, both negative and positive.
Which are elements of self-motivation in the career readiness model? (Choose every correct answer.)
Working consistently on personal development Establishing good work habits Maintaining focus on organizational goals
Why should you break your most important long-term goal into many short-term goals?
You are more likely to achieve a long-term goal if you break it down into smaller goals.
What are some things to keep in mind as you look for ways to recharge? (Choose every correct answer)
You should not be ashamed to recharge when you need to. You may do it differently than your friends.
Leslie likes working on tasks that are challenging but still within her abilities. Leslie is most likely motivated by a need for ______.
achievement
Elaine surpassed her sales goal and earned a small cash award for her strong performance. This is an example of a ___.
bonus program
According to equity theory, when people believe there is equity, they will ______.
continue their current behavior
Your to-do list for achieving short-term goals should identify the ______.
daily tasks you need to complete
Jasmine previously handled only accounts payable, but she now handles accounts receivable as well. This is an example of job ______.
enlargement
Raises and other monetary incentives are examples of ______ rewards.
extrinsic
What is the modern way of designing jobs?
fitting jobs to people
The economic or protective potential of employee experience, actions, and knowledge is referred to as ______.
human capital
According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, ______ are associated with job dissatisfaction.
hygiene factors
In equity theory, the education, experience, and skills that individuals contribute to their organizations are examples of ______.
inputs
Power that is used as a means to further organizational goals is known as ______ power.
institutional
Liu wants to better understand how to motivate employees at her company. Because she knows there is no single leading theory accepted by everyone on what motivates people, she looks into the top four perspectives: content, process, reinforcement, and ______.
job design
Pay for performance, basing pay on one's results, is also known as ______ pay.
merit
According to Herzberg, ______ factors are more frequently associated with achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, and love of the work itself.
motivating
The psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior are collectively called ______.
motivation
"I'll take out the garbage," Jan tells her husband. "Just stop bugging me about it." This situation exemplifies ______.
negative reinforcement
According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, ______ power is expressed in an individual's desire to dominate others.
personal
To encourage Mikayla to help around the house, her mother offers to pay her $1 each time she makes her bed in the morning and puts her laundry in the hamper. This is an example of ______.
positive reinforcement
According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, a "control freak" might be described as an individual with normal achievement needs, a low level of affiliation needs, and a very high level of ______ needs.
power
The distribution to employees of a percentage of the company's profits is known as ______.
profit sharing
Sales representatives are paid a percentage of the earnings the company made from their sales in the form of a ______.
sales commission
The theory of motivation that asserts that people are driven to try to grow and attain fulfillment, with their behavior and well-being influenced by the three innate needs of competence, autonomy, and relatedness, is known as the ______ theory.
self-determination
With ______, certain employees are given the right to buy stock at a future date for a discounted price.
stock options
A goal that goes beyond what a person is actually expected to achieve is a ______ goal.
stretch
Jakob thought he would enjoy his job as a web designer, but it turns out that he is responsible only for updating web pages and not for creating them, too. According to the jobs characteristics model, Jakob has low ______.
task identity
According to psychologist Martin Seligman, the combined effect of positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement constitutes ______.
well being.
According to self-determination theory, what are the innate needs that people need to satisfy to achieve psychological growth? (Choose every correct answer.)
Autonomy Competence Relatedness
Which of the following are levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? (Choose every correct answer.)
Safety Esteem Love Physiological
Match the innate need identified by self-determination theory (on the left) with its description (on the right).
Competence=Feeling qualified, knowledgeable, and capable of completing a goal or task Autonomy=Feeling as though you have the freedom and discretion to determine what you want to do Relatedness=Feeling a sense of belonging and attachment to others
After breaking your long-term goal into several short-term goals, what is the next step in developing career readiness?
Create a to-do list for accomplishing short-term goals.
What types of justice are the components of organizational justice? (Choose every correct answer.)
Distributive Procedural Interactional
The concept of fitting jobs to people is based on what ideas? (Choose every correct answer.)
Employees want more responsibility, challenges, and variety. Employees are underutilized.
The model of motivation called equity theory is based on which of the following ideas?
Employees want to see fairness in how they are rewarded for task performance.
Which theory suggests that employees can be motivated by objectives that are specific and challenging but achievable and that have rewards tailored to individual needs?
Goal-setting theory
Marie has been given a goal to sell five cars by the end of the weekend. During the workday, she approaches every potential customer and makes an effort to engage with them and make a sale. When customers seem unsure about buying a car, she points out the car's best features and talks about the great deal she can give the customers if they buy. Marie is demonstrating what motivational mechanism of goal setting?
Goals increase your persistence.
Which theory proposes that work satisfaction originates from motivating factors, and dissatisfaction originates from hygiene factors?
Herzberg's two-factor theory
What is a question that would be asked to evaluate procedural justice?
How fair is the method that management uses to determine the size of our performance bonuses?
How does self-motivation fit into the career readiness model?
It is an attitude.
What theories of motivation would be characterized as content perspectives?
McClelland's acquired needs theory Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory Herzberg's two-factor theory
Which statement about incentive compensation plans is true?
No one plan will boost the performance of all employees.
Match the type of reinforcement with its description.
Positive reinforcement=Using rewards or positive consequences to strengthen a particular behavior Negative reinforcement=Strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative Extinction=Weakening a behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced Punishment=Weakening a behavior by presenting something negative or withholding something positive
What is important to Marie in the workplace is to be in charge and in a position of control over her co-workers. This reflects which of the following needs identified by McClelland's acquired needs theory?
Power
What type of incentive compensation plan involves the distribution of a portion of the company's profits to employees?
Profit sharing
What are the three major elements of Hackman and Oldham's job characteristics model? (Choose every correct answer.)
Psychological states Core job characteristics Work outcomes
What does the technique called scientific management seek to do? (Choose every correct answer.)
Raise employee productivity Reduce the number of tasks a worker performs Increase employee efficiency
The fact that research shows that 25% of workers are burned out, and 44% more are burned out occasionally suggests that workers are neglecting what?
Recharging each day
"Consequences influence behavior" best describes which theory of motivation?
Reinforcement theory
Which of the following would be characterized as motivating factors by Herzberg's two-factor theory? (Choose every correct answer.)
Responsibility Achievement
What characteristics should your long-term goal have? (Choose every correct answer.)
Results-oriented Measurable Attainable
Which of the following would be characterized as hygiene factors in Herzberg's two-factor theory? (Choose every correct answer.)
Salary Working conditions
What are characteristics of motivating goals according to goal-setting theory? (Choose every correct answer.)
Specific Achievable Challenging
What statement about stretch goals is true?
Stretch goals increase willingness to take risks.
According to equity theory, which of the following would be characterized as inputs? (Choose every correct answer.)
Training Effort Experience
A college professor who is required by the department chair to use a certain textbook and has no input into the number or types of assignments given to the class would likely have low ______.
autonomy
Jobs with high ______ allow workers to set their own schedules and decide how to perform the necessary tasks.
autonomy
Louisa is a real estate salesperson. When she sells a house, she earns a sales ______ equal to 6 percent of the sales price of the house.
commission
Dividing work among employees and applying motivational theories to increase employee satisfaction are the two components of job:
design.
To increase variety and motivate workers, Grant Industries increases the number of tasks in each job on the assembly line. This practice is known as job ______.
enlargement
Juanita believes that if she works hard, her efforts will lead to strong performance. Juanita has a high level of ______.
expectancy
Robert believes that no matter how hard he studies, he will never pass the exam. According to Victor Vroom's theory, Robert has low ______.
expectancy
Janeen's boss is so pleased with her sales performance during the past quarter that he gives her a bonus. In terms of the model of motivation, the bonus represents a(n) ______.
extrinsic reward
When rewarding an employee for a behavior, you should ______.
give rewards as soon as possible
The satisfaction, such as a feeling of accomplishment, that a person receives from performing a task is known as a(n) ______ reward.
intrinsic
Scientific ______ is the process of reducing the number of tasks a worker performs.
management
To be successful, an incentive compensation plan must be ______.
measurable
The use of reinforcement theory to change human behavior is called behavior ______.
modification
The goal of an incentive compensation plan is to ______.
motivate employees to work harder for more money
Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior are called ______.
needs
Patrick's company allows employees to buy stock at a future date for a discounted price. This is referred to as a stock ______.
option
When prioritizing the tasks you need to complete to reach your career goals, you should ______.
order them from low importance to high importance
Contingency factors refer to the degree to which individuals want ___.
personal and psychological development
A pay-for-performance plan in which employees are paid according to their productivity is referred to as ______.
piece rate
A manager tells his employee, "If you exceed your sales quota, I will give you a bonus." In reinforcement theory, this is an example of ______.
positive reinforcement
In equity theory, people compare their ______.
ratio of inputs and outputs to the ratio of others in similar jobs
According to the job characteristics model, the extent to which a job requires the job holder to use a wide range of different talents and abilities is known as ______.
skill variety
Which guidelines should be followed when giving positive reinforcement? (Choose every correct answer.)
Be clear about what behavior is desired. Give rewards as soon as possible.
Which of the following are contextual factors in motivation? (Choose every correct answer.)
Communication technology Leader behavior HR practices
According to self-determination theory, people's behavior and well-being are influenced by what three innate needs?
Competence, autonomy and relatedness
Equity theory is focused on explaining how people work to achieve which of the following? (Choose every correct answer.)
Fairness Justice
The theory of motivation that asserts that people are motivated by physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization needs is ______ theory.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
The theory of motivation that asserts that achievement, affiliation, and power are the major motives determining people's behavior in the workplace is called ______.
McClelland's acquired needs theory
Which statements about motivation are true?
Multiple contextual and personal factors create motivation. Motivation can only be inferred from a person's behavior.
Using the job characteristics model, drag and drop the descriptions against the corresponding job characteristics.
Skill variety : The extent to which a job requires a worker to use a wide range of different abilitiesTask identity : The extent to which a job requires the worker to perform everything needed to complete the job from beginning to endTask significance : The extent to which a job affects the lives of others, whether inside or outside the organizationAutonomy : The extent to which a job allows the worker to make choices about scheduling different tasks and/or deciding how to perform themFeedback : The extent to which workers receive clear, direct information about how well they are performing the job
What are characteristics of the best incentive compensation plans?
They are agreed on by both employees and managers. They link rewards to performance.
Brittani has worked long hours putting the finishing touches on a presentation to a major client, but she has a strong sense of self-satisfaction with her work and feels good about what she has accomplished. In terms of the model of motivation, this self-satisfaction would be categorized as a(n) ______.
intrinsic reward
According to reinforcement theory, turning in your monthly expense report on time so that your supervisor will not nag you for it is an example of ______.
negative reinforcement
