Management Exam

________________ commitment is defined as the degree to which an employee feels positive emotional attachment to the organization and strong identification with its values and goals.

affective

What term refers to a general tendency of an individual to experience a particular mood or to react to things in a particular way or with certain emotions?

affectivity

Sheryl is cooperative, forgiving,and understanding. She has high

agreeableness

What term refers to how people explain the causes of their own as well as other people's behaviors and achievements?

attribution

Which of the following characteristics gives Costco a competitive advantage?

committed employees

____________ depend primarily on active experimentation and abstract conceptualization to learn.

convergers

What term refers to businesses living and working together for the common good and valuing human dignity?

corporate social responsibility

Firms pursuing a __________ strategy strive to be the lowest cost producer in an industry for a particular level of product quality.

cost leadership

Harriet's company makes tax software. It used to take the company two years to roll out a new version of the software, but now it only takes one year. The company has reduced its _______

cycle time

___________________ is the first step in the organizational behavior modification process.

define what can be improved

If a company creates and maintains a culture that encourages employees to bring new ideas into the company, it is most likely to be using what strategy?

differentiation

What is the second step in the performance appraisal process?

documentation

(T/F)Organization-level outcomes, including productivity, absenteeism and turnover, and profitability, are assessed at the individual level as well as at the organizational level.

false

(T/F)Technology is not a factor in the shift toward a service-based economy.

false

(T/F)The study of organizational behavior involves both human behavior and characteristics of organizations, but its principal focus is the exterior environment that surrounds the organization.

false

(T/F)The study of organizational behavior is useful in that it enables managers to predict behavior patterns before they develop.

false

According to the expectancy theory of motivation, a negative sum of valences will encourage motivated behavior regardless of other factors.

false

In the early stages of the learning process, fixed-ratio reinforcement is particularly effective for promoting desirable behaviors.

false

In the study of stress, what does GAS stand for?

general adaption syndrome

In collectivistic cultures such as Japan, performance appraisals tend to be ________

group-based

Which sensory modality is LEAST important to learning?

gustatory

The __________ effect occurs when people improve some aspect of their behavior or performance simply because they are being assessed.

hawthorne

Which strategy/strategies gives job candidates realistic information about what it would be like to work for a given firm?

hiring customers, realistic job previews, using employee referrals

___________ are written predictions specifying expected relationships between certain variables.

hypotheses

paid time off is an example of

indirect compensation

What term refers to the manner in which individuals process and organize information during learning?

information processing capacity

According to Victor Vroom, _______________ is the belief that performance will result in obtaining a particular reward.

instrumentality

According to __________, an individual's behavior results from a continuous, multidirectional interaction between the characteristics of the person and of the situation.

interactionalism

A work group of three secretaries who take turns answering the phones, sorting mail, and typing and filing correspondence are demonstrating which of the following?

job rotation

Which of the following is NOT a motivation factor in Herzberg's model?

job security

what are the seven universal emotions?

joy, sadness, fear, surprise, anger, contempt and disgust

____________ refers to an individual's general strategy for dealing with other people and the degree to which they feel they can manipulate others in interpersonal situations.

machiavellianism

Ichabod's company refashions discarded dolls and other toys into furniture, utensils, and decorative items. Which of the following is the most apt label for Ichabod's organization?

manufacturing

Arthur appears to be poised, calm, resilient, and secure. He displays low

neuroticism

are psychological contracts written in legally binding form?

no

What term refers to feeling obliged to stay with an organization for moral or ethical reasons?

normative committment

Which managerial function involves designing jobs, grouping jobs into units, and establishing patterns of authority between jobs and units?

organizing

A supervisor can enrich a job by doing which of the following?

organizing work in teams, introducing new or harder tasks, granting additional authority to employees

A goal is most likely to be attained when ________________

people are given feedback showing their progress toward the goal, people are strongly committed to it

Boris works as a receptionist. He's happy with his salary, he gets along well with his coworkers and his boss, there's no stress, and he can get all of his tasks done proficiently. However, he feels unfulfilled and hopes to get a different job soon. Which of the following does Boris lack?

person-vocation fit

_________ refers to attributing our own characteristics to other people.

projection

In collectivist cultures, _______________ typically take precedence over specific tasks or responsibilities.

relationships

The _________ method relies on systematic studies that identify and replicate a result using a variety of methods, samples, and settings.

scientific

According to the human relations approach, offering employees _____________ is the best way to enhance motivation in the workplace.

self-direction

A key component of equity theory is that employees compare their own input/output ratios with the input/outcome ratios of other employees. What is the term for this phenomenon?

social comparison

Which dimension of self-efficacy refers to beliefs about how confident the person is that the task can be accomplished?

strength

Humphrey and Lina, who work at different firms, each receive a 3% raise. Most of Humphrey's coworkers receive a 5% raise, and he is unhappy with his raise. Most of Lina's coworkers receive a 1% raise, and she is happy with her raise. Humphrey and Lina most likely have different reactions to their raises because their raises have different _________

symbolic value

Deming believed that when things go wrong, it is almost certain that the ________ rather than the __________ is the cause.

system, worker

Which of the following has NOT contributed to the rise in the volume of international business?

the ease with which companies can obtain financing

Organizational behavior is defined as the study of three interrelated areas which are:

the individual organization interface, human behavior in organizational setting, the organization itself

Why might some people pursue multiple vocations during the course of their careers?

they get bored with one, they have diverse interests

workplace bullying can include what?

threats, verbal abuse, intimidation

A company has a(n) _____________ workforce when one group of employees has a contractual arrangement with the firm that is different from that of another group.

tiered

(T/F) Employees may improve their own productivity if they are able to participate in making decisions about how their jobs are done.

true

(T/F) MBO has value as a way to motivate employees.

true

(T/F) The third stage of GAS, exhaustion, does not always happen.

true

(T/F)Most managerial work involves simultaneous use of the planning, organizing, leading, and controlling functions.

true

Workers are likely to improve their performance when they believe that needs that are important to their well-being will be satisfied if they do so

true

People who are impatient, competitive, ambitious, and uptight are said to have what personality type?

type a

What are extrinsic work values?

values related to the outcomes of the work, such as financial gain

Behavior that is reinforced after periods of time, with the time span varying from one time to the next is called

variable-interval

When does intrapersonal value conflict occur?

when being happy pulls us to spend quality time with our family, but personal ambition pulls us to work longer hours and pursue promotions

A 360-degree feedback system includes __________

a wide range of feedback as well as intangible and subjective measures of performance

Which approach to performance management identifies financial and nonfinancial performance measures and organizes them into a single model?

balanced scorecard

Albert works as a salesperson making $8 an hour plus 5% of every sale he makes. He receives two weeks of paid vacation a year as well as 50% matching in a 401K retirement fund. In this scenario, "$8 an hour" represents Albert's _______

base pay

What term refers to a heightened emotional and intellectual connection that an employee has for his/her job, organization, manager, or coworkers that, in turn, influences him/her to apply additional discretionary effort to his/her work?

employee engagement

What term refers to the degree to which an employee has the authority to make and implement decisions?

empowerment

Personality is a product of which of the following?

environment and heredity

What term refers to standards of behavior about how people ought to act in different situations?

ethics

Which of the following refers to a positive type of stress?

eustress

Luck, lack of resources, and other people are examples of __________ factors.

external

(T/F) "Knowledge workers" are valuable to organizations because of what they have gained in terms of practical work experience over the course of their careers rather than what they know.

false

(T/F) According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, physiological needs include things that offer safety and security, such as adequate housing and clothing and freedom from worry and anxiety.

false

(T/F) Employees who are expected to work unusual and demanding schedules are usually satisfied receiving additional time off and do not require higher pay.

false

(T/F) Herzberg's dual-structure theory suggests that the feelings of satisfaction and dissatisfaction that workers experience are derived from the same set of factors.

false

(T/F) Managers who want to raise the level of job performance from their employees find that motivation is easier to manage than ability or environment.

false

(T/F) The ability to think in the abstract and visualize the "big picture" is classified as a technical skill.

false