Marine Biology Chapter 10 & 11 Test

the most common organism in the upper intertidal zone is

the periwinkle

what are the best places for animals who use the run/hide strategy?

tidepools

which zone of the intertidal is often visited by land predators

upper intertidal

the three zones of the intertidal

upper, middle, lower

how do seaweed cope with wave shock

use of holdfasts

how do chitons cope with wave shock

use of their muscular foot as a suction cup

how do crabs/shrimps get around?

use their jointed appendages

how do sea urchins get around?

use their spines/tube feet

the area where a a species might live is known as

vertical zonation

define interstitial water

water between the grains

infauna depend of _____ to replenish oxygen supply

water circulation

the highest part of the intertidal is kept wet by

wave splash

sediments shift with

waves, tides, and currents

_____ are the main predators of barnacles

whelks

chitons and rockweed can lose __-__% waterloss

75-90

*T/F* organisms never live in more than one zone

False

The intertidal zone is also known as

Littoral

What are the 2 types of intertidal communities

Rocky Shore and Soft-Bottom

coarse sediments are found in areas _____

affected by waves

define detritus

animal waste

define epifauna

animals that live on the surface of the substrate

define soft-bottom

any sediment where an organism can easily burrow itself

define sessile

attach to hard surfaces, motionless

what organisms survive in anoxic sediments through anaerobic respiration

bacteria

intertidal communities are divided into _____ or _____

bands, zones

the upper beaches of soft bottom communities support _____, _____, and _____

beach hoppers, sand fleas, fiddler crabs

why do organisms compete for space

because of the amount of light and nutrients available

define emersion

being exposed to air, or out of the water

define immersion

being submerged

how do mussels cope with wave shock

byssal threads

fine sediments are found in _____ areas, such as _____ and _____

calm, bays, lagoons

how do clams get around?

changing their muscular foot from thin to thick

What strategy do barnacles and muscles use to deal with dessication

clam-up strategy

what is the final stage of ecological succession

climax community

What strategy do periwinkles use to deal with dessication

combination

What strategy do chitons and rockweed use to deal with dessication

dessication

______ is not as critical in soft bottom communities

dessication

What 3 problems do organisms face relating to exposure at low tide

dessication, temperature and salinity, restriction of feeding

what is the main source of food in the intertidal

detritus, along with diatoms and plankton

the upper intertidal lies able the _____ _____ mark

high tide

anoxic sediment smells bad because of the _____ bacteria produce

hydrogen sulfide

_____ form black-tar-like bloches on rocks

lichens

filter feeders are unable to feed at _____ tide

low tide

Kelp marks the lower limit of what intertidal zone

lower intertidal

which zone of the intertidal is dominated by sea grass

lower intertidal

rainstorms cause

mass mortalities

which zone of the intertidal's upper boundary is marked by a band of barnacles

middle zone

how do meiofauna get around?

moving between the grains

in the middle intertidal zone _____ are the dominant competitors

mussels

which three organisms dominate the middle intertidal?

mussels, gooseneck barnacles, brown rockweed

what two factors affect oxygen availability in sediments

organic matter and grain size

define infauna

organisms that bury themselves in the sediment for protection and to keep from washing away

define ecological succession

organisms that get replaced by others in a regular sequence

5 creative ways of feeding

organisms that move through sediment, use of tube feet, use of a siphon to suck up food particles, catching food, predators drill holes in shells

give examples of a substrate

sand, rock, mud

what bottom feature influence the effect of waves on the shore?

sandbars, reefs

the most common plant in soft bottom communities are

sea grasses

define anoxic sediment

sediment with no oxygen

predators and mobile animals prevent water loss by

seeking shelter or clamping onto rocks

mud includes:

silt and clay

the upper intertidal zone is often called the "_____"

splash zone

how do sea anenomes catch their food

sticky tentacles

What 2 things do organism use to catch their food?

sticky tentacles, muscus nets

4 ways to survive wave shock

strong, attachments, thickened shells, low profiles, flexible

how do tide pool fish cope with wave shock

suction cup pelvic fins

define refraction

the bending of the wave to become parallel to shore

what feature does a snail possess to tolerate high temperatures?

the color of their shell

Which part of the intertidal is rarely submerged?

the highest part

define wave shock

the intensity of the wave impact

which zone is best known to marine biologists

the intertidal

*T/F* Zonation is more obvious in the rocky shore communities

True

inhabitants of the intertidal zone have to have very good _____ qualities/ be able to _____ very quickly

dispersal, reproduce

What are the two types of tides

diurnal (1 x per day), semidiurnal (2x per day)

where do soft bottoms dominate specifically

east coast (cape cod down) and gulf coast

define competitive exclusion

elimination of one species by another as a result of competition

most of the sessile animals in the intertidal are _____ feeders

filter feeders

rocky shore communities are formed by _____

geological uplifts, waves, and currents

how do barnacles cope with wave shock

glue

the 4 types of sediment

gravel, sand, silt, clay

which 7 factors influence where an organism settles

pattern of tides, steepness of shore, exposure to waves, local weather, predation, competition, larvae settlement patterns

define keystone predators

predators that have effects on their communities that are proportionately much greater than their abundance

zones are sometimes named after

predominant organisms in that zone

how do sea cucumbers/worms get around?

push the sediment through them

4 techniques to deal with dessication

run/hide strategy, clam-up strategy, combination, dessication