Marine Biology Chapter 10 & 11 Test
the most common organism in the upper intertidal zone is
the periwinkle
what are the best places for animals who use the run/hide strategy?
tidepools
which zone of the intertidal is often visited by land predators
upper intertidal
the three zones of the intertidal
upper, middle, lower
how do seaweed cope with wave shock
use of holdfasts
how do chitons cope with wave shock
use of their muscular foot as a suction cup
how do crabs/shrimps get around?
use their jointed appendages
how do sea urchins get around?
use their spines/tube feet
the area where a a species might live is known as
vertical zonation
define interstitial water
water between the grains
infauna depend of _____ to replenish oxygen supply
water circulation
the highest part of the intertidal is kept wet by
wave splash
sediments shift with
waves, tides, and currents
_____ are the main predators of barnacles
whelks
chitons and rockweed can lose __-__% waterloss
75-90
*T/F* organisms never live in more than one zone
False
The intertidal zone is also known as
Littoral
What are the 2 types of intertidal communities
Rocky Shore and Soft-Bottom
coarse sediments are found in areas _____
affected by waves
define detritus
animal waste
define epifauna
animals that live on the surface of the substrate
define soft-bottom
any sediment where an organism can easily burrow itself
define sessile
attach to hard surfaces, motionless
what organisms survive in anoxic sediments through anaerobic respiration
bacteria
intertidal communities are divided into _____ or _____
bands, zones
the upper beaches of soft bottom communities support _____, _____, and _____
beach hoppers, sand fleas, fiddler crabs
why do organisms compete for space
because of the amount of light and nutrients available
define emersion
being exposed to air, or out of the water
define immersion
being submerged
how do mussels cope with wave shock
byssal threads
fine sediments are found in _____ areas, such as _____ and _____
calm, bays, lagoons
how do clams get around?
changing their muscular foot from thin to thick
What strategy do barnacles and muscles use to deal with dessication
clam-up strategy
what is the final stage of ecological succession
climax community
What strategy do periwinkles use to deal with dessication
combination
What strategy do chitons and rockweed use to deal with dessication
dessication
______ is not as critical in soft bottom communities
dessication
What 3 problems do organisms face relating to exposure at low tide
dessication, temperature and salinity, restriction of feeding
what is the main source of food in the intertidal
detritus, along with diatoms and plankton
the upper intertidal lies able the _____ _____ mark
high tide
anoxic sediment smells bad because of the _____ bacteria produce
hydrogen sulfide
_____ form black-tar-like bloches on rocks
lichens
filter feeders are unable to feed at _____ tide
low tide
Kelp marks the lower limit of what intertidal zone
lower intertidal
which zone of the intertidal is dominated by sea grass
lower intertidal
rainstorms cause
mass mortalities
which zone of the intertidal's upper boundary is marked by a band of barnacles
middle zone
how do meiofauna get around?
moving between the grains
in the middle intertidal zone _____ are the dominant competitors
mussels
which three organisms dominate the middle intertidal?
mussels, gooseneck barnacles, brown rockweed
what two factors affect oxygen availability in sediments
organic matter and grain size
define infauna
organisms that bury themselves in the sediment for protection and to keep from washing away
define ecological succession
organisms that get replaced by others in a regular sequence
5 creative ways of feeding
organisms that move through sediment, use of tube feet, use of a siphon to suck up food particles, catching food, predators drill holes in shells
give examples of a substrate
sand, rock, mud
what bottom feature influence the effect of waves on the shore?
sandbars, reefs
the most common plant in soft bottom communities are
sea grasses
define anoxic sediment
sediment with no oxygen
predators and mobile animals prevent water loss by
seeking shelter or clamping onto rocks
mud includes:
silt and clay
the upper intertidal zone is often called the "_____"
splash zone
how do sea anenomes catch their food
sticky tentacles
What 2 things do organism use to catch their food?
sticky tentacles, muscus nets
4 ways to survive wave shock
strong, attachments, thickened shells, low profiles, flexible
how do tide pool fish cope with wave shock
suction cup pelvic fins
define refraction
the bending of the wave to become parallel to shore
what feature does a snail possess to tolerate high temperatures?
the color of their shell
Which part of the intertidal is rarely submerged?
the highest part
define wave shock
the intensity of the wave impact
which zone is best known to marine biologists
the intertidal
*T/F* Zonation is more obvious in the rocky shore communities
True
inhabitants of the intertidal zone have to have very good _____ qualities/ be able to _____ very quickly
dispersal, reproduce
What are the two types of tides
diurnal (1 x per day), semidiurnal (2x per day)
where do soft bottoms dominate specifically
east coast (cape cod down) and gulf coast
define competitive exclusion
elimination of one species by another as a result of competition
most of the sessile animals in the intertidal are _____ feeders
filter feeders
rocky shore communities are formed by _____
geological uplifts, waves, and currents
how do barnacles cope with wave shock
glue
the 4 types of sediment
gravel, sand, silt, clay
which 7 factors influence where an organism settles
pattern of tides, steepness of shore, exposure to waves, local weather, predation, competition, larvae settlement patterns
define keystone predators
predators that have effects on their communities that are proportionately much greater than their abundance
zones are sometimes named after
predominant organisms in that zone
how do sea cucumbers/worms get around?
push the sediment through them
4 techniques to deal with dessication
run/hide strategy, clam-up strategy, combination, dessication