MARK350 Chapter 14

70) Fashion refers to ________. A) a particular combination of attributes within style B) the process of social diffusion by which style is adopted by consumers C) being positively evaluated by some reference group D) the norm

B

35) The second stage in the rite of passage is ________. A) separation B) aggregation C) liminality D) sacred consumption

C

36) A set of multiple symbolic behaviors that occur in a fixed sequence and tend to be repeated is called a ________. A) myth B) more C) ritual D) convention

C

30) Myths serve four interrelated functions in a culture, which function explains the origins of existence. A) cosmological B) metaphysical C) sociological D) psychological

B

34) The story goes that a young George Washington cut down his father's cherry tree with a hatchet. Young Washington was then asked who might have committed this act. Even though the boy feared punishment, George replied, "I cannot tell a lie; I cut down the cherry tree." This story has taken on mythical proportions in the United States. Which of the follow functions does the myth best match? A) metaphysical B) cosmological C) psychological D) anthropological

C

43) Sharon is upset with her secretary. Though everyone in the office agreed not to give Christmas presents this year, Sharon's secretary gave her an expensive bottle of perfume. Which of the following best identifies the source of Sharon's feelings? A) objectification B) self-serving guilt C) the reciprocity norm D) role transference

C

58) Thomas and his family recently toured the Gettysburg Battlefield on their vacation. The area was rich in history. While walking, Thomas remembered all the accounts of the battle that he had read in school. He finally understood why this place had such a special meaning in American history and to Americans in general. Gettysburg Battlefield is best classified as ________. A) profane B) objectified C) sacred D) crescive

C

64) Consumers who always are on the lookout for novel products or services and who are first to try something new are ________. A) continuous innovation B) early adopters C) innovators D) laggards

C

18) The Macah, a Native American tribe from the Northwest, built functional seagoing canoes that are considered works of art by modern shipbuilders. By definition, these boats would be considered ________. A) high art products B) style and cultural icons C) low art products D) craft products

D

42) A special ritual marking a person's transition from one role to another is called a ________. A) convention B) sacralization C) cycle D) rite of passage

D

6) A cultural production system is a ________. A) creative subsystem B) managerial subsystem C) communications subsystem D) all of the above

D

4) ________ is/are the mental characteristics of people and the way they relate to their environment and social group. A) Ideology B) Myths C) Norms D) Theories

A

1) Culture is best described as a society's ________. A) attitude B) consciousness C) personality D) history

C

11) All of the following are subsystems in a culture production system EXCEPT a ________ subsystem. A) creative B) managerial C) marketing D) communications

C

12) Products are winnowed out as they make their way down the path from conception to consumption, a process called ________. A) diffusion B) cooptation C) cultural selection D) cultural mapping

C

14) Watercolor tats, Alexandre Birman textured-lamé sandals, blue velvet couches, Bitmojis, and selfies are part of the ________. A) lifestyle movement B) value movement C) cultural movement D) marketing concept movement

C

2) Which functional area of culture is most closely related to the idea of a common worldview? A) ecology B) social structure C) ideology D) socio-psychology

C

7) The aspect of a cultural system which describes the mental characteristics of a people and the way they relate to their environment and social groups is known as ________. A) ecology B) social structure C) ideology D) anthropology

C

10) It is quite common for mainstream culture to modify symbols identified with "cutting edge" subcultures and present these to a larger audience. Such cultural products undergo a process of ________, by which their original meanings are transformed by outsiders. A) innovation B) transformation C) diffusion D) cooptation

D

16) ________ refers to the set of individuals and organizations that create and market cultural products. A) Culture program company (CPC) B) Culture invention company (CIC) C) Culture production institution (CPI) D) Culture production system (CPS)

D

20) T/F: Once a culture is established, it doesn't change. An apparent change in a culture is simply the emergence of a new culture.

False

24) T/F: An interrelated function in culture that maintains social order because it authorizes a social cope for members of a culture to follow is called psychological.

False

45) T/F: A metaphysical myth fulfills the cultural function of explaining how the components of the universe relate to each other.

False

53) T/F: Gestation is the process of gift exchange.

False

61) T/F: A professor was given an administrative warning after he made an inappropriate joke about Princess Diana shortly after her death. Students were likely upset because they saw Princess Diana as a profane individual worthy of special attention and respect.

False

72) T/F: A fad is a relatively long-term acceptance cycle in today's marketplace because of the money necessary to develop the fad.

False

76) According to Hofstede, values associated with a long-term orientation are respect for social obligations and the need to save face.

False

47) T/F: Most holidays commemorate a cultural myth.

True

48) T/F: Romance novels often follow a cultural formula.

True

49) T/F: Passing a driving test to receive a driver's license is an example of a rite of passage.

True

50) T/F: Every year, the students at a prestigious engineering school remove a car from the parking lot and place it on the highest point of the roof of the main engineering building. The students have been doing this for decades, but not once has anyone ever confided to an outsider how it was done. This is a classic example of a ritual.

True

51) T/F: Anna's best friend, Aubrey, was getting married. Anna spent a lot of time thinking of the perfect gift and was so excited about the gift that she gave it to Aubrey before the wedding. Aubrey cried and told Anna she could never have a better friend. Reformulation best describes the gift-giving stage in this situation.

True

52) T/F: Gift giving involves economic and symbolic exchange.

True

60) T/F: Profane consumption involves consumer objects and events that are ordinary.

True

62) T/F: People occupy sacred time and space when they travel on vacation.

True

63) T/F: In the modern holiday ritual of Christmas, the figures of Christ and Santa can be seen as binary opposites; one promotes selflessness while the other promotes materialism.

True

68) T/F: Fashion with an extremely long acceptance cycle is considered to be classic.

True

69) T/F: According to the trickle-down theory, fashion moves from the upper classes to the lower classes.

True

71) T/F: A style typically begins as a risky or unique statement by a relatively small group of people.

True

73) T/F: Hofstede's Dimensions of National Culture organizes cross-cultural values based on power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation, and indulgence.

True

74) T/F: The indulgence versus restraint dimension of Hofstede's Dimensions of National Culture deals with the extent to which a society allows relatively free gratification of basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life.

True

75) T/F: According to Hofstede, power distance refers to the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.

True

77) The worldwide popularity of McDonald's suggests that there is a global consumer culture that unites people around the world by their common devotion to brands.

True

13) Which of the following is an object that is admired strictly for its beauty or because it inspires an emotional reaction? A) an art product B) a reality-engineered product C) a craft product D) a trial product

A

31) Wedding rice, birthday candles, and diplomas are considered ________. A) ritual script B) ritual artifacts C) potlatch D) norms

B

57) When a sacred item or symbol is removed from its special place or is duplicated in mass quantities, then it becomes profane as a result of ________. A) sacralization B) desacralization C) defamation D) objectification

B

65) A ________ is a very short-lived fashion. A) trend B) fad C) classic D) style

B

3) ________ usually dictate what is right and wrong, acceptable or unacceptable. A) Myths B) Theories C) Norms D) Rituals

C

5) ________ is the way people maintain an orderly social life. A) Ecology B) Lifestyle C) Social structure D) Ideology

C

21) T/F: The mental characteristics of people and the way they relate to their environment and social group are called ideology.

True

22) T/F: A culture production system is a set of individuals and organizations that create and market cultural products.

True

23) T/F: Casting directors, textbook authors, and retail buyers are all examples of formal gatekeepers in the culture production process.

True

25) T/F: Gone With the Wind myths often take place in times of upheaval, such as war.

True

26) T/F: Winnowing out is part of the cultural selection process.

True

46) T/F: In many cultures, myths feature talking animals that act as mediating figures.

True

19) Raymond Chandler wrote classic American detective stories. By always using certain roles for his characters and props that were appropriate to the genre, Chandler's novels followed a(n) ________. A) cultural formula B) enacted norm C) fashion cycle D) innovation process

A

29) ________ postulated that myths involve binary opposition, in which two opposing ends of some dimension are represented (such as good versus evil). A) Levi Strauss B) Freud C) Hofstede D) Bettelheim

A

33) ________ refers to a stage in the gift-giving process, where the giver procures an item to make some event. A) Gestation B) Presentation C) Reformulation D) Ritual artifacts

A

38) Grooming rituals express two kinds of binary opposition: private/public and ________. A) work/leisure B) self/others C) pride/modesty D) innocence/experience

A

40) Which of the following is NOT one of the three distinct stages of gift-giving rituals? A) convention B) gestation C) presentation D) reformulation

A

54) ________ consumption occurs with objects and events that are considered to be ordinary and everyday. A) Profane B) Sacred C) Objectified D) Ritualized

A

66) ________ is the extent to which less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. A) Power distance B) Individualism C) Uncertainty avoidance D) Long-term orientation

A

15) In the cultural production process, the people who control the flow of information between producers and customers are called ________. A) lead users B) cultural gatekeepers C) cultural informers D) innovators

B

17) Movie and restaurant reviewers, magazine editors, retail buyers and DJ's are considered ________ because they filter information. A) laggards B) gatekeepers C) early adopters D) innovators

B

37) Brands that we closely link to our rituals are called ________ brands; once they become imbedded in our rituals we are unlikely to replace them. A) fighter B) fortress C) transcultural D) sacralized

B

67) When Bob, a wealthy real estate investor, saw an inner city kid wearing a heavy gold chain with a medallion around his neck, Bob wanted the same for himself. Bob's behavior is best explained by the ________. A) trickle-down effect B) trickle-up effect C) trickle-across effect D) meme theory

B

8) The Japanese greatly value products that make efficient use of space because of the cramped conditions in urban areas in Japan. This is an example of ________ in Japan's cultural system. A) social structure B) ecology C) ideology D) dogma

B

9) Gen enjoys owning a micro-refrigerator, which is small enough to fit almost anywhere. Gen believes that the efficient use of space is one of the characteristics that any good product should have. With respect to the functional areas of a cultural system, Gen is focusing on ________ as a variable in selecting products. A) ideology B) ecology C) social structure D) socio-psychology

B

27) A story containing symbolic elements that express the shared emotions and ideals of a culture is called a ________. A) norm B) ritual C) myth D) more

C

32) Which of the following would not be a part of the wedding ritual? A) giving away the bride B) the best man C) tossing the girdle D) throwing rice

C

41) As a relationship grows and progresses, gift giving tends to become more ________. A) exchange oriented B) reciprocal C) altruistic D) instrumental

C

56) The systematic acquisition of a particular object or set of objects is called ________. A) prioritizing B) hoarding C) collecting D) ritualizing

C

59) ________ is when ordinary objects, events, and even people take on sacred meaning. A) Contamination B) Objectification C) Sacralization D) Profane consumption

C

28) Which of the following is NOT one of the four interrelated functions of myths in a culture? A) cosmological B) sociological C) psychological D) anthropological

D

39) Researchers primarily see the gift-giving ritual as a type of ________ exchange. A) transactional B) stylistic C) psychological D) economic

D

55) Through the process of ________, objects associated with sacred events or people become sacred in their own right. A) congregation B) reciprocity C) desacralization D) contamination

D

78) Hong Kong Disneyland is an example of an emic perspective.

True

44) Pavel is an inventor. He read that there were several million people who could not sleep at night until they looked under the bed. He invented a light that could be put under the bed and went on automatically when someone looked there. Pavel's product is designed to help people perform a ________. A) ritual B) symbolic exchange C) convention D) rite of passage

A