Market Revolution - chpt 9AP US History

Factory System: Social Impact

- Before industrialization, societies were agriculturally based. Although in some places in Europe the domestic system existed, in which individuals worked on one part of production (for example, making doth from wool), most people still worked on farms. - As the mass production of goods drove down the price of consumer items, demand increased. Cheaper goods were more affordable; as a result, the standard of living rose for most Europeans. - Conditions in the factories in the early years were harsh and dangerous. Workers received little pay, worked long hours, and faced unsafe working conditions. Over time, governments stepped in to pass laws to protect workers (such as minimum-wage legislation). - Labor unions also emerged as workers organized to protect their rights and gain fair treatment in the workplace.

Factory System: Economic Impact

- Developed as a way to house large and expensive machines in a single location near a source of power, in order to mass-produce goods. - Mass production saw a significant increase in the development of interchangeable parts (parts that were uniformly produced and thus could be easily replaced and fixed) and the creation of the assembly line. - Competition among factories encouraged the development of quicker and more efficient methods of production.

Steamboats and canals

-Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston invented the steamboat which made traveling upstream easier -steamboats spurred a wave of canal building -the Erie Canal was a huge new canal that led to social and economic changes in the US

transportation revolution

1790s-1850s; Roads (turnpikes), steamships, canals, and railroads facilitated Western settlement and the market revolution.

separation of public and private spheres

A change in family life: Men occupied work, career, and politics; Women occupied domestic life centered around the home.

textile

A fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing

cotton gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers; Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793; Led to increased reliance on slave labor in the South and a manufacturing resource for the North.

Factory System

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building

Know-Nothing Party

A nativist movement formed in 1849 that opposed Irish and German immigration

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Waltham-Lowell System

A system of labor using young women recruited from farm families to work in factories in Lowell, Chicopee, and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. The women lived in company boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews and were often required to attend church.

steam engines

A way to more efficiently generate power; Drove early industrialization

National Road (1811)

A.K.A. Cumberland Road; First significant road built in the US at the expense of the federal government; stretched from the Potomac River to the Ohio River.

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

Industrial Revolution

An event that results in the complete transformation of the economy, environment, and living conditions; Development of manufacturing; Fueled by technological improvements, capital, and immigrant labor.

Turnpike Era

Began in 1790's ended in the 1820's, the roads were built out of hard packed stone as Americans experimented with ways to improve transportation in the young nation. Fees were charged for the use of the roads but most were not able to turn a profit.

rugged individualism

Belief that success comes through individual strength of effort and private enterprise

Erie Canal

Built by the state of New York (without Federal assistance); Stretched from Buffalo to Albany.

market revolution

Changes in the economic structure wherein people begin to buy, sell, and mass manufacture goods rather than barter or make them at home.

American Party

Developed from the order of the Star Spangled Banner and was made up of nativists. This party was organized due to its secretiveness and in 1865 nominated the ex-president Fillmore. These super-patriots were antiforeign and anti-Catholic and adopted the slogan "American's must rule America!"

Sectionalism

Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West). This can lead to conflict.

Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge

Dispute over the toll bridge of Charles River and the free bridge of Warren. The court ruled in favor of Warren. Reversed Dartmouth College v. Woodward; property rights can be overridden by public need

Agrarian Economy

Economy based on farming and cultivation of the land. Way of life stayed the same for many years. Usually involved two classes, very rich and very poor, no middle class.

DeWitt Clinton

Governor of New York who started the Erie Canal project. His leadership helped complete the canal, which boosted the economy greatly by cutting time traveled from west New York to the Hudson.

interchangeable parts

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing; Invented by Eli Whitney and first applied to firearms; Basis of modern, mass-production assembly-line methods of manufacturing.

telegraph

Invented by Samuel Morse; Revolutionized communication

Samuel Slater

Known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution"; brought British textile technology to the United States

mechanical reaper

Machine invented by Cyrus McCormick that could harvest grain quickly; An agricultural invention that increased the efficiency of production.

Lowell system

Method of factory management that evolved in the textile mills of Massachusetts; First example of a planned automated factory

Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819)

Most remembered of Marshalls decisions, college granted to king George III but new Hampshire state legislature wanted to change it. In the end the original name stayed because the constitution protected contracts against state encroachments. This is how Marshall became molding father of the constitution.

Henry Clay's American System

Plan for economic growth: 1) establish a protective tariff, 2) establish a national bank, and 3) improve the country's transportation system - internal improvements it was a 3 part mutually reinforcing plan

Tammany Hall

Political machine (corrupt) based in New York that capitalized on Irish immigrants for votes

German immigrants

Push factor: crop failures, autocratic government; Pull factor: democracy, interior midwest farmland

Irish immigrants

Push factor: famine; Pull factor: American cities on the East coast

Corporations had the important advantage of

Reducing the financial risk of individual investors

internal improvements

Roads, turnpikes, bridges, canals, railroads; Built by states and the federal government.

"Skilled Artisans/ Unskilled Workers"

Skilled artisans are independent craft workers who owned and managed their own shops. Unskilled workers filled factory jobs, which require no specialized training.

mechanization

The application of machinery to manufacturing and other activities. Among the first processes to be mechanized were the production of textiles.

James Monroe (1817-1825)

The fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas.

industrialization

The process of becoming a developed manufacturing economy

factory girls

They labored long hours in difficult conditions, living in socially new conditions away from farms and families; Employed in Lowell and other manufacturing centers.

Gibbons v. Ogden

This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.

Tariff of 1816

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

nativist movement

Those who opposed immigration; Fear that an influx of foreigners would undermine American culture, weaken the status of American workers, and destabilize American politics

turnpikes

Toll roads that first began to be constructed in the 1790s; The first infrastructure of the Transportation Revolution; E.g. Lancaster Turnpike, Cumberland Road (National Road).

Mercantile Economy

Type of economy that dominated in cities and was based largely on overseas trade

Eli Whitney

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

Samuel Morse

United States portrait painter who patented the telegraph and developed the Morse code (1791-1872)

Mill Girls

Unmarried women from New England cities who went to work in mills where they lived in boarding houses and were supervised very closely. Families were reluctant to allow their girls to leave for the first time into stranger's supervision, so much leisure time spent at these houses was centered around faith and God, and there were strict behavioral rules. Many of them left to get married and were soon widely replaced by immigrants (mostly Irish). Still, leaving to work in the mill gave women a sense of independence and allowed them to notice their responsibilities outside the home.

cult of domesticity

Women's role in the home (raising children, taking care of the house); The centrality and increasing importance of women in decisions made at home.

American System of Manufacturing

a technique of production pioneered in the United States in the first half of the nineteenth century that relied on precision manufacturing with the use of interchangeable parts

canals

an artificial waterway constructed to allow the passage of boats or ships inland or to convey water for irrigation; E.g. Erie Canal

market economy

an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services

Merchant capitalists complained bitterly about

control of rural labor-- they were difficult to supervise/direct, the pace of their work depended on the agricultural calendar, laziness/drunkenness

unskilled workers

general worker who can perform any job that requires no special knowledge or skill

Steel Plow

machine invented by John Deere that could plow through thick soil so people could now farm in the Midwest

Free Labor

the northern belief that slavery was dangerous not because of its effect on blacks, but because of what it threatened to do to whites, they argued that at the heart of American democracy was the right of all citizens to own property, to control their own labor, and to have access to opportunities for advancement.

Nativism

the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.