Marketing 2

A dynamic forecast of the revenue effect of a tax rate change assumes that the tax base does not change.

false

A tax meets the standard of efficiency if it generates enough revenue to pay for the public goods and services provided by the government.

false

A tax meets the standard of sufficiency if it is easy for people to pay the tax:

false

According to the Keynesian concept of efficiency, an efficient tax should be neutral in its effect on free market allocations of economic resources.

false

If State H increases its sales tax rate by 1%, its sales tax revenue must also increase by 1%.

false

Tax liability divided by taxable income equals marginal tax rate.

false

The declining marginal utility of income across individuals can be measured empirically.

false

The federal government is not required to pay interest on the national debt.

false

A tax should result in either horizontal or vertical equity across taxpayers.

false A good tax should result in both horizontal and vertical equity.

Changes in the tax law intended to make the measurement of taxable income more precise usually make the tax law less complex.

false Explanation: Increased precision in the measurement of taxable income usually increases tax law complexity.

Vertical equity focuses on measurement of the tax base, and horizontal equity focuses on the tax rate structure.

false Explanation: Just the opposite!

Jurisdiction M imposes an individual income tax based on the following schedule. Rate Income bracket 5% $-0- to $50,000 + 8% $50,001 to $200,000 + 12% $200,001 and above Mr. Coen has $78,000 taxable income. Compute the tax on this income. A. $4,740 B. $6,240 C. $8,740 D. None of the choices are correct.

A. $4,740 Explanation: (5% × $50,000) + (8% × $28,000) = $4,740.

Which of the following statements about a regressive tax rate structure is false? A. A regressive rate structure cannot result in vertical equity. B. Regressive rates decrease as the tax base increases. C. A regressive rate structure places a proportionally heavier tax burden on taxpayers with smaller tax bases than persons with greater tax bases. D. None of the above is false.

A. A regressive rate structure cannot result in vertical equity. Explanation: Even with a regressive rate structure, persons with a smaller tax base may pay less tax than persons with a greater tax base.

Which of the following statements about a proportionate income tax rate structure is false? A. A theoretic justification for a proportionate rate is its superior potential for wealth redistribution. B. Under a proportionate rate structure, the marginal rate equals the average rate. C. Under a proportionate rate structure, the taxpayer with the least income pays the same percentage of income to the government as the taxpayer with the most income. D. None of the choices are false.

A. A theoretic justification for a proportionate rate is its superior potential for wealth redistribution. Explanation: Wealth redistribution is a theoretic justification for a progressive rate structure.

Government officials of Country Z estimate that next year's public programs will cost $19 million but that tax revenues will be only $15 million. Which of the following statements is false? A. Country Z's tax system is sufficient. B. Country Z's government is engaging in deficit spending. C. If Country Z must borrow $4 million to pay for its public programs, its national debt will increase by $4 million. D. Country Z's government could balance its budget by eliminating a program that costs $4 million.

A. Country Z's tax system is sufficient.

Congress originally enacted the federal estate and gift taxes to improve: A. Distributional justice B. Economic efficiency C. Vertical equity D. Horizontal equity

A. Distributional justice

he country of Valhalla levies an income tax with the following rate structure. Rate Income bracket 5% $-0- to $50,000 + 10% $50,001 to $150,000 + 20% $150,001 and above A. Mrs. Greene's annual income is $125,000. Compute her tax, her average tax rate, and her marginal tax rate. B. Mr. Chen's annual income is $220,000. Compute his tax, his average tax rate, and his marginal tax rate. C. Does Valhalla have a proportionate, progressive, or regressive tax rate structure?

A. Mrs. Greene's tax is $10,000 = (5% × $50,000) + (10% × $75,000). Her average tax rate is 8% ($10,000 / $125,000), and her marginal tax rate is 10%.B. Mr. Chen's tax is $26,500 = (5% × $50,000) + (10% × $100,000) + (20% × $70,000). His average tax rate is 12.05% ($26,500 / $220,000) and his marginal tax rate is 20%.C. Valhalla has a progressive tax rate structure because the rate increases as the base increases.

The City of Willford levies a flat 7% tax on individual income in excess of $55,000. Individuals who earn $55,000 or less pay no income tax. A. Ms. Vello earned $127,200 income this year. Compute her city income tax and determine her average tax rate. B. Mr. Sui earned $68,900 income this year. Compute his city income tax and determine his average tax rate. C. Does Willford have a proportionate, progressive, or regressive tax rate structure?

A. Ms. Vello's tax is $5,054 ($72,200 × 7%), and her average tax rate is 3.97% ($5,054 / $127,200).B. Mr. Sui's tax is $973 ($13,900 × 7%), and his average tax rate is 1.41% ($973 / $68,900).C. Willford has a progressive tax rate structure because the rate increases as the base increases.

supply-side economic theory A. Predicts that a decrease in the highest income tax rates will cause an increase in government revenues. B. Is inconsistent with the substitution effect. C. Was a clear failure following the Reagan administration tax cuts of the 1980s. D. Predicts that taxpayers will save their tax windfall from a rate cut rather than spend or investment the windfall.

A. Predicts that a decrease in the highest income tax rates will cause an increase in government revenues.

Which of the following taxes is most convenient for individuals to pay? A. Sales tax B. Use tax C. Federal income tax D. Real property tax

A. Sales tax Explanation: The sales tax is collected by the seller and requires no effort on the part of the purchaser to pay the tax.

Assume that Congress plans to amend the federal income tax to provide a deduction for the cost of energy-efficient fluorescent light bulbs. Which of the following statements is true? A. The amendment is intended to improve the efficiency of the tax. B. The amendment is intended to improve the equity of the tax. C. The amendment is intended to improve the simplicity of the tax. D. The amendment is intended to improve the convenience of the tax.

A. The amendment is intended to improve the efficiency of the tax.

Which of the following statements concerning tax preferences is true? A. The annual revenue loss from federal tax preferences is quantified in the Tax Expenditures Budget. B. Tax preferences increase the fairness of the tax law. C. Tax preferences simplify the tax law. D. Tax preferences make the tax law more neutral across taxpayers.

A. The annual revenue loss from federal tax preferences is quantified in the Tax Expenditures Budget.

Mr. Ohno owns and operates a part-time service business that generates $80,000 annual taxable income. His federal tax rate on this income is 17%. Because of recent legislation, this rate will increase to 25% next year. A. Based on a static forecast, how much additional revenue will the federal government collect from Mr. Ohno next year? B. How much additional revenue will the federal government collect if Mr. Ohno decides to work fewer hours and consequently earns only $50,000 next year?

A. The federal government will collect $6,400 additional revenue ($80,000 × 8% rate increase).B. $0. The federal government will collect $1,100 less revenue ([$50,000 × 25%] − [$80,000 × 17%]).

The city of Hartwell spends about $3 million annually on snow removal. The city is considering amending its real property tax law to allow homeowners to offset the cost of private snow removal against their annual property tax liability. This amendment would affect the:

B. Efficiency of the tax Explanation: The amendment is intended to change taxpayer behavior by rewarding individuals who provide for their own snow removal.

Which of the following statements about the income and substitution effects of an income tax rate increase is true? A. The income and substitution effects are contradictory behavioral reactions. B. From the government's perspective, the substitution effect is more desirable than the income effect. C. Faith in the income effect is the foundation for supply-side economic theory. D. Dynamic forecasts of incremental tax revenues must consider the potential income effect but not the potential substitution effect of a rate increase.

A. The income and substitution effects are contradictory behavioral reactions. Explanation: From the government's perspective, the income effect is more desirable because it creates a revenue windfall. Faith in the substitution effect is the foundation for supply-side economic theory. Dynamic revenue forecasts must consider both potential behavioral effects.

A static forecast of the incremental revenue from a tax rate increase presumes that: A. The tax base will not change because of the rate increase. B. The tax base will increase by the same proportion as the rate increase. C. The tax base will decrease by the same proportion as the rate increase. D. The tax rate and the tax base are correlated.

A. The tax base will not change because of the rate increase.

Which of the following statements concerning income tax rate structures is false? A. Under a progressive rate structure, the marginal rate and the average rate are equal. B. Under a regressive rate structure, the average rate for low-income individuals is more than the average rate for high-income individuals. C. Under either a regressive, proportionate, or progressive rate structure, high-income taxpayers pay more dollars of tax than low-income individuals. D. In theory, a progressive rate structure results in equal economic sacrifice across taxpayers.

A. Under a progressive rate structure, the marginal rate and the average rate are equal. Explanation: The marginal rate and average rate are equal under a proportionate rate structure.

Jurisdiction M imposes an individual income tax based on the following schedule. Rate Income bracket 5% $-0- to $50,000 + 8% $50,001 to $200,000 + 12% $200,001 and above Ms. Owen has $314,000 taxable income. Compute the tax on this income. A. $29,680 B. $28,180 C. $37,680 D. None of the choices are correct.

B. $28,180 Explanation: (5% × $50,000) + (8% × $150,000) + (12% × $114,000) = $28,180.

Which of the following statements about tax rate structures is true? A. Regressive rate structures are illegal in the United States. B. A tax with a graduated rate structure must be either regressive or progressive. C. A proportionate rate structure is the only structure resulting in vertical equity. D. None of the choices are true.

B. A tax with a graduated rate structure must be either regressive or progressive. Explanation: A graduated rate structure must include at least two different rates, which either decrease or increase as the tax base increases.

The sales tax laws of many states exempt the purchase of groceries and prescription drugs from tax. Such exemptions are intended to improve the: A. Convenience of the tax B. Equity of the tax C. Sufficiency of the tax D. Neutrality of the tax

B. Equity of the tax Explanation: Nondiscretionary purchases such as food and medicine reduce the purchaser's ability to pay tax.

Last year, Government G levied a 35% tax on individual income, and Mr. Slate paid $35,000 tax on his $100,000 income. This year, the government increased the tax rate to 40%. Which of the following statements is false? A. Based on a static forecast, government G should collect $5,000 additional tax from Mr. Slate this year. B. If Mr. Slate took a second job to maintain his after-tax disposable income, his behavior illustrates a substitution effect of the rate increase. C. If Mr. Slate took a second job to maintain his after-tax disposable income, government G should collect more than $5,000 additional tax from him this year. D. If Mr. Slate sold an income-generating investment and used the money for personal consumption, his behavior illustrates a substitution effect of the rate increase.

B. If Mr. Slate took a second job to maintain his after-tax disposable income, his behavior illustrates a substitution effect of the rate increase. Explanation: Mr. Slate's behavior in taking a second job illustrates an income effect.

Which of the following tax policies would increase the redistribution of wealth across society? A. Repealing the federal estate and gift taxes B. Increasing the highest marginal income tax rate by 10% C. Replacing the progressive income tax rate structure with a flat rate D. Replacing the income tax with a national sales tax

B. Increasing the highest marginal income tax rate by 10% Explanation: Replacing the progressive rate structure with a flat rate or replacing the progressive income tax with an arguably regressive sales tax would reduce wealth redistribution.

The government of Nation C operated at a $32 billion deficit this year. The deficit suggests that Nation C's tax system is: A. Inefficient B. Insufficient C. Unfair D. Inconvenient

B. Insufficient

Vervet County levies a real property tax based on the following schedule. Rate Assessed value 3% $-0- to $250,000 + 1% $250,001 and above Which type of rate structure does this tax use? A. Proportionate B. Regressive C. Progressive D. Dual-bracket

B. Regressive

Which of the following statements concerning tax preferences is false? A. Tax preferences increase the complexity of the law. B. Tax preferences raise additional revenue for the government. C. Tax preferences are government subsidies for targeted taxpayer activities. D. Tax preferences do not improve the accurate measurement of the tax base.

B. Tax preferences raise additional revenue for the government.

Assume that Congress plans to amend the federal income tax to provide a deduction for the first $2,400 of residential rent paid by families with incomes below the federal poverty level. Which of the following statements is true? A. The amendment is intended to improve the efficiency of the tax. B. The amendment is intended to improve the equity of the tax. C. The amendment is intended to improve the simplicity of the tax. D. The amendment is intended to improve the convenience of the tax.

B. The amendment is intended to improve the equity of the tax.

Which of the following statements concerning the federal Social Security tax is true? A. The tax burden increases annually because the rate generally increases annually. B. The tax burden increases annually because the base generally increases annually. C. Both the rate and the base generally increase annually. D. The Social Security tax burden has not increased since 1990.

B. The tax burden increases annually because the base generally increases annually.

Which of the following statements regarding a convenient tax is false? A. From the government's viewpoint, a good tax should be convenient to administer. B. From the taxpayer's viewpoint, a good tax should be convenient to pay. C. A convenient tax should have a method of collection that offers maximum opportunity for noncompliance. D. A convenient tax should permit taxpayers to compute their tax with reasonable certainty without incurring undue costs.

C. A convenient tax should have a method of collection that offers maximum opportunity for noncompliance.

Which of the following statements about vertical equity is false? A. Vertical equity focuses on a fair rate structure instead of a fair measurement of the tax base. B. If persons with greater ability to pay owe more tax than persons with lesser ability to pay, the tax is vertically equitable. C. A tax with a single percentage rate is not vertically equitable. D. None of the above is false.

C. A tax with a single percentage rate is not vertically equitable. Explanation: Even under a proportionate rate structure, taxpayers with more base pay more tax than taxpayers with less base.

Which of the following statements does not describe the classical standard of tax efficiency? A. An efficient tax is a neutral factor in a free market economy. B. An efficient tax does not change taxpayer behavior. C. An efficient tax encourages full employment. D. An efficient tax favors a laissez-faire economy policy.

C. An efficient tax encourages full employment.

Jurisdiction F levies a 10% excise tax on the purchase of golf carts. The annual revenue from this tax averages $800,000 (10% * $8 million average annual golf cart purchases). Jurisdiction F is considering raising the tax rate to 12%. Which of the following statements is true? A. The rate increase will increase revenue by $160,000. B. Based on a dynamic forecast, the rate increase will increase revenue by $160,000. C. Based on a static forecast, the rate increase will increase revenue by $160,000. D. None of the above is true.

C. Based on a static forecast, the rate increase will increase revenue by $160,000. Explanation: A dynamic forecast would be based on a projected decrease in the average annual golf cart purchases because of the tax increase.

The federal income tax law allows individuals whose property is destroyed by a natural disaster such as a fire or hurricane to reduce their taxable income by the amount of their financial loss. This rule is intended to improve the: A. Convenience of the tax B. Efficiency of the tax C. Horizontal equity of the tax D. Vertical equity of the tax

C. Horizontal equity of the tax Explanation: Individuals who must replace property destroyed by a disaster arguably have less ability to pay income tax.

Jurisdiction M imposes an individual income tax based on the following schedule. Rate Income bracket 5% $-0- to $50,000 + 8% $50,001 to $200,000 + 12% $200,001 and above Which of the following statements is true? A. If Mrs. Hall's taxable income is $227,000, her average tax rate is 12%. B. If Mr. Poe's taxable income is $41,200, his marginal tax rate is 8%. C. If Ms. Kaye's taxable income is $63,800, her marginal tax rate is 8%. D. None of the choices are correct.

C. If Ms. Kaye's taxable income is $63,800, her marginal tax rate is 8%.

Jurisdiction M imposes an individual income tax based on the following schedule. Rate Income bracket 5% $-0- to $50,000 + 8% $50,001 to $200,000 + 12% $200,001 and above Which type of rate structure does this tax use? A. Proportionate B. Regressive C. Progressive D. Multi-bracket

C. Progressive

The city of Belleview operated at an $865,000 surplus this year. The surplus suggests that the municipal tax system is: A. Fair B. Efficient C. Sufficient D. Convenient

C. Sufficient

Which of the following statements concerning the standard of fairness is false? A. People who believe that a tax is unfair are more likely to evade the tax. B. People believe that the federal income tax is unfair because it contains preferences available only to wealthy individuals. C. The public perception that the federal income tax is unfair has decreased in recent decades. D. None of the choices are false.

C. The public perception that the federal income tax is unfair has decreased in recent decades. Explanation: The public perception of unfairness has increased in recent decades

Government L levies a 4% excise tax on restaurant meals. It is considering reducing the rate to 2% on meals served in restaurants that ban cigarette and cigar smoking and to increase the rate to 5% in restaurants that allow smoking. Which of the following statements is true? A. The rate change would improve the neutrality of the excise tax. B. The rate change would improve the convenience of the tax. C. The rate change is intended to affect social behavior. D. Both the rate change would improve the convenience of the tax and the rate change is intended to affect social behavior are true.

C. The rate change is intended to affect social behavior.

Which of the following describes a tax that meets the standard of convenience? A. A tax that the government can administer without excessive cost. B. A tax that is easy for taxpayers to compute and pay. C. A tax that minimizes the opportunity for noncompliance. D. All of the above describe a convenient tax.

D. All of the above describe a convenient tax.

Which of the following statements does not describe the Keynesian standard of tax efficiency? A. An efficient tax encourages economic growth. B. An efficient tax encourages full employment. C. An efficient tax encourages price-level stability. D. All of the above describe the Keynesian standard of tax efficiency.

D. All of the above describe the Keynesian standard of tax efficiency.

The statement that "an old tax is a good tax" means that: A. Changes in the tax law create uncertainty in the business environment. B. Changes in the tax law disrupt traditional planning strategies. C. Changes in the tax law increase the compliance burden on businesses. D. All of the above.

D. All of the above.

Government J decides that it must increase its tax revenue. Which of the strategies could result in more revenue? A. Increase the rate of an existing tax. B. Expand the base of an existing tax. C. Enact a tax on a new base. D. All of these strategies could result in more revenue for Government J.

D. All of these strategies could result in more revenue for Government J.

Government officials of Country Z estimate that next year's public programs will cost $19 million but that tax revenues will be only $15 million. The officials could avoid a deficit next year by adopting which of the following fiscal strategies? A. Reduce the cost of public programs by $4 million. B. Increase taxes by $4 million. C. Borrow $4 million by issuing new government bonds. D. All of these strategies will avoid a deficit.

D. All of these strategies will avoid a deficit.

Jurisdiction M imposes an individual income tax based on the following schedule. Rate Income bracket 5% $-0- to $50,000 + 8% $50,001 to $200,000 + 12% $200,001 and above Which of the following statements is true? A. The schedule provides no information as to whether Jurisdiction M's tax is horizontally equitable. B. Jurisdiction M's tax is vertically equitable. C. Jurisdiction M's tax is vertically equitable only for individuals with $50,000 or less taxable income. D. Both "The schedule provides no information as to whether Jurisdiction M's tax is horizontally equitable" and "Jurisdiction M's tax is vertically equitable" are true.

D. Both "The schedule provides no information as to whether Jurisdiction M's tax is horizontally equitable" and "Jurisdiction M's tax is vertically equitable" are true. Explanation: The schedule does not provide information as to whether the definition of taxable income accurately reflects ability to pay. The tax is vertically equitable because taxpayers with more income pay more tax than taxpayers with less income.

The state of California plans to amend its personal income tax laws to allow parents to reduce their tax by the cost of infant car seats. Which of the following statements is true? A. The amendment creates a tax preference for parents who purchase infant car seats. B. The amendment is intended to change social behavior. C. The amendment increases the neutrality of the tax law. D. Both the amendment creates a tax preference for parents who purchase infant car seats and is also intended to change social behavior are true.

D. Both the amendment creates a tax preference for parents who purchase infant car seats and is also intended to change social behavior are true. Explanation: The amendment decreases the neutrality of the tax law.

Assume that Congress plans to amend the federal individual income tax to eliminate the deductions for medical care, educational savings, charitable contributions, and home mortgage interest. Which of the following statements is true? A. The amendment will reduce the complexity of the tax. B. The amendment will increase the horizontal equity of the tax. C. The amendment will increase the neutrality of the tax. D. Both the amendment will reduce the complexity of the tax and will increase the neutrality of the tax.

D. Both the amendment will reduce the complexity of the tax and will increase the neutrality of the tax. Explanation: The amendment reduces complexity because it simplifies measurement of the tax base. It increases neutrality because it eliminates preferences available to only certain taxpayers. However, the amendment makes the measurement of each individual's ability to pay less precise and, therefore, reduces horizontal equity.

Which of the following statements about the income effect of an income tax rate increase is true? A. The income effect is theoretically stronger for low-income taxpayers than for high-income taxpayers. B. The income effect is theoretically stronger for a family's secondary wage earner than for the family's primary wage earner. C. The income effect motivates individuals to find ways to increase their before-tax income. D. Both the income effect is theoretically stronger for low-income taxpayers than for high-income taxpayers and the income effect motivates individuals to find ways to increase their before-tax income are true.

D. Both the income effect is theoretically stronger for low-income taxpayers than for high-income taxpayers and the income effect motivates individuals to find ways to increase their before-tax income are true. Explanation: The income effect is theoretically stronger for a family's primary wage earner.

Which of the following statements about horizontal equity is false? A. Horizontal equity focuses on a rational and impartial measurement of the tax base. B. Horizontal equity focuses on the measurement of taxpayers' ability to pay. C. If persons with equal ability to pay a tax owe an equal amount of tax, the tax is horizontally equitable. D. None of the above is false.

D. None of the above is false.

Which of the following statements about the substitution effect of an income tax rate increase is false? A. The substitution effect is theoretically stronger for high-income taxpayers than for low-income taxpayers. B. The substitution effect is theoretically stronger for a family's secondary wage earner than for the family's primary wage earner. C. The substitution effect is theoretically stronger for self-employed individuals who control their own time than for employees whose work schedules are controlled by their employers. D. None of the above is false.

D. None of the above is false.

Vervet County levies a real property tax based on the following schedule. Rate Assessed value 3% $-0- to $250,000 + 1% $250,001 and above Bilex Inc. owns real property valued at $629,800. Compute Bilex's tax on this property. A. $13,798 B. $7,500 C. $6,298 D. None of the choices are correct.

D. None of the choices are correct. Explanation: Bilex's tax is $11,298 ([3% × $250,000] + [1% × $379,800]).

Vervet County levies a real property tax based on the following schedule. Rate Assessed value 3% $-0- to $250,000 + 1% $250,001 and above Which of the following statements is false? A. If Mr. Clem owns real property valued at $112,500, his average tax rate is 3%. B. If Ms. Barker owns real property valued at $455,650, her average tax rate is 2.1%. C. If Ms. Lumley owns real property valued at $750,000, her marginal tax rate is 1%. D. None of the choices are false.

D. None of the choices are false. Explanation: Ms. Barker's tax is $9,557 ([3% × $250,000] + [1% × $205,650]), so her average tax rate is 2.1% ($9,557 / $455,650).

Which of the following statements concerning a regressive tax rate structure is true? A. A regressive tax rate structure is justified by the tax policy of distributive justice. B. A regressive rate structure is justified by the theory of the declining marginal utility of income. C. Under a regressive rate structure, the average tax rate for high-income taxpayers is less than the marginal tax rate. D. None of the statements are true.

D. None of the statements are true.

Which of the following statements about a progressive tax rate structure is false?

D. Progressive rates result in greater vertical equity than a proportionate rate. Explanation: Both progressive rates and a proportionate rate result in vertical equity.

Congress recently amended the tax law to make it easier for individuals to file their income tax returns electronically (online). Which of the following statements is true? A. The amendment is intended to improve the efficiency of the tax. B. The amendment is intended to improve the equity of the tax. C. The amendment is intended to improve the simplicity of the tax. D. The amendment is intended to improve the convenience of the tax.

D. The amendment is intended to improve the convenience of the tax.

A dynamic forecast of the incremental revenue from a tax rate increase presumes that: A. Taxpayers will not change their behavior because of the rate increase. B. The tax base will increase by the same proportion as the rate increase. C. The tax base will decrease by the same proportion as the rate increase. D. The tax rate and the tax base are correlated.

D. The tax rate and the tax base are correlated.

Mr. and Mrs. Boln earn $63,000 annual income and pay 20% in state and federal income tax. If tax rates increase so that the couple's annual rate increases to 25%, how much additional income must they earn to maintain their after-tax standard of living?

The Bolns' after-tax income before the rate increase is $50,400 ($63,000 − [$63,000 × 20%]). To maintain their after-tax income after the rate increase, the Bolns must earn $4,200 additional income to increase their before-tax income to $67,200 ($50,400 / 75%) on which they will pay $16,800 tax.

State use taxes are more convenient for individual consumers than state sales taxes.

false Explanation: State sales taxes are more convenient because they are collected by the seller. Consumers must pay use taxes directly.

Supply-side economic theory holds that people who benefit from a tax rate reduction will spend their tax windfall on consumption goods.

false Explanation: Supply-side economic theory predicts that people who benefit from a tax rate reduction will invest their tax windfall in new economic ventures.

The Internal Revenue Service's cost of collecting $100 of tax revenue is about $3.

false Explanation: The IRS's cost of collecting $100 of tax revenue averages less than 50 cents.

If a tax has a progressive rate structure, a taxpayer's average rate is greater than her marginal rate.

false Explanation: With a progressive rate structure, marginal rate is always greater or equal to average rate.

The federal Social Security tax burden on employees has not increased since 1990 because the tax rate has not increased since that year.

false The Social Security tax burden increases annually because the tax base increases annually.

A convenient tax has low compliance costs for taxpayers and low collection and enforcement costs for the government.

true

A progressive rate structure and a proportionate rate structure both result in vertical equity across taxpayers.

true

A provision in the tax law designed to encourage a specific economic behavior is a tax preference.

true

A static forecast of the revenue effect of a tax rate change assumes that the tax base does not change.

true

According to supply-side economic theory, a decrease in tax rates for high-income individuals could actually cause an increase in tax revenue.

true

According to the classical concept of efficiency, an efficient tax should be neutral in its effect on free market allocations of economic resources.

true

If a tax has a proportionate rate structure, a taxpayer's marginal rate and average rate are equal.

true

Individuals who believe that a tax system is fair are less likely to cheat on their taxes than individuals who believe that the system is unfair.

true

Jurisdiction P recently increased its income tax rate. A taxpayer who reacts to the increase by working harder to earn more income is demonstrating the income effect of the rate increase.

true

Many taxpayers believe the income tax system is unfair because it is so complicated.

true

Tax systems with regressive rate structures result in a proportionally heavier tax burden on persons with smaller tax bases.

true

The U.S. individual income tax has always used a progressive rate structure.

true

The theory of distributional justice is a rationale for a progressive income tax system.

true

The city of Berne recently enacted a 10% tax on the price of a subway ticket. Consequently, Mrs. Lane now walks to work instead of taking the subway. Her behavior illustrates the substitution effect of a tax increase.

true Mrs. Lane substituted a nontaxable activity for a taxable activity.