Marketing Research & Analysis test 3

Cohort Effect

A change in the dependent variable that occurs because members of one experimental group experienced different historical situations than members of other experimental groups.

observer bias

A distortion of measurement resulting form the cognitive behavior or actions of a witnessing observer is called

Testing effects

A nuisance effect occurring when the initial measurement or test alerts or primes subjects in a way that affects their response to the experimental treatments.

Snowball Sampling

A sampling procedure in which initial respondents are selected by probability methods and additional respondents are obtained from information provided by the initial respondents.

Probability Sampling

A sampling technique in which every member of the population has a known, nonzero probability of selection.

Basic Experimental Designs

A single independent variable and a single dependent variable.

Factorial Experimental Designs

Allows for an investigation of the interaction to two or more independent variables.

Demand Characteristic

An experimental design element or procedure that unintentionally provides subjects with hints about the research hypothesis.

International Research

Availability of sampling frames varies dramatically around the world.

Maturation Effects

Effects that are a function of time and the naturally occurring events that coincide with growth and experience.

...

Experiments can have more than one independent (i.e, experimental) variable

cluster

If a researcher for Procter & Gamble selects five states randomly, and then selects 10 supermarket chains within each of these states to call for a phone survey for research regarding a new shampoo, what type of sampling procedure is being used

Online Panels

Lists of respondents who have agreed to participate in marketing research via e-mail.

Contrived Observation

Observation in which the investigator creates an artificial environment in order to test a hypothesis.

Complementary Evidence

Observation provides an additional source of information that helps explain other research findings

physical actions

Observing a person's television viewing habits

History Effect

Occurs when some change other than the experimental treatment occurs during the course of an experiment that affects the dependent variable.

....

Researchers may observe physical phenomena as well as human behavior

External Validity

The accuracy with which experimental results can be generalized beyond the experimental subjects.

....

The availability of sampling frames varies dramatically around the world.

Internal Validity

The extent that an experimental variable is truly responsible for any variance in the dependent variable. (factors that affect: history,maturation, testing, instrumentation, selection, morality)

convenience sample

This is a method of nonprobability sampling.

content analysis

When a researcher counts the percentage of African Americans who have appeared on the cover of Newsweek during the past decade, this is an example of what type of observation

blocking variables

are categorical variables like a subject's gender or ethnicity.

artifacts

are things that people made and consumed within a culture that signal something meaningful about the behavior taking place at the time of consumption

Human observation

best suits a situation or behavior that is not easily predictable in advance of the research.

Experiments are widely used in which type of research designs?

causal

When a company decides to send an Internet survey to all of its 127-member sales force to determine their morale, this is an example of a _____

census

"Does package size affect consumption rates in snack products?" is a typical question in what type of research design?

experimental research

As sample size ______ , random sampling error ______

increases; decreases

census

is an investigation of all the individual elements that make up the population.

population

is any complete group whose members share some common set of characteristics.

response latency

is the amount of time it takes to make a choice between two alternatives.

All of the following are experimental design issues EXCEPT _____.

manipulation of the dependent variable

control group

no experimental treatment is administered

experimental group

one in which an experimental treatment is administered.

Having observers record the brand names of items found in a kitchen pantry of a consumer panel is an example of what type of observation?

physical objects

Observing the comments made by travelers waiting in a check-in line at the American Airlines ticket counter in Chicago is an example of what type of observation

verbal behavior

Which of the following is a way for a researcher to equally distribute the effects of extraneous variables to all conditions in an experiment?

randomization

experimental condition

refers to one of the possible levels of an experimental variable manipulation.

A telephone directory that lists the people in the phone book by their street address instead of by their last name is called a _____

reverse directory

_____ involves using a small number of people in the target market to make conclusions about the entire target market population

sampling

A sampling procedure that assures each element in the population of an equal chance of being included in the sample is called _____

simple random sampling

All of the following are common sampling criteria EXCEPT _____

size of the population

The sampling units in experiments are referred to as ____.

subjects

The observation method

takes into account a wide variety of behavior, but researchers cannot directly observe cognitive phenomena such as attitudes, motivations, and preferences.