Marsafe Fire and prevention of fire

CLASS K

-A Class _ fire is defined as a cooking fire involving combustion from liquids used in food preparation. Technically a type of liquid fire, Class _ fires are distinct enough to warrant their own classification. -Cooking fires are fueled by a wide range of liquid cooking materials. Greases, cooking oils, vegetable fat, and animal fat are all fuel sources found in Class _ fires. Class _ fires are naturally of concern in the food service and restaurant industry. Such fires can be very dangerous and far more destructive than you may think. *Wet chemical fire extinguishers have become popular in putting out these types of fires.*

FUEL

-Anything that can undergo combustion could be a fuel source. It could be solid, liquid, or gas. -Although solids and liquids do not burn, the vapor released when exposed to very high temperature will burn. -Only in gas form can combustion will occur. For example, wood will not burn immediately. It will take sometimes to burn as vapors need to leak out of the wood.

The Five Classes of Fires

-CLASS A -CLASS B -CLASS C -CLASS D -CLASS K

CLASS A

-Class _fires are defined as ordinary combustibles. These types are fires use commonly flammable material as their fuel source. Wood, fabric, paper, trash ,and plastics are common sources of Class _ fires. This is essentially the common accidental fire encountered across several different industries. Trash fires are one such example. *Almost any fire extinguisher is effective on a CLASS _ fire, but water is the best extinguishing agent.*

Fire hazards in Galley

-Combustible Liquids (cooking oil, Hot Fat) -Hot Surface (ovens, Frying pans, Flues) -Defective electrical connections

Fire hazards in engine room

-Combustible liquids ( FO, DO, LO) -Oil Leaks & Oil soaked insulation -Hot surface (Exhaust pipes, Engine parts, Overheating) -Defects in lagging -Hot work (welding, Cutting, Oxy Acetylene -Auto Ignition (oil dripping in hot surface)

Fire hazards in Accomodation

-Combustible materials (Furnishing,Personal effects) -Matches and cigarette smoking -Defective or Overload electrical systems

Fire Spread

-Conduction -Convection -Radiation

HOW FIRE CAN BE CREATED?

-Fire is created when a flammable or a combustible material known as the fuel source, in the presence of sufficient oxidizing agents such as oxygen, is exposed to sufficient source of heat and is able to sustain a rate of rapid oxidation that produces a chain reaction. -Fire cannot exist without all of these four elements in place and in the right proportions.

KINDS OF FLAMMABLE MATERIALS

-GASES -LIQUIDS -SOLIDS

Different types of fixed extinguishing system used onboard

-Gas system -Water system -Foam system

SOME OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FIRE PREVENTIVE MEASURES ON BOARD

-Good housekeeping -No smoking -Laundry equipment is to be switched off when not in use. -Private electrical equipment such as radios, CD players and personal laptop computers were not in use they are to be switched off and disconnected from the power source. -Clothes and other flammable materials must be kept clear of radiators, hot equipment and systems. -Galley equipment is to be switched off when the galley is left unattended. -Paints and painting materials are to be returned to the paint store on completion of daily work. -All other flammable working materials such as chemicals and gases are to be stowed in accordance with the manufacturer's, and/or, Company's instructions. -Spillages of oil, paint, solvents or other flammable liquids are to be wiped up immediately and rags disposed of correctly. -All rags, especially wet or oily ones, are to be safely disposed of immediately after use and must on no account be left lying around. -Definition of high-risk areas where additional precautions are to be taken (e.g. purifier rooms). -Frequent safety rounds of the engine room. -Correct maintenance of machinery and all other equipment. -Insulating hot areas such as exhausts

Three popular types of fire detectors:

-Heat detectors -Smoke detectors -Flame detectors

Currently, there exists two sets of fire plan symbols:

-IMO resolution A.654 (16) and -IMO resolution A.952(23) also known as ISO17631

The elements of fire/Fire Tetrahedon

-Oxygen -Heat -Fuel -Chemical Reation

Oxidizing agent

-Oxygen -Nitrates -Peroxides -Iodine -Chloride

SOME OF THE EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEM THAT HELPS IN CONTROLLING THE EXISTENCE OF FIRE

-PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS -FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM -FIRE DETECTORS

How can you extinguish fire?

-Smothering (Separation from oxygen) -Cooling (removal of heat) -Starving ( separation from fuel)

CLASS D

-The Class _ fire is defined as one that uses a combustible metal as its fuel source. Examples of such combustible metals include titanium, magnesium, aluminum, and potassium. -Note that there are also other metals with combustive properties you may encounter. Class _ fires are a danger in laboratory environments. However, be aware that combustible metals are used as part of production and other industry processes, and you need to be certain of what materials you are using for day-to-day operations. -When confronted with such a fire, common extinguishing agents such as water are ineffective and can be hazardous. *To extinguish a Class _ fire, use a dry powder agent. This absorbs the heat the fire requires to burn and smothers it as well.

CLASS B

-The Class _ fire is defined as one that uses a flammable liquid or gas as its fuel base. Common liquid based fuel sources include petroleum based oils and paints, kerosene, and gasoline. Flammable gases such as butane or propane are also common fuel sources in Class _ fires. -Class _ fires are a common hazard in industries dealing with fuels, lubricants, and certain types of paint. Smothering these types of fires to remove oxygen is a common solution as are chemical reactions that produce similar effects. *Foam, dry chemical or CO2 extinguishers are the most effective on CLASS _ fires. DO NOT USE WATER! Note that cooking fires have their own classification and are defined as Class K fires*.

Fixed fire fighting extinguishers

-These are commonly used to protect areas on board that contain critical and/or dangerous equipment or machineries such as the main engine, generators, control panel, fuel tanks, galley, cargo spaces, paint and chemical locker, etc.

Portable fire extinguishers

-These are located on strategic locations on board for immediate suppression of fire. -These are handy and easy to use. -On board, you will find that there are different kinds of fire extinguishers depending on the class of fire.

Escape routes

-These are not only specific for fire evacuation but for emergency as a whole. -On board, evacuation is much complex compared to your house or a mall. -Because of ship's design and structure, movement of the ship, crew familiarity with the environment, provisions are made to make escape as easy and as efficient as possible.

Fire detectors

-These are sensors that can detect a possible ignition of fire especially in those areas on board that are unmonitored. -These technology is an integral part of fire system on board as there are a lot of unmanned machineries that could overheat, locations that are susceptible to ignition.

EXIT SIGNS

-These signs direct the crew to the nearest exit door. These markings are photo-luminescent to make them visible during evacuation when there is no light available. Exit and the arrow signs are usually posted on eye level elevation so that they are easy to spot. But it is also part of the ship's regulation to put the same signs on the lower part of the wall or alleyways. -This is done so that in the event of fire, when smoke has covered the upper signs and evacuates are crawling, exit signs will be of great importance.

Convection

-Through the motion of heated matter -Through the motion smoke air and gases produced by fire

The Fire Extinguishers

-When you run a business, you are responsible for the safety of your employees and guests. A large part of safety is being prepared for accidents and emergencies such as a fire. You may believe that you are prepared if you have a fire extinguisher on site, but you may not be as prepared as you think. -The common fire extinguisher is one of the most well known and widely used safety tools. However, you cannot buy the first fire extinguisher you see and expect it to keep your business safe. Every business is different and so are the potential dangers they face. -Fire extinguishers are specialized pieces of equipment that are designed to put out fires of different classes. Fire extinguisher ratings are based on the five classes of fires. Do you have the right fire extinguishers for your unique risks?

FIRE HAZARDS ON SHIPS

-While fire could occur anytime and anywhere, the ships are one of the working environments that are very much susceptible to fire. -Ships are equipped with so many machineries with different functions cramped in a small space, making it susceptible to malfunctions that could lead to fire. -Fuels, gas, or hydraulic pipelines could leak and start a fire.

Fire

-is a chemical which involves burning of any substance(combustion) -The combustible material the burns with the help of oxygen result of the production of heat and light is called ____ *____ is not harmful but only when it goes out of control*

HAZARD

A ______ is any agent that can cause harm or damage to humans, property, or the environment.

CHEMICAL REACTION

Further fire research shows that a fourth element, is necessary to create fire. The fire triangle was changed to fire tetrahedron.

Radiation

Heat radiation is the transfer of heat from a source without a material substance being involved

HEAT

It is produced by an exothermic reaction- a chemical reaction that produces more energy than needed for a reaction to occur. The excess energy is released as ____

Life

Our knowledge about fire, its components, detection, and suppression, as future seafarers accounts greatly in preserving the safety not only the vessel and the cargo but first and foremost, the preservation of ____

CLASS C

The Class _ fire is defined as a fire that uses electrical components and/or energized equipment as its fuel source. Electrical fires are often fueled by motors, appliances, and electronic transformers. -Electrical fires are common in industries that deal with energy or make use of heavy electrically-powered equipment. However, electrical fires can occur on smaller scales in all businesses (i.e. an overloaded surge protector or bad wiring) and should be taken seriously. *To extinguish such fires you cut the power off and use non-conductive chemicals to extinguish the fire. Use Carbon Dioxide or Dry Chemical extinguishers. Do not use water.*

common fire extinguisher

The ______ ____ ___________ is one of the most well known and widely used safety tools. However, you cannot buy the first fire extinguisher you see and expect it to keep your business safe. Every business is different and so are the potential dangers they face.

GENERAL SAFETY PRACTICES TO PREVENT FIRE

The best way to deal with fire is to prevent its occurrence rather than containing it when it occurs, especially on board ships where the stakes are higher.

fire triangle

The fire triangle has been used for many years to symbolize the process of how fire is created. Each side of the triangle represents oxidizing agent, heat and fuel.

FLAMMABLE MATERIALS

These are substances that can easily ignite and rapidly burn. The high reactivity of these materials to other substances and materials make them highly dangerous on board.

Conduction

Transfer of heat through solid body

Fire

____ onboard is one of the most dangerous, destructive, and relentless to put out among emergency situations.

Oxygen

______ is the most readily present oxidizing agent. ______ does not burn, but it supports combustion. Normal air contains 21% of oxygen. The higher the concentration of it in the air, the more intensely the fire will burn.

RISK

is defined as the probability that exposure to a hazard will lead to a negative consequence, or more simply, a hazard poses no risk if there is no exposure to that hazard.