mastering a and p

phases of interphase in order

G1, synthesis, G2

packages substances for release from cell

Golgi

proper order of protein synthesis

1. The protein folds into its functional shape. 2. The transport vesicle travels to the Golgi apparatus for further processing. 3. The protein is packaged in a transport vesicle. 4. The protein is synthesized on the ribosome as it migrates through the rough ER.

which type of transport: the sodium-potassium pump uses ATP to move sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane

active

which type of transport: molecules move through transport proteins that have been activated by ATP

active

Chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell in which phase

anaphase

During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids move apart?

anaphase

chromosomes stop moving at the completion of this phase

anaphase

What is required for osmosis to occur?

aquaporins

If a person is severely dehydrated, their extracellular fluids will become hypertonic to the intracellular fluid. What do you predict will happen to the person's cells

cells will lose water and shrink

The button-like structure that holds homologous chromosomes together at their middles during cell division

centromere

cellular extensions that move substances along the cell surface

cilia

what are sequences of three bases found in messenger RNA called

codons

What is required for diffusion to occur?

concentration gradient

What is the name of the process by which the cytoplasm divides in two?

cytokenesis

The cellular material between the cell membrane and the nucleus

cytoplasm

what is the cellular material located outside the nucleus yet inside the plasma membrane

cytoplasm

internal framework composed of a network of protein structures

cytoskeleton

3 major components of cytoplasm

cytosol, organelles, and inclusions

what is a type of cell junction that anchors adjacent cells together and prevent cells from being pulled apart

desmosomes

movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

diffusion

type of passive process in which molecules move across the plasma membrane down a concentration gradient

diffusion

The process of bringing something into a cell

endocytosis

Type of active process in which the cell engulfs extracellular substances by phagocytosis or pinocytosis

endocytosis

phagocytosis and pinocytosis are two examples of what

endocytosis

The process of sending something outside of a cell

exocytosis

which type of transport: A vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents to the extracellular fluid

exocytosis

which type of transport: uses transport proteins in the plasma membrane, but do not require ATP

facilitated diffusion

which processes require the use of protein carrier molecules?

facilitated diffusion and solute pumping

Nutrients and ions can pass directly from cell to cell through special membrane junctions known as ____

gap

what is the DNA segment that carries information for building one protein or polypeptide chain called

gene

what prepares secretory vesicles for export from the cell

golgi

The phospholipid tails are ________, which make the plasma membrane impermeable to water.

hydrophobic

which solution contains the most solute

hypertonic

what is a solution that contains fewer solutes than the cell called

hypotonic

where would you expect to find genes

in dna within nucleus

when does DNA replication occur

in synthesis

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA duplication, or replication, take place?

interphase

The stage of the cellular lifecycle between divisions

interphase

what is the period of the cell cycle when the cell grows and performs its metabolic activities

interphase

when does dna replication take place

interphase

In order to prevent the cells from either swelling or shrinking, the body fluids should be _______

isotonic

what acts as the digestive system of the cell, breaking down materials

lysosome

what is the organelle that contains enzymes produced by ribosomes and packaged by the Golgi apparatus

lysosome

site of intracellular digestion

lysosomes

Chromosomes align at the center of the spindle in which phase

metaphase

During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids line up at the center of the cell?

metaphase

cylindrical structures made of tubulin proteins

microtubules

increases surface area of plasma membrane for absorption

microvilli

site of ATP synthesis

mitochondria

do passive processes that move substances across membranes require atp

no

genetic control center of the cell

nucleus

What are the three basic parts or regions of a cell

nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane

what are the specialized cellular compartments within the cytosol of the cell called

organelles

Type of passive process in which water is moved through aquaporins

osmosis

what is the passive process that involves the movement of water through aquaporins

osmosis

By what endocytosis process do some white blood cells engulf bacteria

phagocytosis

What part of a cell membrane is usually in contact with the interstitial fluid

phosphate heads of phospholipids

main component of the cell membrane

phospholipid

What separates the intracellular fluid from the extracellular fluid

plasma membrane

What is required for filtration to occur

pressure gradient

Centrioles separate and move toward opposite sides of the cell in which phase

prophase

During which phase of mitosis do the nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappear?

prophase

Nuclear envelope and nucleoli break down and disappear in which phase

prophase

which phase does chromatin condense and become chromosomes

prophase

correct order of mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

What assists the movement of substances by facilitated diffusion?

protein carrier or channel

site of protein synthesis

ribosomes

When a double helix of DNA is replicated, two complete helices are formed. Together, these helices are called

sister chromatids

synthesizes cholesterol and fat

smooth er

Type of active transport in which sodium and potassium are pumped across a membrane using ATP

solute pumping

Cleavage furrow squeezes the cell into two parts in which phase

telophase

During which phase of mitosis do nuclear envelopes and the nucleoli reappear?

telophase

Nucleoli appear in each daughter cell in which phase

telophase

Spindle breaks down and disappears in which phase

telophase

in which phase is cytokenesis completed

telophase

what is required for osmosis to occur

water, selectively permeable membrane, concentration gradient

what are the membrane connections that prevent the leaking of fluid between cells called

tight junctions

what are groups of cells that are similar in both structure and function called

tissues

which process transfers information from DNA into mRNA

transcription

what are the steps of protein synthesis in order

transcription, translation

which molecule carries an amino acid to the ribosome for incorporation into a protein

trna