mastering a and p
phases of interphase in order
G1, synthesis, G2
packages substances for release from cell
Golgi
proper order of protein synthesis
1. The protein folds into its functional shape. 2. The transport vesicle travels to the Golgi apparatus for further processing. 3. The protein is packaged in a transport vesicle. 4. The protein is synthesized on the ribosome as it migrates through the rough ER.
which type of transport: the sodium-potassium pump uses ATP to move sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane
active
which type of transport: molecules move through transport proteins that have been activated by ATP
active
Chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell in which phase
anaphase
During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids move apart?
anaphase
chromosomes stop moving at the completion of this phase
anaphase
What is required for osmosis to occur?
aquaporins
If a person is severely dehydrated, their extracellular fluids will become hypertonic to the intracellular fluid. What do you predict will happen to the person's cells
cells will lose water and shrink
The button-like structure that holds homologous chromosomes together at their middles during cell division
centromere
cellular extensions that move substances along the cell surface
cilia
what are sequences of three bases found in messenger RNA called
codons
What is required for diffusion to occur?
concentration gradient
What is the name of the process by which the cytoplasm divides in two?
cytokenesis
The cellular material between the cell membrane and the nucleus
cytoplasm
what is the cellular material located outside the nucleus yet inside the plasma membrane
cytoplasm
internal framework composed of a network of protein structures
cytoskeleton
3 major components of cytoplasm
cytosol, organelles, and inclusions
what is a type of cell junction that anchors adjacent cells together and prevent cells from being pulled apart
desmosomes
movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
diffusion
type of passive process in which molecules move across the plasma membrane down a concentration gradient
diffusion
The process of bringing something into a cell
endocytosis
Type of active process in which the cell engulfs extracellular substances by phagocytosis or pinocytosis
endocytosis
phagocytosis and pinocytosis are two examples of what
endocytosis
The process of sending something outside of a cell
exocytosis
which type of transport: A vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents to the extracellular fluid
exocytosis
which type of transport: uses transport proteins in the plasma membrane, but do not require ATP
facilitated diffusion
which processes require the use of protein carrier molecules?
facilitated diffusion and solute pumping
Nutrients and ions can pass directly from cell to cell through special membrane junctions known as ____
gap
what is the DNA segment that carries information for building one protein or polypeptide chain called
gene
what prepares secretory vesicles for export from the cell
golgi
The phospholipid tails are ________, which make the plasma membrane impermeable to water.
hydrophobic
which solution contains the most solute
hypertonic
what is a solution that contains fewer solutes than the cell called
hypotonic
where would you expect to find genes
in dna within nucleus
when does DNA replication occur
in synthesis
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA duplication, or replication, take place?
interphase
The stage of the cellular lifecycle between divisions
interphase
what is the period of the cell cycle when the cell grows and performs its metabolic activities
interphase
when does dna replication take place
interphase
In order to prevent the cells from either swelling or shrinking, the body fluids should be _______
isotonic
what acts as the digestive system of the cell, breaking down materials
lysosome
what is the organelle that contains enzymes produced by ribosomes and packaged by the Golgi apparatus
lysosome
site of intracellular digestion
lysosomes
Chromosomes align at the center of the spindle in which phase
metaphase
During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids line up at the center of the cell?
metaphase
cylindrical structures made of tubulin proteins
microtubules
increases surface area of plasma membrane for absorption
microvilli
site of ATP synthesis
mitochondria
do passive processes that move substances across membranes require atp
no
genetic control center of the cell
nucleus
What are the three basic parts or regions of a cell
nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane
what are the specialized cellular compartments within the cytosol of the cell called
organelles
Type of passive process in which water is moved through aquaporins
osmosis
what is the passive process that involves the movement of water through aquaporins
osmosis
By what endocytosis process do some white blood cells engulf bacteria
phagocytosis
What part of a cell membrane is usually in contact with the interstitial fluid
phosphate heads of phospholipids
main component of the cell membrane
phospholipid
What separates the intracellular fluid from the extracellular fluid
plasma membrane
What is required for filtration to occur
pressure gradient
Centrioles separate and move toward opposite sides of the cell in which phase
prophase
During which phase of mitosis do the nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappear?
prophase
Nuclear envelope and nucleoli break down and disappear in which phase
prophase
which phase does chromatin condense and become chromosomes
prophase
correct order of mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
What assists the movement of substances by facilitated diffusion?
protein carrier or channel
site of protein synthesis
ribosomes
When a double helix of DNA is replicated, two complete helices are formed. Together, these helices are called
sister chromatids
synthesizes cholesterol and fat
smooth er
Type of active transport in which sodium and potassium are pumped across a membrane using ATP
solute pumping
Cleavage furrow squeezes the cell into two parts in which phase
telophase
During which phase of mitosis do nuclear envelopes and the nucleoli reappear?
telophase
Nucleoli appear in each daughter cell in which phase
telophase
Spindle breaks down and disappears in which phase
telophase
in which phase is cytokenesis completed
telophase
what is required for osmosis to occur
water, selectively permeable membrane, concentration gradient
what are the membrane connections that prevent the leaking of fluid between cells called
tight junctions
what are groups of cells that are similar in both structure and function called
tissues
which process transfers information from DNA into mRNA
transcription
what are the steps of protein synthesis in order
transcription, translation
which molecule carries an amino acid to the ribosome for incorporation into a protein
trna
