mastering a and p test two
Place in order the following steps of a neural (withdrawal) reflex. 1. Activation of a motor neuron 2. Arrival of stimulus and activation of the receptor 3. Response by effector 4. Information processing in the CNS 5. Activation of a sensory neuron
2, 5, 4, 1, 3
Roughly how many neurons are in the brain?
20 billion
Place the steps involved in the repair of a peripheral nerve in order from beginning to end. Axon sends buds into network of Schwann cells and then starts growing along cord of Schwann cells. Fragmentation of axon and myelin occurs in distal stump. Axon continues to grow into distal stump and is enfolded by Schwann cells. Schwann cells form cord, grow into cut, and unite stumps. Macrophages engulf degenerating axon and myelin.
2, 4, 1, 3
Place the sequence of events of a chemical vesicular synapse in order from start to finish. Receptor binding results in a change in the permeability of the postsynaptic cell membrane. Arrival of the action potential at the terminal bouton triggers the release of the neurotransmitter from secretory vesicles, through exocytosis at the presynaptic membrane. The effects of one action potential on the postsynaptic membrane are short-lived because the neurotransmitter molecules are either enzymatically broken down or reabsorbed. The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. If the degree of excitation is sufficient, receptor binding may lead to the generation of an action potential in the axon or sarcolemma.
2, 4, 1, 5, 3
A synapse between neurons may involve a synaptic terminal and which of the following structures?
An axon A cell body A dendrite
Which of the following statements is NOT true, concerning the effect of sarcomere length on tension production?
An increase in sarcomere length beyond the optimal resting length increases the amount of tension that can be produced.
Which visceral reflex is stimulated by the sudden rise in blood pressure in the carotid artery?
Baroreceptor reflex
Which somatic motor control modifies voluntary and reflexive motor patterns at the subconscious level?
Basal nuclei
Why are the proportions of the sensory homunculus very different from those of an actual human being?
Because the area of sensory cortex devoted to a particular region is proportional to the number of sensory receptors the region contains.
Why are the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division short?
Because the ganglia are close to the spinal cord
Which of the following statements is not true, concerning bipolar neurons?
Bipolar neurons are very common in the nervous system.
What gives the red nucleus of the mesencephalon its red color?
Blood vessels
Which of the following statements is true of the similarities and differences in the ways that the nervous and endocrine systems control the activities of other systems?
Both rely on some type of chemical communication with targeted tissues and organs.
Which of the following statements regarding Schwann cells is/are true?
Both statements, "Unmyelinated axons are enclosed by Schwann cell processes" AND "a single Schwann cell may surround several different unmyelinated axons," are true.
What is the first event that must happen to end muscle contraction?
ACh is removed by AChE (acetylcholinesterase).
Which of the following is not a function of the mesencephalon?
Adjusting output of other somatic motor centers in the brain and spinal cord
When comparing the somatic nervous system (SNS) to the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which of the following statements is false?
Afferent (sensory) information in the SNS is processed in the central nervous system, but afferent information in the ANS is processed in ganglia.
Which of the following sympathetic structures are not adrenergic?
All preganglionic fibers
Which of the following statements does NOT accurately apply to the process of muscular contraction?
Calcium ions bind to tropomyosin, producing a change in the orientation of the troponin-tropomyosin complex that exposes active sites on the thin filament.
A neuron can innervate all of the following cell types, except:
Connective tissue cells
Which of the following may issue somatic motor commands as a result of processing performed at a subconscious level?
Diencephalon Brain stem Cerebrum
The distribution of the sensory fibers within which of the following structures illustrates the segmental division of dermatomes supplied by the spinal cord?
Dorsal and ventral rami
Which nerve of the brachial plexus supplies the rhomboid and levator scapulae muscles?
Dorsal scapular nerve
Which of the spinal meninges consist(s) of a layer of dense irregular connective tissue with an epithelial covering on both inner and outer surfaces?
Dura mater
Which of the following is true of the cerebrum?
Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information from and issues motor commands to the opposite side of the body.
Which of the following statements regarding motor units and muscle control is FALSE?
Each muscle fiber experiences a range of contraction because not all of the fibers in a motor unit contract at the same time.
Which division of the ANS consists of an extensive network of neurons and nerve networks located in the walls of the digestive tract?
Enteric
Which of the following neuroglia participate in the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles of the brain, and are thought to assist in the circulation of CSF and monitor its
Ependymal cells
__________ is the ability of a plasmalemma to conduct electrical impulses.
Excitability
The sensation of proprioception, fine touch, pressure, and vibration from levels at or superior to T6 is controlled by which tract(s)?
Fasciculus cuneatus
Which type of skeletal muscle fibers are large in diameter and contain densely packed myofibrils, large glycogen reserves, and relatively few mitochondria?
Fast fibers
Which of the following sensory neurons deliver the action potential to the Central Nervous System?
First-order neuron
Concerning the structure of thin filaments, which molecules contain the active sites that bind to thick filaments during muscle contraction?
G actin
The cell bodies of sensory neurons and visceral motor neurons, within the peripheral nervous system, are found in which of the following structures?
Ganglia
Where is cerebrospinal fluid found?
In the subarachnoid space
Which nerve of the lumbar plexus is responsible for supplying the abdominal muscles (external and internal obliques and transversus abdominis) and the skin over the inferior abdomen and buttocks?
Iliohypogastric nerve
What is fibrosis?
Increase in the amount of fibrous connective tissue
Which of the following is/are considered function(s) of skeletal muscle?
Maintain posture and body position Produce skeletal movement Maintain body temperature
Which cranial nerve passes through the foramen ovale of the skull?
Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (N V)
The pons extends superiorly from the medulla oblongata to which structure?
Mesencephalon
Which cells of the nervous system protect the CNS by phagocytosing viruses, microorganisms, and tumor cells?
Microglia
The pons contains sensory and motor nuclei for which cranial nerves?
N V, N VI, N VII, N VIII
Which cranial nerve is associated with the parasympathetic division, sending signals to the lacrimal gland?
N VII
Which of the following cranial nerves are associated with the medulla oblongata?
N VIII, N IX, N X, N XI, NXII
Which system(s) control(s) and adjust(s) the activities of other organ systems?
Nervous and endocrine systems
Which portion of gray matter in the central nervous system is located on the surface of the brain?
Neural cortex
In the sympathetic division, varicosities that release neurotransmitter near target cells are characteristic of which of the following?
Neuroeffector junctions
The sympathetic division of the ANS consists of which of the following?
Neuronal cell bodies in the ganglia near the vertebral column Specialized neurons in the interior portion of the suprarenal gland Preganglionic neurons located between segments T1 and L2 of the spinal cord
What term is used to describe a group of interconnected neurons with specific functions and is defined on the basis of function rather than anatomical grounds?
Neuronal pool
Which structures connect the cerebral cortex to the diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum, and the spinal cord?
Projection fibers
__________ monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints.
Proprioceptors
Which type of neuron has continuous dendritic and axonal processes and has a cell body that lies off to one side?
Pseudounipolar neuron
Which of the following is not a sympathetic ganglion?
Pterygopalatine
Which parasympathetic division ganglion (-ia) innervate(s) the lacrimal (tear) gland?
Pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia
Which of the following is the site of decussation of the lateral corticospinal tracts?
Pyramids of medulla oblongata
Which of the following muscle terms is used to name a muscle by its origin, and it is derived from a root word that means "four heads?"
Quadriceps
Which of the following connective tissues divides the muscle into a series of internal compartments with fascicles?
Perimysium
Which connective tissue covering of a peripheral nerve is a central layer composed of collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and fibrocytes, and divides the nerve into a series of fascicles?
Perineurium
Which nerve of the cervical plexus is extremely important, in that it innervates the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve
Where are the denticulate ligaments located?
Pia mater
Which layer of the spinal meninges is the innermost layer, and is firmly bound to the underlying neural tissue?
Pia mater
Which structure of the spinal cord contains somatic and visceral sensory nuclei?
Posterior (dorsal) gray horn
Which nerve of the sacral plexus innervates the skin of the perineum and posterior surface of the thigh and leg?
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
Which white matter columns are between the posterior gray horns and the posterior median sulcus?
Posterior white columns
Axons connecting the ganglion cells with the peripheral effectors are known as which of the following?
Postganglionic fibers
Which of the following is NOT a function of astrocytes?
Produce myelin, which wraps axons and functions as an insulator
All of the following are functions of the hypothalamus, except:
Production of melatonin, which helps regulate day-night cycles
Which part of the neuromuscular junction is damaged in Myasthenia Gravis?
Receptors
Which of the following regions of the pons conducts automatic processing of incoming sensations and outgoing motor commands?
Reticular formation
Some neural circuits utilize positive feedback to produce which of the following?
Reverberation
Subconscious regulation of upper limb muscle tone and movement is a function of which of the following tracts?
Rubrospinal tracts
Which of the following plays an essential role in controlling the contraction of individual myofibrils?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Which muscle terminology derives from the action of crossing the legs, as was the practice of tailors while sewing before the time of sewing machines?
Sartorius
Which cells in the peripheral nervous system regulate the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the neuron cell body and the extracellular fluid?
Satellite cells
Which nerve of the sacral plexus is the largest nerve in the human body, innervates the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles, and branches into the tibial and fibular nerves?
Sciatic nerve
In which lever class is the resistance located between the applied force and the fulcrum?
Second-class levers
__________ muscles are contractile organs directly or indirectly attached to bones of the skeleton.
Skeletal
The stimulus for the swallowing reflex is the movement of food and drink into the pharynx. What is its response?
Smooth muscle and skeletal muscle contractions
The primary role of this type of muscle tissue is to push fluid and solids along the digestive tract and to perform varied functions in other systems.
Smooth muscle tissue
Which of the following components of the nervous system controls skeletal muscle contractions?
Somatic nervous system
Which of the following is an example of a reflex classification based on the nature of the resulting motor response?
Somatic or visceral (autonomic) reflexes
Which item is an anatomical principle of neurons within sensory tracts?
Somatotopic arrangement Medial-lateral rule Sensory modality arrangement
Which of the following correctly describes parasympathetic preganglionic structures?
Some of their cell bodies form autonomic nuclei in spinal segments S2-S4.
Which of the following is not true of hemispheric specialization?
Spatial perception, the recognition of faces, the emotional context of language, and the appreciation of music are characteristic of the categorical, or dominant, hemisphere.
The fibers of which type of skeletal muscle are concentrically arranged around an opening or recess?
Sphincter muscle
What tract carries sensations of pain, temperature, and "crude" sensations of touch and pressure?
Spinothalamic tract
__________ nerves are described as bundles of preganglionic fibers that innervate the viscera.
Splanchnic
What does the external branch of the accessory nerve (N XI) innervate?
Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
The arachnoid mater consists of simple squamous epithelium and is separated from the pia mater by which of the following
Subarachnoid space
Which structure(s) in the mesencephalon regulates activity in the basal nuclei?
Substantia nigra
Which cerebellar peduncle links the cerebellum with the mesencephalon, diencephalon, and cerebrum?
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Which sympathetic ganglion is located near the base of the superior mesenteric artery and innervates the small intestine and the initial segments of the large intestine?
Superior mesenteric ganglion
Which of the following is NOT considered one of the basic properties of muscle tissue?
Support
Which of the following is a function of cerebrospinal fluid?
Supporting brain Transporting nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products Preventing contact between delicate neural structures and the surrounding bones
All of the following statements are true of the sympathetic chain ganglia, except:
Sympathetic chain ganglia are also called prevertebral ganglia.
Which division of the ANS gives rise to the "fight or flight" response?
Sympathetic division
From which spinal segments do preganglionic fibers originate and pass through the sympathetic chain ganglia and the celiac ganglion, WITHOUT synapsing, and proceed to the suprarenal medulla?
T5-T8
Which of the following supports and protects the two occipital lobes of the cerebrum?
Tentorium cerebelli
Which brain region contains, as its major function, relaying and processing centers for sensory information?
Thalamus
Which of the following structures are found in the diencephalon?
Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus
Which somatic motor control controls reflexes in response to visual and auditory stimuli?
Thalamus and mesencephalon
Which of the following effects of aging on the muscular system is INACCURATE?
The amount of fibrous tissue decreases with age, resulting in limited repair capabilities.
All of the following are true of the arachnoid mater, except:
The arachnoid granulations are the sites at which cerebrospinal fluid enters the subarachnoid space.
Which of the following divisions carries motor commands to muscles and glands?
The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system
Which of the following statements is not true of nerve impulses?
The smaller the diameter of the axon, the faster the impulse will be conducted.
All of the following are true of the organization of motor tracts, except:
The somatic nervous system (SNS) issues motor commands to the smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands.
All of the following are true of the suprarenal medulla, except:
The suprarenal medulla is a modified parasympathetic ganglion.
All of the following statements are true of the subconscious motor pathways, except
The tectospinal tracts help control the distal limb muscles that perform precise movements.
Regarding the organization of a sarcomere, which of the following statements is TRUE?
The thick filaments lie in the center of the sarcomere, linked by proteins of the M line.
Which of the following accurately describes preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division of the ANS?
Their axons enter the ventral roots of spinal segments T1-L2.
Which of the following is NOT true of slow skeletal muscle fibers?
They are also called white fibers.
Which of the following is not a function of the basal nuclei?
They are associated with the processing of visual and auditory sensations.
Which of the following statements about muscarinic receptors is false?
They are found at all adrenergic neuroeffector junctions.
Which of the following statements about collateral ganglia is false?
They are located posterior and medial to the descending aorta.
All of the following statements are true of the corticospinal tracts, except:
They are sometimes called the anterolateral system.
Which of the following statements about beta receptors is false?
They are stimulated primarily by norepinephrine.
Which of the following is true regarding association areas of the cerebrum?
They interpret sensory input arriving in the cerebral cortex, and they plan, prepare for, and help coordinate motor output.
Which item below describes the function of the respiratory centers of the pons?
They modify output of the respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata.
Which of the following statements regarding interoceptors is FALSE?
They monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints.
Which of the following is located within the diencephalon?
Third ventricle
Which of the following is not a spinal nerve plexus?
Thoracic
Which of the following does NOT occur as a person ages?
Tolerance for exercise increases.
Which cranial nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye?
Trochlear nerve (N IV)
All of the following statements are true of neuroglia (or glial cells), except:
Unlike neurons, glial cells lose the ability to divide.
Subconscious regulation of balance and muscle tone is a function of which of the following tracts?
Vestibulospinal tracts
Afferent sensory and efferent motor information travels by several different routes, depending on which of the following factors?
Where the information is going The priority level of the information Where the information is coming from
All of the following are true of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), except:
CSF flows from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle via the aqueduct of the midbrain
The cytoplasm of the synaptic terminal contains numerous mitochondria and synaptic vesicles that are filled with molecules of __________.
acetylcholine
A/An __________ is a muscle whose contraction is chiefly responsible for producing a particular movement.
agonist
Bony structures that change directions when force is applied are called __________.
anatomical pulleys
When the triceps brachii muscle acts in stabilizing the flexion movement of the biceps brachii, it is acting as a/an
antagonist
Which of the ascending tracts have no third-order neurons?
anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts
All of these sensory tracts carry information regarding proprioception except the ____________.
anterior spinothalamic tracts
A tendon that forms a thick flattened sheet is called a(n):
aponeurosis.
Portions of the cerebral cortex within the same cerebral hemisphere are interconnected via __________.
association fibers
A synapse between neurons may be of all the following types, EXCEPT __________.
axoneuronic
Injuries in the _________________ spine can cause some impairment in the hips, lower extremities, bowel, and bladder, and may impair sexual functions.
lumbar
The vasomotor, cardioacceleratory, baroreceptor, coughing, vomiting and swallowing reflexes are all coordinated by centers in the:
medulla oblongata.
Action potentials are sudden transient changes in the __________ that are propagated along the surface of an axon or sarcolemma.
membrane potential
Which cells appear early in embryonic development through the division of mesodermal stem cells?
microglia
Fine-touch, vibration, pressure, and proprioception sensations are carried by the __________.
posterior columns
The fasciculus gracilis and the fasciculus cuneatus make up the:
posterior columns
In both divisions of the ANS, their __________ release __________.
preganglionic fibers; ACh
The part of the cerebral cortex that functions in conscious control of the skeletal muscles is called the __________.
primary motor cortex
All of the following are true of the functions of the cerebellum, except:
production of emotions and behavioral drives.
The increase in muscular tension produced by increasing the number of active motor units is called:
recruitment.
What term is used to describe a rapid, stereotyped response to a specific stimulus?
reflex
Although normally insignificant, which motor tracts can be important in maintaining motor control and muscle tone in the upper limbs if the lateral corticospinal tracts are damaged?
rubrospinal tracts
smallest functinal unit of a muscle fiber
sarcomere
Visceral (autonomic) reflexes control the actions of all of the following, except:
skeletal muscle
The sensory receptors that provide the sensations of smell, taste, vision, balance, and hearing, are called __________ sensory receptors.
special
In ascending tracts, the cell bodies of second-order neurons are located in the:
spinal cord or brain stem
Which of the following statements regarding a stretch reflex is/are true?
t provides automatic regulation of skeletal muscle length. It responds to information provided by the stretch receptors of muscle spindles. It is a simple monosynaptic reflex.
Compared to a resting sarcomere, all of the following are true of a contracting sarcomere, EXCEPT:
the A band gets smaller.
What is the perikaryon of a neuron?
the cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus
All of the following are true of the spinal cord and associated structures, except:
the dorsal roots associated with the spinal segments contain the axons of motor neurons.
All of the following statements are true of the sectional anatomy of the spinal cord, except:
the gray matter contains many myelinated and unmyelinated axons organized in tracts or columns.
Protection, support, and nourishment of the brain involve each of the following except __________.
the skin of the skull
Which of the following statements regarding nerve plexuses is FALSE?
they exist where dorsal rami are converging and branching to form compound nerves.
All of the following are true of the structure of thick filaments, EXCEPT:
thick filaments contain the regulatory proteins, troponin and tropomyosin.
The axon of which type of neuron carries sensory information from the thalamus to the proper region of the cerebral cortex?
third-order neuron
A long muscle that extends the fingers, the extensor digitorum muscle, has all of the muscle cells on the same side of the tendon. This is known as which type of skeletal muscle organization?
unipennate
Which of the following tracts do NOT cross over?
vestibulospinal tracts
A collection of neuron cell bodies with a common function is referred to as __________.
center
The __________ consists of the brain and spinal cord.
central nervous system (CNS)
Histologically, neural tissue dominated by myelinated axons is defined as __________.
white matter
During embryonic development, the metencephalon, a secondary brain vesicle of the 6-week embryo, will eventually develop into the:
cerebellum and pons.
A choroid plexus is/does not __________.
consist of specialized ependymal cells that are interconnected by gap junctions
What somatic motor control does the hypothalamus possess?
controls stereotyped motor patterns related to eating, drinking, and sexual activity, and modify respiratory reflexes
The spinal cord is continuous with the brain and ends at the__________.
conus medullaris
In __________, several neurons synapse on the same postsynaptic neuron.
convergence
In a __________, the muscle fibers are based over a broad area, but all the fibers come together at a common attachment site.
convergent muscle
Axons in the ___________ (descending) tracts synapse on lower-motor neurons in the motor nuclei of several cranial nerves, and control skeletal muscles that move the eye, jaw, face, and some of the neck and pharynx muscles.
corticobulbar
All of the following principal descending tracts are subconscious motor pathways, except:
corticobulbar tracts
Which of the following tracts are not major somatic sensory tracts?
corticospinal tract
Which of the following sensations is/are interpreted in the primary sensory cortex?
crude touch pain fine touch proprioception
The crossover of nerves that occurs in many nerve tracts, in which sensory information from one side of the body is delivered to the other side of the brain, and motor information from one side of the brain is delivered to muscles on the other side of the body, is called:
decussation
The afferent division of the peripheral nervous system begins at receptors that monitor specific characteristics of the environment. A receptor may be:
dendrite. a specialized cell or cluster of cells. complex sense organ.
The __________ is the outermost covering of the spinal cord and brain.
dura mater
Muscles cells, glands, or other specialized cells or organs that respond to neural stimulation by altering their activities and produce specific effects are called _____________.
effectors
The ability of a muscle to contract over a range of resting lengths is known as the property of __________.
extensibility
true or false Each muscle fiber has several neuromuscular junction.
false
The cell body of which sensory neuron may be located in a dorsal root ganglion or a cranial nerve ganglion?
first-order neuron
In the planning stage of somatic motor control, when a conscious decision is made to perform a specific movement, information is relayed from the __________ to the ___________; these areas then relay the information to the ___________ .
frontal lobes; motor association areas; cerebellum and basal nuclei
Which parts of the body are the largest on the motor homunculus?
hands, face and tongue
What are the projections of gray matter toward the outer surface of the spinal cord called?
horns
Preganglionic neurons of N X, the vagus nerve, send axons to the __________ ganglion(-a), which then innervate(s) the visceral organs of the neck, thoracic cavity, and most of the abdominal cavity.
intramural
In neuromuscular junctions, which event or description applies to the synaptic cleft?
it contains the enzyme acetylcholinesterase.
Ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division of the ANS are found in all of the following structures, except:
lateral gray horns of spinal segments T1 - L2.
What is an axon?
A long, slender cytoplasmic process of a neuron that is capable of conducting nerve impulses
Place in order the following steps of a stretch reflex. 1. Stimulus 2. Information processing at a motor neuron 3. Response 4. Activation of a sensory neuron 5. Activation of motor neuron
1, 4, 2, 5, 3
Put the following steps in the initiation of contraction in order from the start to filament sliding and muscle fiber shortening. The resulting change of the transmembrane potential of the muscle fiber leads to the production of an action potential that spreads across its entire surface and along the T tubules. Ca++ ions bines to troponin, producing a change in the orientation of the troponin-tropomyosin complex that exposes active sites on the thin filaments. The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) releases stored calcium ions, increasing the calcium concentration of the sarcoplasm in and around the sarcomeres. At the neuromuscular junction, ACh released by the synaptic terminal binds to receptors on the sarcolemma. Repeated cycles of cross-bridges binding, pivoting, and detachment occur, powered by the hydrolysis of ATP.
4, 1, 3, 2, 5
How many pairs of spinal nerves are associated with the cervical vertebrae?
8
Along the length of pyramids, what is the percentage of axons that cross the midline (decussate) to enter the descending lateral corticospinal tracts?
85 percent
What is/are (a) tract(s) in the nervous system?
A bundle of axons within the central nervous system (CNS) that shares a common origin, destination, and function
When sympathetic activation occurs, what effect(s) does an individual experience?
A feeling of energy or euphoria, often associated with a disregard for danger and a temporary insensitivity to painful stimuli A general elevation in muscle tone through stimulation of the extrapyramidal system, so that the person looks tense and may even begin to shiver Increased alertness through stimulation of the reticular activating system, causing The individual to feel "on edge"
What is the epimysium?
A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the entire skeletal muscle, and separates it from surrounding tissues and/or organs
Which nerve of the cervical plexus innervates five extrinsic muscles of the larynx?
Ansa cervicalis
Which gray horns contain neurons concerned with somatic motor control?
Anterior gray horns
What structure(s) connect(s) the cerebellar cortex and nuclei with cerebellar peduncles?
Arbor vitae
Which cell in the central nervous system is the largest and most numerous glial cell, maintains the blood-brain barrier, provides structural support, and absorbs and recycles neurotransmitters
Astrocytes
Why is it complicated for regeneration to occur within the central nervous system?
Astrocytes produce scar tissue that can prevent axon growth across the damaged area. Astrocytes release chemicals that block the regrowth of axons. Many more axons are likely to be involved.
In which type of synaptic communication would the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes be bound tightly together, allowing the passage of ions between the two cells?
At an electrical synapse
In a multipolar neuron, which specialized region connects the initial segment of the axon to the soma?
Axon hillock
Which spinal segment of the cervical plexus innervates the skin of the upper chest, shoulder, neck, and ear?
C2-C3
The brachial plexus consists of which spinal nerve segments?
C5-T1
Which part of the medulla oblongata has the function of regulating the heart rate and force of contraction?
Cardiac center
Regarding walking, which structure(s) control(s) the cycles of arm and leg movements that occur between the time the decision is made to "start walking" and the time the "stop" order is given?
Caudate nucleus and putamen
Which of the following is not a parasympathetic ganglion?
Celiac ganglion
Regarding visceral reflexes, which of the following is incorrect?
Cell bodies of visceral motor neurons that participate in visceral reflexes are located in the spinal cord and upper brain stem.
Which division of the nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord and the control centers responsible for processing?
Central nervous system
Which somatic motor control plans and initiates voluntary activity?
Cerebral cortex
Regarding the gross anatomy of the spinal cord, which of the following structures supplies/supply nerves to the pectoral girdle?
Cervical enlargement
Groups of fixed and free ribosomes are present in neurons in large numbers. These ribosomal clusters are called:
Chromatophilic substance
Which ganglion of the parasympathetic division innervates the eye?
Ciliary ganglion
Which sympathetic pathway's general function is to innervate visceral organs in the abdominopelvic cavity?
Collateral ganglia
The general functions of the parasympathetic division include which of the following?
Constrict respiratory passageways Reduce heart rate and force of contraction Increase smooth muscle activity along the digestive tract
What somatic motor control is under the command of the inferior medulla oblongata?
Controls basic respiratory reflexes
Which skeletal muscle organization type is versatile in that the direction of pull can be changed by stimulating only one group of muscle cells at any one time?
Convergent
Which division(s) of the ANS give(s) rise to the "rest and repose" response?
Craniosacral division
__________ connect(s) thick filaments and thin filaments during a contraction.
Cross-bridges
Which structure of the spinal cord contains axons crossing from one end of the cord to the other before reaching a destination within the gray matter?
Gray commissure
Which of the following is a structure of the rami communicantes that supplies postganglionic fibers to smooth muscles and glands of the body wall and limbs?
Gray ramus
Which of the following structures of the limbic system plays an essential role in learning and the storage of long-term memories, and was thought by early anatomists to resemble a seahorse?
Hippocampus
In the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, the sympathetic postganglionic fibers mingle with parasympathetic preganglionic fibers at a series of plexuses. Which plexus innervates the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs of the pelvic cavity?
Hypogastric plexus
Centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production are located in which structure in the brain?
Hypothalamus
Which portion of a sarcomere contains thin filaments, but no thick filaments?
I band
Which nerve of the sacral plexus innervates the large gluteus maximus muscle?
Inferior gluteal nerve
Which type of reflexes is genetically determined?
Innate reflexes
Which type of skeletal muscle fibers have properties between those of fast fibers and slow fibers?
Intermediate fibers
All of the following statements are true of interneurons, except:
Interneurons are the least common of all the types of neurons.
Which target organ(s) does N III affect?
Intrinsic eye muscles
All of the following are true of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, except:
It affects both sensory and motor neurons
Which of the following describes the filum terminale?
It begins at the inferior tip of the conus medullaris. It extends from the conus medullaris along the length of the vertebral canal as far as the dorsum of the coccyx. It is a slender strand of fibrous tissue.
Which of the following statements is/are true of dual innervation?
It exists where the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions have opposing or antagonistic effects. It exists in most vital organs that receive instructions from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. It is most prominent in the digestive tract, the heart, and the lungs.
Which of the following is NOT a function of skeletal muscle?
It moves substances through the digestive system.
Which of the following statements is true of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
It predominates under resting conditions. It consists of preganglionic fibers originating in either the brain stem or the sacral spinal cord. It has preganglionic fibers that release ACh, stimulating ganglionic neurons.
Which of the following statements regarding the postcentral gyrus is true?
Its surface contains the primary sensory cortex.
The adult spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the inferior border of the __________.
L1 vertebra
Which structure of the spinal cord is only found between segments T1 and L2, and contains visceral motor neurons?
Lateral (intermediate) gray horns
Which corticospinal tracts provide conscious motor control of skeletal muscles?
Lateral corticospinal tracts Anterior corticospinal tracts Corticobulbar tracts
Which thalamic nuclei have an impact on emotional states and the integration of sensory information, by adjusting activity in the cingulate gyrus and parietal lobe?
Lateral nuclei
The body of which ventricle lies within the parietal lobes with an anterior horn extending into the frontal lobe of the brain
Lateral ventricles
Which splanchnic nerve innervates the small and large intestine?
Lesser splanchnic nerve
Which nerve of the brachial plexus innervates the serratus anterior muscle?
Long thoracic nerve
What is the correct description of a spinal injury called paraplegia?
Loss of motor control of the lower limbs
What does the maxillary branch of the (N V) trigeminal nerve innervate?
Lower eyelid, upper lip, gums and teeth, cheek, nose, palate, and part of the pharynx
Which of the following statements regarding the distribution of various types of skeletal muscle fibers is correct?
Most muscles contain a mixture of fiber types, although all of the fibers within one motor unit are of the same type; there are no red (slow) fibers in the muscles of the eye or hand, where swift, brief contractions are required.
Which of the following does not describe the sympathetic division of the ANS?
Most postganglionic fibers release ACh at neuroeffector junctions.
What controls muscle fibers?
Motor unit and motor neuron
Which of the following is the most common type of neurons in the central nervous system, having several dendrites and one axon, and is exemplified by all the motor neurons that control skeletal muscle?
Multipolar neurons
Why are longer, deeper states of unconsciousness not necessarily dangerous?
Nourishment is provided.
Which nerve of the lumbar plexus innervates the adductor muscles of the hip, gracilis muscle, and skin over the medial surface of the thigh?
Obturator nerve
What is the function of the lateral spinothalamic tract?
Pain and temperature sensations
Which function of a neural circuit occurs when several neurons or neuronal pools are processing the same information at one time?
Parallel processing
Which target organ(s) does N IX affect?
Parotid salivary gland
Which structure is a tract of white matter that connects the hippocampus with the hypothalamus?
The fornix
Which of the following structures physically connects the brain with the spinal cord?
The medulla oblongata
All of the following are true of the organization and patterns of spinal cord tracts, except:
The number of synapses is the same for all tracts; there are always 3 neurons in each ascending and descending tract.
Which of the following statements regarding the spinocerebellar tracts is true?
The posterior spinocerebellar tract carries axons that ascend to the cerebellar cortex by way of the inferior cerebellar peduncle.
What is muscle tone?
The resting tension of skeletal muscles
All of the following are true of the reticular formation, except:
The reticular formation receives input from almost every descending tract, but not from ascending tracts.
Irritation of the digestive tract lining is the stimulus, and the response is the reversal of the normal action of smooth muscle to eject the contents of the digestive tract. This describes which visceral reflex?
Vomiting reflex
Which of the following statements regarding the blood-brain barrier is false?
Water-soluble and lipid-soluble compounds can cross CNS capillary walls by diffusion.
In the sympathetic nervous system, the spread of information occurs from one neuronal pool to multiple neuronal pools. This allows for a broad distribution of a specific input. Therefore, what type of neural circuit is the sympathetic nervous system exhibiting?
a divergent neural pathway
Over which of the following do the pons and superior medulla oblongata have somatic motor control?
balance reflexes and more-complex respiratory reflexes
Epidural anesthesia:
blocks pain but preserves some motor function.
Which nerve plexus innervates the pectoral girdle and upper limbs?
brachial plexus
As part of the learning process, the __________ can rework electrical connections as new information arrives.
brain
Which of the following structures control(s) simple cranial and spinal reflexes?
brain stem and spinal cord
Damage to which nucleus is associated with changes in interpretation of fine touch and pressure from levels inferior to T6?
nucleus gracilis
What somatic motor control does the cerebellum possess?
oordinates complex motor patterns
Each muscle in the body begins at a(n) __________, ends at a(n) __________, and contracts to produce a specific
origin, insertion, action
Which statement(s) describe(s) the autonomic nervous system's (ANS's) neurotransmitters and their effects?
parasympathetic fibers release ACh, but the effects may be either stimulatory or inhibitory, depending on the nature of the receptor. Most postganglionic sympathetic terminals release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE), with usually a stimulatory effect. All preganglionic autonomic fibers release ACh at their synaptic terminals, and their effects are stimulatory.
The __________ division participates in reflexes that affect individual organs and systems, reflecting its relatively __________ pattern of innervation.
parasympathetic; restricted