Mastering A&P Test 1 Review

The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones?

9

define cardiac cycle

Cardiac cycle is the period between the start of one heartbeat and the beginning of the next

Which of the following would you expect to have the lowest resting heart rate?

a trained athlete

Which of the following is false concerning monocytes?

about same size as basophils

The ________ valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium.

bicuspid

steroid hormones

bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells

All of the following occur during exercise except

blood flow to skin decreases.

An increase in the rate of action potentials from baroreceptors will lead to

both decrease in heart rate and decrease in blood pressure.

The heart is innervated by _____ nerves

both parasympathetic and sympathetic

capillaries with a perforated lining are called

fenestrated capillaries

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones?

gh

When blood glucose levels fall,

glucagon is released

Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?

growth hormone

Compared to arteries, veins

have thinner walls

The yellow color that is visible in the eyes and skin in jaundice results from all of the following except

hematuria

define homeostasis

hemostasis is the process of stopping bleeding

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called

homeostasis

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized?

hypothalamus

All of the following occur in response to hemorrhage except

increase in blood pressure.

Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues

increased body temperature increased oxygen consumption increased sensitivity to adrenergic stimulation increased heart rate All of the answers are correct.

Each of the following factors will increase cardiac output except

increased parasympathetic stimulation

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is

insulin

The hormone oxytocin does all of the following except

is responsive to osmoreceptors

Aged and damaged erythrocytes are broken down by macrophages in all of the following places except the

kidney

The RBCs typically live about 120 days. The main reason for the short lifespan in RBCs is their

lack of nucleus

Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the

left atrium

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?

liver cells

During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), there is

mobilization of energy reserves.

What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone?

negative feedback

Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine ("letdown") reflex?

oxytocin's

The cavity that contains only the heart is the

pericardial cavity

melatonin is produced by the

pineal gland

As blood travels from arteries to veins,

pressure drops.

As blood leaves the right ventricle, it passes through the ________ and then into the pulmonary trunk.

pulmonary valve

Why is it beneficial for capillary pressure to be very low? (Module 19.5C)

It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low to allow time for diffusion between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid.

What do semilunar valves prevent?

Semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles

A liver cell responds to insulin by

Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.

define the endocrine system

The endocrine system includes organs whose primary role is the production of hormones or paracrines.

When blood glucose levels are low

The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.

When blood glucose levels are high

The pancreas releases insulin.

Describe the pulmonary circuit.

The pulmonary circuit transports blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries, capillaries in the lungs, and pulmonary veins and returns it to the left atrium.

What is the common goal of the nervous and endocrine systems? (Module 16.1A)

To coordinate and regulate the activities of other cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.

Why are valves located in veins but not in arteries? (Module 19.4A)

Valves are located in veins to prevent blood from flowing backward because venous pressure is too low to keep the blood moving back toward the heart.

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually

a G protein

To defend blood volume against dehydration, the body

accelerates reabsorption of water at the kidneys. increases water intake. experiences an increase in the blood colloidal osmotic pressure. experiences a recall of interstitial fluids. All of the answers are correct.

________ is the regulation of blood flow by local mechanisms within a capillary bed.

autoregulation

Erythropoiesis is stimulated when

both oxygen levels in the blood decrease and blood flow to the kidney declines.

A slower-than-normal heart rate is called

bradycardia

platelets are

cytoplasmic fragments of large cells

The hypophyseal portal system

has two capillary plexuses connected by short veins. does not transport ADH and oxytocin. carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary. ALL OF THE ANSWERES ARE CORRECT ***** None of the answers is correct.

Venoconstriction ________ the amount of blood within the venous system, which ________ the volume in the arterial and capillary systems.

reduces; increases

Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the

right atrium

The ____ delivers blood to the myocardium

right coronary artery and left coronary artery

Blood is pumped into the pulmonary circuit from the

right ventricle

The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents backward flow into the

right ventricle

A condition where pathogens are present and multiplying in the blood is called

septicemia

The normal pacemaker of the heart is located in

sinoatrial node

The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the

stroke volume

The ________ gland sits along the superior border of the kidney.

suprarenal

_____ is to contraction as _____ is to relaxation

systole and diastole

Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the

thyroid gland

The process of decrease in any vessel diameter that occurs due to smooth muscle contraction is called

vasoconstriction

Where are chemoreceptors located?

within the medulla oblongata and in the carotid and aortic bodies

Which of the following statements about the endocrine system is false?

It releases hormones, all of which are lipids, directly into the bloodstream.

Body cells that respond to insulin include

Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.

Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure except

release of renin.

The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is catalyzed by

thrombin

The T wave on an ECG tracing represents

ventricular repolarization

After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the

venules

The posterior pituitary gland secretes

ADH

During Ventricular Systole

AV valves are closed

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is

FSH

Define heart failure.

Heart failure is a condition where the heart can no longer meet the oxygen and nutrient demands of peripheral tissues.

What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland?

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are

albumins

A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is

aldosterone

Hemolytic disease of the newborn may result if

an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus.

________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced.

anemia

The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of

angiotensin I

Two hormones that have opposing effects are called

antagonists

Most of the middle layer in the heart wall is composed of

cardiac muscle cells.

The first heart sound ("lubb") is associated with

closing of the atrioventricular valves(mitral valve)

________ are multiple arteries that fuse in order to serve a single capillary network.

collaterals

What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons?

control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Blood is supplied to the myocardium by

coronary arteries

The outer layer of the adrenal gland is the

cortex

Which of the following hormones increases production of red blood cells?

erythropoietin

There are ________ pulmonary veins.

4

The superior portion of the heart where major blood vessels enter and exit is the

base

The primary function of ADH is to

decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys

What effect does an increase in the respiratory rate have on CO2 levels? (Module 19.11C)

decreases CO2 levels

Which of the following would have the greater effect on vascular resistance?

decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel by 1/2

Which of these descriptions best matches the term lymphocytes?

defend against specific pathogens or toxins

Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in

diabetes mellitus

The ________ is the volume of blood in a ventricle at the beginning of systole.

end-diastolic volume

White blood cells that are increased in individuals with allergic reactions are the

eosinophils

The following are structural components of the conducting system of the heart. 1. Purkinje fibers 2. AV bundle 3. AV node 4. SA node 5. bundle branches The sequence in which excitation would move through this system is which of the following?

4, 3, 2, 5, 1

How does the kidney respond to vasoconstriction of the renal artery? (Module 19.10B)

The kidney will release erythropoietin and renin is released which leads to angiotensin II activation.

Why is the left ventricle more muscular than the right ventricle? (Module 18.6A)

The left ventricle must generate enough force to propel blood through the systemic circuit, whereas the right ventricle must generate only enough force to propel blood the short distance from the heart to the lungs in the pulmonary circuit.

The contraction phase of the upper chambers of the heart is called

atrial systole