Mastering A&P Test 1 Review
The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones?
9
define cardiac cycle
Cardiac cycle is the period between the start of one heartbeat and the beginning of the next
Which of the following would you expect to have the lowest resting heart rate?
a trained athlete
Which of the following is false concerning monocytes?
about same size as basophils
The ________ valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium.
bicuspid
steroid hormones
bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells
All of the following occur during exercise except
blood flow to skin decreases.
An increase in the rate of action potentials from baroreceptors will lead to
both decrease in heart rate and decrease in blood pressure.
The heart is innervated by _____ nerves
both parasympathetic and sympathetic
capillaries with a perforated lining are called
fenestrated capillaries
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones?
gh
When blood glucose levels fall,
glucagon is released
Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?
growth hormone
Compared to arteries, veins
have thinner walls
The yellow color that is visible in the eyes and skin in jaundice results from all of the following except
hematuria
define homeostasis
hemostasis is the process of stopping bleeding
The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called
homeostasis
Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized?
hypothalamus
All of the following occur in response to hemorrhage except
increase in blood pressure.
Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues
increased body temperature increased oxygen consumption increased sensitivity to adrenergic stimulation increased heart rate All of the answers are correct.
Each of the following factors will increase cardiac output except
increased parasympathetic stimulation
The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is
insulin
The hormone oxytocin does all of the following except
is responsive to osmoreceptors
Aged and damaged erythrocytes are broken down by macrophages in all of the following places except the
kidney
The RBCs typically live about 120 days. The main reason for the short lifespan in RBCs is their
lack of nucleus
Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the
left atrium
What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?
liver cells
During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), there is
mobilization of energy reserves.
What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone?
negative feedback
Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine ("letdown") reflex?
oxytocin's
The cavity that contains only the heart is the
pericardial cavity
melatonin is produced by the
pineal gland
As blood travels from arteries to veins,
pressure drops.
As blood leaves the right ventricle, it passes through the ________ and then into the pulmonary trunk.
pulmonary valve
Why is it beneficial for capillary pressure to be very low? (Module 19.5C)
It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low to allow time for diffusion between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid.
What do semilunar valves prevent?
Semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles
A liver cell responds to insulin by
Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.
define the endocrine system
The endocrine system includes organs whose primary role is the production of hormones or paracrines.
When blood glucose levels are low
The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.
When blood glucose levels are high
The pancreas releases insulin.
Describe the pulmonary circuit.
The pulmonary circuit transports blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries, capillaries in the lungs, and pulmonary veins and returns it to the left atrium.
What is the common goal of the nervous and endocrine systems? (Module 16.1A)
To coordinate and regulate the activities of other cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Why are valves located in veins but not in arteries? (Module 19.4A)
Valves are located in veins to prevent blood from flowing backward because venous pressure is too low to keep the blood moving back toward the heart.
The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually
a G protein
To defend blood volume against dehydration, the body
accelerates reabsorption of water at the kidneys. increases water intake. experiences an increase in the blood colloidal osmotic pressure. experiences a recall of interstitial fluids. All of the answers are correct.
________ is the regulation of blood flow by local mechanisms within a capillary bed.
autoregulation
Erythropoiesis is stimulated when
both oxygen levels in the blood decrease and blood flow to the kidney declines.
A slower-than-normal heart rate is called
bradycardia
platelets are
cytoplasmic fragments of large cells
The hypophyseal portal system
has two capillary plexuses connected by short veins. does not transport ADH and oxytocin. carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary. ALL OF THE ANSWERES ARE CORRECT ***** None of the answers is correct.
Venoconstriction ________ the amount of blood within the venous system, which ________ the volume in the arterial and capillary systems.
reduces; increases
Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the
right atrium
The ____ delivers blood to the myocardium
right coronary artery and left coronary artery
Blood is pumped into the pulmonary circuit from the
right ventricle
The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents backward flow into the
right ventricle
A condition where pathogens are present and multiplying in the blood is called
septicemia
The normal pacemaker of the heart is located in
sinoatrial node
The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the
stroke volume
The ________ gland sits along the superior border of the kidney.
suprarenal
_____ is to contraction as _____ is to relaxation
systole and diastole
Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the
thyroid gland
The process of decrease in any vessel diameter that occurs due to smooth muscle contraction is called
vasoconstriction
Where are chemoreceptors located?
within the medulla oblongata and in the carotid and aortic bodies
Which of the following statements about the endocrine system is false?
It releases hormones, all of which are lipids, directly into the bloodstream.
Body cells that respond to insulin include
Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.
Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure except
release of renin.
The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is catalyzed by
thrombin
The T wave on an ECG tracing represents
ventricular repolarization
After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the
venules
The posterior pituitary gland secretes
ADH
During Ventricular Systole
AV valves are closed
The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is
FSH
Define heart failure.
Heart failure is a condition where the heart can no longer meet the oxygen and nutrient demands of peripheral tissues.
What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland?
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are
albumins
A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is
aldosterone
Hemolytic disease of the newborn may result if
an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus.
________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced.
anemia
The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of
angiotensin I
Two hormones that have opposing effects are called
antagonists
Most of the middle layer in the heart wall is composed of
cardiac muscle cells.
The first heart sound ("lubb") is associated with
closing of the atrioventricular valves(mitral valve)
________ are multiple arteries that fuse in order to serve a single capillary network.
collaterals
What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons?
control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Blood is supplied to the myocardium by
coronary arteries
The outer layer of the adrenal gland is the
cortex
Which of the following hormones increases production of red blood cells?
erythropoietin
There are ________ pulmonary veins.
4
The superior portion of the heart where major blood vessels enter and exit is the
base
The primary function of ADH is to
decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys
What effect does an increase in the respiratory rate have on CO2 levels? (Module 19.11C)
decreases CO2 levels
Which of the following would have the greater effect on vascular resistance?
decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel by 1/2
Which of these descriptions best matches the term lymphocytes?
defend against specific pathogens or toxins
Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in
diabetes mellitus
The ________ is the volume of blood in a ventricle at the beginning of systole.
end-diastolic volume
White blood cells that are increased in individuals with allergic reactions are the
eosinophils
The following are structural components of the conducting system of the heart. 1. Purkinje fibers 2. AV bundle 3. AV node 4. SA node 5. bundle branches The sequence in which excitation would move through this system is which of the following?
4, 3, 2, 5, 1
How does the kidney respond to vasoconstriction of the renal artery? (Module 19.10B)
The kidney will release erythropoietin and renin is released which leads to angiotensin II activation.
Why is the left ventricle more muscular than the right ventricle? (Module 18.6A)
The left ventricle must generate enough force to propel blood through the systemic circuit, whereas the right ventricle must generate only enough force to propel blood the short distance from the heart to the lungs in the pulmonary circuit.
The contraction phase of the upper chambers of the heart is called
atrial systole